Did That Really Happen‪?‬ Did That Really Happen?

This week we become Robert Eggers completists with an episode on The Northman! Join us as we learn about berserkers, slavery in the Viking era, textiles, and more!
Sources:
Ben Cartwright, "Making the cloth that binds us. The role of textile production in producing Viking-Age identities," in Viking Worlds: Things, Spaces, and Movement eds. Marianne Hem Eriksen, Unn Pedersen, Bernt Rundberget, Irmelin Axelsen, and Heidi Lund Berg (Oxbow Books), https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh1dgwk.15 
Marie Louise Stig Sørensen, "Gender, Material Culture, and Identity in the Viking Diaspora," Viking and Medieval Scandinavia 5 (2009): 253-69. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45019127 
Eva B. Andersson, "Tools, Textil Production and Society in Viking Age Birka," in Dressing the Past, eds. Margarita Gleba, Cherine Munkholt, and Marie-Louise Nosch (Oxbow Books). https://www.jstor.org/stbale/j.ctt1cfr7jb.13 
Eirnin Jefford Franks, "Gender in the Viking World," in The Norse Sorceress: Mind and Materiality in the Viking World, eds.LESZEK GARDEŁA, SOPHIE BØNDING, PETER PENTZ (Oxbow Books, 2023). https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.5699282.8 
Rotten Tomatoes: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_northman
Stephen Barker, "10 Behind the Scenes Facts About the Northman" Screen Rant, available at https://screenrant.com/the-northman-behind-the-scenes-facts/
Gabriella Paiella, Interview with Robert Eggers, GQ, available at https://www.gq.com/story/robert-eggers-the-northman-interview
Thomas K. Heeboll-Holm, "Piratical Slave Raiding: The Demise of a Viking Practice in High Medieval Denmark," Journal of Scandinavian History 46, 4 (2021)
Ben Raffield, "The Slave Markets of the Viking World: Comparative Perspectives on an Invisible Archaeology," Slavery and Abolition 40, 4 (2019)
Ruth Mazo Karras, "Concubinage and Slavery in the Viking Age," Scandinavian Studies 62, 2 (1990)
H. David Brumble, "Berserks and the Tragedy of Warrior Individualism," Street-Gang and Tribal-Warrior Autobiographies (Anthem Press), https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2272801.17 
Michael P. Speidel, "Berserks: A History of Indo-European "Mad Warriors"," Journal of World History 13, no.2 (2002): 253-90. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20078974 
Anatoly Liberman, "Berserks in History and Legend," Russian History 32, no.3/4 (2005): 401-11. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24663272 
Owen Rees, "Going berserk," Medieval Warfare 2, no.1 (2012): 23-6. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/48578628
Erika Ruth Sigurdson, "Violence and Historical Authenticity: Rape (and Pillage) in Popular Viking Fiction," Scandinavian Studies 86, no.3 (2014): 249-67. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/scanstud.86.3.0249 
https://www.nms.ac.uk/explore-our-collections/stories/scottish-history-and-archaeology/lewis-chess-pieces/ 

This week we're going back to the 1980s with Charlie Wilson's War! Join us as we learn about the horrific things people used to do with safety pins, Soviet ambitions in the Persian Gulf, Gust Avrokotos, refugees from the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and more!
Sources:
"Advertisement: Maybelline." Seventeen, 07, 1982, 18-19
"Mascara Magic." Seventeen, 05, 1981
"Advertisement: Maybelline." Cosmopolitan, 11, 1978, 117
"Dear Beauty Editor." Seventeen, 02, 1978, 10
The Wilson Center Digital Archive, Sources available at https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/topics/soviet-invasion-afghanistan
The Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan, PBS Newshour: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/asia-july-dec06-soviet_10-10
Francis Fukuyama, "The Soviet Threat to the Persian Gulf" Rand Corporation, 1981, available at https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2008/P6596.pdf'
Jonathon Green, "slang," The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets (Oxford University Press, 2015)
"cake eater," Oxford English Dictionary (2020). 
Ngram Google Books
Tazreena Sajjad, "Analysis: Where do Afghanistan's refugees go?" PBS News Hour (24 August 2021). https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/analysis-where-do-afghanistans-refugees-go 
"Afghanistan's refugees: forty years of dispossession," Amnesty International (20 June 2019), https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/06/afghanistan-refugees-forty-years/ 
"Afghan Migration After the Soviet Invasion," NatGeo, https://media.nationalgeographic.org/assets/file/afghan_MIG.pdf 
Meindersma, Christa. "Afghanistan." In Encyclopedia of Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2009).
“The MacNeil/Lehrer Report; Interview with Perez de Cuellar,” 1982-02-18, NewsHour Productions, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (GBH and the Library of Congress), Boston, MA and Washington, DC, accessed April 25, 2024, http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-507-xk84j0c044 
Amina Khan, "Protracted Afghan Refugee Situation," Strategic Studies 37, no.1 (2017): 42-65. 
Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema, "Impact of the Afghan War on Pakistan," Pakistan Horizon 41, no.1 (1988): 23-45. 
Patricia Sullivan, "CIA Agent Gust Avrokotos Dies at 67," Washington Post, available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/12/25/cia-agent-gust-l-avrakotos-dies-at-age-67/22a47f22-6594-4b9d-a90a-6f7914aa909a/
Roger Ebert, "Evil Empire falls victim to clout," 20 December 2007, https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/charlie-wilsons-war-2007 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Wilson%27s_War_(film)
https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/charlie-wilsons-war-2-159301/ 

This week we're going back to the 1970s with If Beale Street Could Talk! Join us as we learn about the Rockefeller Drug Laws, New York jails, the term "Holy Roller", and more!
Source
Brian Mann, "The Drug Laws That Changed How We Punished," NPR, available at https://www.npr.org/2013/02/14/171822608/the-drug-laws-that-changed-how-we-punish
Fodei Batty, "How to Understand the Complicated History of 'Go Back to Africa'" Washington Post, available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/04/26/is-go-back-to-africa-always-an-insult-heres-a-brief-history-of-american-back-to-africa-movements/
African Americans in Ghana, Khan Academy: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-7-the-great-convergence-and-divergence-1880-ce-to-the-future/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-7/a/connecting-decolonization-in-africa-and-the-us-civil-rights-movement#:~:text=The%20desire%20to%20repatriate%E2%80%94to,building%20their%20new%20nation%2Dstate.
Heather Ann Thompson, "How a Series of Jail Rebellions Rocked New York--and Woke a City," The Nation, 21 March 2019 https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/new-york-jail-rebellion-1970-tombs-mdc/  
Daniel Chasin, "Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: How New York's Bail Reform Saga Tiptoes around Addressing Economic Inequality," Cardozo Law Review 43, no. 1 (October 2021): 273-312
Aleza Van Brunt and Locke E. Bowman, "Toward a Just Model of Pretrial Release: A History of Bail Reform and a Prescription for What's Next," The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 108, no.4 (2018): 701-774. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48572970
https://www.uscourts.gov/services-forms/probation-and-pretrial-services/supervision/pretrial-risk-assessment/pretrial-release 
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/research/pretrial_detention/ 
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/jails2024_table3.html 
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/incomejails.html
Ngram: https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=%22holy+roller%22&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3 
Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “Holy Roller (n.),” March 2024.
Gregg Kilday, "Making of 'If Beale Street Could Talk': How 'Moonlight' Oscar Winner Barry Jenkins Brought James Baldwin's 1974 Novel to the Big Screen," Hollywood REporter, available at https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/a-look-making-beale-street-could-talk-1160625/'
Rotten Tomatoes: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/if_beale_street_could_talk/reviews
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_Beale_Street_Could_Talk_(film)

This week we're traveling back to the 1930s with Amsterdam! Join us as we learn about Smedley Butler, birding, the Harlem Hellfighters, that story about Mussolini running a kid over with a car, and more!
Sources:
The Press: Vanderbilt Truth (1931) available at https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,930365,00.html
Pete Vack, "A Mussolini Alfa Romeo Mystery," available at https://velocetoday.com/a-mussolini-mystery/
Smedley Butler Mussolini 1931, WWII Editorial Cartoon Project, available at https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/ww2/1931-2/
Jonathan M. Katz, Gangsters of Capitalism: Smedley Butler, the Marines, and the Making and Breaking of America's Empire (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2021), 304-334.
Dietrich, Christopher R. W., ed. Diplomacy and Capitalism: The Political Economy of U.S. Foreign Relations. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1sjwpfz.
Erick Trickey, "One Hundred Years Ago, the Harlem Hellfighters Bravely Led the U.S. Into WWI," Smithsonian Magazine (14 May 2018), https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/one-hundred-years-ago-harlem-hellfighters-bravely-led-us-wwi-180968977/  
"Remembering the Harlem Hellfighters," National Museum of African-American History and Culture
Stephen Barker, "Amsterdam: 10 Behind the Scenes Facts About the Star-Studded Movie," Screen Rant, available at https://screenrant.com/amsterdam-behind-the-scenes-facts-star-studded-movie/
Amsterdam, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_(2022_film)
Christy Lemire review, Rogerebert.com: https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/amsterdam-movie-review-2022
Tim Birkhead, "How Bird-Collecting Evolved into Bird-Watching," Smithsonian Magazine, available at https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-bird-collecting-evolved-into-bird-watching-180980506/

*NOTE: Due to a technical mishap, we had some problems with Jamie's audio on this one. We apologize for the sound quality issues.
Content Warning: This episode features discussion of cannibalism and other disturbing content.
This week we're traveling back to 1970s Uruguay with Society of the Snow! Join us as we learn about Numa Turcatti, the photos taken on the mountain, student protests, radios, the Strauch cousins, and more!
Sources:
Drew Weisholtz, "What Happened to Numa Turcatti, Narrator of Society of the Snow?" Today, available at https://www.today.com/popculture/movies/society-of-the-snow-numa-turcatti-narrator-rcna133613
Amanda Rodriguez and Jeronimo Pineda, "Society of the Snow: The Spirit of Numa Turcatti and the Soccer Team Named After Him," El Pais, available at https://english.elpais.com/sports/2024-01-22/society-of-the-snow-the-spirit-of-numa-turcatti-and-the-soccer-team-named-after-him.html
Eduardo Strauch and Mireya Soriano, "Returning to the scene of the crash: A survivor of the Uruguayan rugby team plane crash reflects," Salon, (2019) https://www.salon.com/2019/06/15/returning-to-the-scene-of-the-crash-a-survivor-of-the-uruguayan-rugby-team-plane-crash-reflects/  
Matt J. Rossano, Mortal Rituals: What the Story of the Andes Survivors Tells Us About Human Evolution (Columbia University Press, 2013).
Blair Braverman and Sarah Marshall, "Flight 571: Survival in the Andes with Blair Braverman," You're Wrong About podcast (31 October 2022). 
Charles A. Krause, "After the Andes," The Washington Post (4 November 1978), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/11/05/after-the-andes/962054ad-fde2-4c87-9e6d-c656fee2dc49/ 
https://www.backpacker.com/trips/alive-again-new-findings-in-the-1972-andes-plane-crash/ 
https://www.history.com/news/miracle-andes-disaster-survival 
https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/1972-andes-plane-crash-story-photos/ 
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/04/nando-parrado-andes-plane-crash-1972-rugby-team
Emilio Mayorga and John Hopewell, Variety (2022), https://variety.com/2022/film/global/netflix-bayona-society-of-the-snow-1235253671/ 
Society of the Snow: Who Were We on the Mountain (Netflix, 2024)
RT: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/society_of_the_snow 
Sheila O'Malley, "Society of the Snow," Roger Ebert (5 January 2024), https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/society-of-the-snow-2024 
Peter Bradshaw, "Society of the Snow review- cannibalism in the ice in incredible real-life survival tale," The Guardian (19 December 2023), https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/dec/19/society-of-the-snow-review-cannibalism-in-the-ice-in-incredible-real-life-survival-tale 
The Tupamaros: https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/uruguay/tupamaros-uruguay.htm

Today we're traveling to early 2000s Chile (but also 18th century France, and some other times, too) with vampire-themed political satire El Conde! Join us as we learn about Lucia Hiriart, Augusto Pinochet's shady money dealings, that time he got arrested in London, and more!
Sources:
John Bartlett, "Widow of Chilean Dictator Augusto Pinochet Dies at 99," The Guardian, available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/16/lucia-hiriart-widow-chilean-dictator-augusto-pinchocet-dies-age-99
Eva Vergara, "Lucia Hiriart, Widow of Chilean Dictator Pinochet, Dies at 99." Washington Post, Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2021/12/17/pinochet-widow-hiriart-dead/
Andres Oppenheimer, "Ex-Dictator Had Millions in U.S. Bank," (2004). https://archive-yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/ex-dictator-had-millions-us-bank 
Hector Tobar and, Eva Vergara. "The World; New Evidence Shatters Chileans' Image of a Frugal Pinochet: [HOME EDITION]." Los Angeles Times, Aug 02, 2004.
O'Brien, Timothy,L. "At Riggs Bank, A Tangled Path Led to Scandal." New York Times (1923-), Jul 19, 2004.
TIMOTHY L O'BRIEN and,LARRY ROHTER. "U.S. and Others Gave Millions to Pinochet." New York Times, Dec 07, 2004, Late Edition (East Coast).
TIMOTHY L O'BRIEN and,LARRY ROHTER. "The Pinochet Money Trail." New York Times, Dec 12, 2004, Late Edition (East Coast).
Minder, Raphael. "Spain Reopens Pinochet Inquiry into Tax Evasion and Laundering: [Foreign Desk]." New York Times, Jul 31, 2021, Late Edition (East Coast).
Robinson, Eugene. "Thief of State: [FINAL Edition]." The Washington Post, Dec 12, 2006.
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6606013 
RT: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/el_conde
Jessica Kiang, "'El Conde' Review: Pablo Larraín’s Bizarro-World Reckoning With Pinochet’s Bloodthirsty Legacy," Variety, https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/el-conde-review-pablo-larrain-the-count-1235708790/ 
Drew Gillis, "El Conde review: Dictators suck in Pablo Larraín's vampiric satire," AV Club, https://www.avclub.com/el-conde-review-pablo-larrain-1850832103 
Carlos Aguilar, "El Conde," https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/el-conde-movie-review-2023 
Variety, "'El Conde' Cinematographer Breaks Down the Flying Vampire Nun Sequence Using a 90-Foot Crane & Wires," https://youtu.be/bUBbN_xWnCE?si=LRZrkhtwn1zCBhcE 
Veronica Diaz-Cerda, "General Pinochet's Arrest: 20 Years On, Here's How It Changed Global Justice," The Conversation, available at https://theconversation.com/general-pinochet-arrest-20-years-on-heres-how-it-changed-global-justice-104806
"""Pinochet Arrested in London,"" The Guardian, available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/1998/oct/18/pinochet.chile"