The courses covers fundamental concepts underlying GIS at an intermediate and advanced levels. They combine an overview of the general principles of GIS with a theoretical treatment of the nature and analytical use of spatial information (aka "spatial reasoning"). The focus is more on the science behind the software, the issues surrounding the use of the software, and, once again, the fundamental nature and analytical use of spatial information in various forms (i.e., geographic information science or GIScience). These courses seek to serve a very broad range of student backgrounds and experiences.