What Shaped the European Union in 2025 and What Lies Ahead for 2026?

In the last episode of the year of the EU Policy Pulse podcast, we look back at a year characterised by volatility, political shifts, budgetary pressures, and important steps forward in Europe’s defence ambitions. As 2025 comes to a close, our experts unpack the forces that shaped the EU this year—and what these developments signal for the year ahead.