Diagnosis of PAH: What Are the Causes and Why Does It Take So Long‪?‬ Medscape InDiscussion: Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Drs Vallerie McLaughlin and Paul Forfia discuss the diagnosis of PAH. What are the causes and why does it take so long?
Relevant disclosures can be found with the episode show notes on Medscape.com (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/968546). The topics and discussions are planned, produced, and reviewed independently of advertiser. This podcast is intended only for US healthcare professionals.
Resources
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/303098-overview
The 'Great Wait' for Diagnosis in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/resp.13814
Systemic Consequences of Pulmonary Hypertension and Right-Sided Heart Failure https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.022362
Management of Coronary Artery Disease and Chronic Stable Angina https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/881468
What Is Myocardial Ischemia? https://www.medscape.com/answers/352401-192899/what-is-myocardial-ischemia
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297664-overview
Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500057-overview
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Connective Tissue Disorders: Pathophysiology and Treatment https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6405825
Scleroderma https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331864-overview
Pulmonary Hypertension Phenotypes in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis https://err.ersjournals.com/content/30/161/210053.long
Mixed Connective-Tissue Disease (MCTD) https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/335815-overview
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332244-overview
Sjogren Syndrome https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/332125-overview
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Patients Infected With the Human Immunodeficiency Virus https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0733865121000679?via%3Dihub
Portal Hypertension https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/182098-overview
Liver Abnormalities in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8544777/
Pulmonary Hypertension in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0733865121000692?via%3Dihub
Atrial Septal Defect https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/162914-overview
Anorexigens and Pulmonary Hypertension in the United States https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012-3692(15)32749-5
Methamphetamine and the Risk of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6880795/
Echocardiography in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Comprehensive Evaluation and Technical Considerations https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8348437/pdf/jcm-10-03229.pdf
Echocardiography https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1820912-overview
Echocardiography Can Identify Patients With Increased Pulmonary Vascular Resistance by Assessing Pressure Reflection in the Pulmonary Circulation https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circimaging.109.913467
Pulmonary Resistance https://reference.medscape.com/calculator/189/pulmonary-resistance
Right Heart Adaptation to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Physiology and Pathobiology https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109713058701?via%3Dihub
RV Systolic Pressure (TR Jet) https://reference.medscape.com/calculator/200/rv-systolic-pressure-tr-jet
Modified Bernoulli Formula https://reference.medscape.com/calculator/150/modified-bernoulli-equation
Limitations and Strengths of Doppler/Echo Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure-Right Heart Catheterization Correlations: A Systematic Literature Review https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/echo.12594