Santé publique (2022-2023) - Mathilde Touvier Collège de France

Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France

Colloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Round Table

Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France

Colloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Food and the Planet: Is a Healthy Diet Environmentally Sustainable?

Intervenant(s)

Dr Tara Garnett, Director, TABLE, University of Oxford

Résumé

Food systems are responsible for a third of global greenhouse gas emissions, and are the main drivers of deforestation, biodiversity loss and unsustainable water use. At the same time, our growing global population suffers from both new and emerging health problems arising from the way we produce, distribute and consume food.
Recent years have seen intense research focus on understanding the connections between dietary health and environmental sustainability, and in assessing whether a healthy diet is compatible with efforts to meet our climate and other environmental targets. This presention argues that the 'answer' to this question depends, in part on how health is defined and which aspects of the food system are seen to be capable of change.

Tara Garnett

Tara is a researcher at the University of Oxford, and the Director of TABLE, a global platform for thinking and dialogue on key debates about the future of food. TABLE facilitates informed discussions about how the food system can become sustainable, resilient, and just. Tara's work centres on the interactions among food, climate, health and broader sustainability issues; she has a particular interest in livestock as a sector where many of these converge. She is also interested in how knowledge is communicated to and interpreted by policy makers, NGOs and industry, and in the values these different stakeholders bring to food problems and possible solutions.

Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France

Colloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Understanding the Global Rise of Ultra-Processed Foods: the Food Systems and Commercial Determinants

Intervenant(s)

Pr Phillip Baker, Australian Research Council Future Fellow, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University

Résumé

This talk will discuss how harmful commodity industries seek to influence policymakers, science (and scientists), and the public, through a range of strategies. It will discuss political strategies (such as lobbying and seeking to influence policymaking) science strategies (for example, funding industry-friendly research and researchers) and wider Corporate Social Responsibility strategies, such as industry-funded information and education campaigns. It will also identify the common characteristics of such campaigns. The talk will also seek to draw out the commonalities with the activities of other harmful commodity industries.

Mark Petticrew

Mark Petticrew is Professor of Public Health at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM). He is Director of the NIHR Public Health Policy Research Unit. His main research interests are in evidence-based policymaking. His work also has a focus on the commercial determinants of health—in particular, the influence of unhealthy commodity industries on health (e.g. through the promotion of tobacco, alcohol, and unhealthy foods, and gambling). Recent research includes analyses of misinformation disseminated by alcohol industry corporate social responsibility (CSR) bodies such as Drinkaware and Drinkwise. He is a collaborator in the SPECTRUM Consortium (See: https://ukprp.org/what-we-fund/spectrum/). This consortium investigates the commercial determinants of health and health inequalities, focusing mainly on tobacco and alcohol but extending to unhealthy food (e.g. high in fat, salt and sugar) and gambling.

Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France

Colloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Understanding the Global Rise of Ultra-Processed Foods: the Food Systems and Commercial Determinants

Intervenant(s)

Pr Phillip Baker, Australian Research Council Future Fellow, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University

Résumé

The share of ultra-processed foods in human diets is rising nearly everywhere, raising serious concerns for human and planetary health. Too often, blame is placed on individuals or families, and their dietary choices, stigmatising people living with obesity, and resulting in ineffective policy responses that focus on consumers alone. In this presentation Dr Baker presents an alternative interpretation. His research focuses instead on the role of the food industry, and the market and political practices used by large corporations to shape food systems and ultimately—to grow and sustain ultra-processed food markets on a global scale. Corporations like Coca-Cola, Nestle and McDonalds act as vectors for the spread of ultra-processed foods worldwide, normalising their products through intensive marketing, and displacing the sectors and industries that produce fresh and minimally processed foods. The same corporations fund and coordinate lobby groups, develop self-governing regulations, and promote corporate science to frame societal debates about ultra-processed foods, and to block progressive public health regulation. Responding to this challenge requires comprehensive policy frameworks that counteract the market and political activities of these corporations, and the mobilization of broad coalitions of organizations working for the public health interest.

Phillip Baker

Dr Baker's research focuses on understanding worldwide food systems change, and the implications for human and planetary health. This includes the global rise of ultra-processed foods, the political economy of food systems, and the commercial determinants of infant and child nutrition. He is currently co-leading a new Lancet Series on Ultra-processed Foods and Human Health, including how to mobilize and accelerate a step-change in worldwide policy action. Dr Baker is a member of the WHOLancet Breastfeeding Collaboration, a former member of the Global Nutrition Report, and Lancet Commission on Obesity. He regularly consults to UN agencies on related topics.

Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France

Colloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Host Microbiome Interaction in Health and Disease

Intervenant(s)

Pr Eran Elinav, M.D., Ph.D. | Head, Systems Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science | Director, Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany

Résumé

The mammalian intestine contains trillions of microbes, a community that is dominated by members of the domain Bacteria but also includes members of Archaea, Eukarya, and viruses. The vast repertoire of this microbiome functions in ways that benefit the host. The mucosal immune system co-evolves with the microbiota beginning at birth, acquiring the capacity to tolerate components of the community while maintaining the capacity to respond to invading pathogens. The gut microbiota is shaped and regulated by multiple factors including our genomic composition, the local intestinal niche, and multiple environmental factors including our nutritional repertoire and bio-geographical location. Moreover, it has been recently highlighted that dysregulation of these genetic or environmental factors leads to aberrant host-microbiome interactions, ultimately predisposing to pathologies ranging from chronic inflammation, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and even cancer. We have identified various possible mechanisms participating in the reciprocal regulation between the host and the intestinal microbial ecosystem, and demonstrate that disruption of these factors, in mice and humans, leads to dysbiosis and susceptibility to common multi-factorial disease. Understanding the molecular basis of host-microbiome interactions may lead to the development of new microbiome-targeting treatments.

Eran Elinav

A professor Heading the Department of Systems Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, and since 2019 the director of the cancer-microbiome division, at the DKFZ, Germany. His labs focus on deciphering the molecular basis of host-microbiome interactions and their effects on health and disease, with a goal of personalizing medicine and nutrition. Dr. Elinav has published more than 200 publications in leading peer-reviewed journals, including major recent discoveries related to the effects of host genetics, innate immune function and environmental factors, such as dietary composition and timing, on the intestinal microbiome and its propensity to drive multi-factorial disease. His honors include multiple awards for academic excellence including the Claire and Emmanuel G. Rosenblatt Award from the American Physicians for Medicine (2011), the Alon Foundation award (2012), the Rappaport Prize for biomedical research (2015) the Levinson Award for basic science research (2016), and the Landau prize (2018). Since 2016 he is a senior fellow at the Canadian Institute For Advanced Research (CIFAR), and since 2017 he is an elected member of, the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO) and an international scholar at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Mathilde Touvier
Santé publique 2022-2023
Collège de France

Colloque - Nutritional Determinants of Health: Recent Research Discoveries and Translation into Public Health Action : Ultra-Processed Food and Human Health: the Thesis and The Evidence

Intervenant(s)

Pr Carlos Augusto Monteiro, Full Professor, University of Sao Paulo

Résumé

All over the world, long-established dietary patterns based on a variety of unprocessed or minimally processed foods and freshly prepared meals made with these foods using processed culinary ingredients and some processed foods, are being displaced by ultra-processed foods. There is mounting consistent evidence from large cohort studies, and now by a randomised controlled trial, that displacement of unprocessed or minimally processed foods and freshly prepared meals by ultra-processed foods induces passive dietary energy overconsumption and increases the risk of obesity and other chronic non-communicable diseases, and of all-cause mortality. These studies also show that the ill-effects of ultra-processed foods do not depend only on the use of high amounts of fat, sugar or salt in their manufacture. Other likely mechanisms are due to ultra-processing itself such as the destruction of the food matrix and the loss of the synergy existing in the original foods between nutrients and other bioactive compounds. Or the presence of harmful substances created by high temperatures and compression or released by synthetic packaging material. Ultra-processing also depends on the use of a myriad of additives whose effects on health, cumulatively and in combination, are unknown. This is why ultra-processed foods reformulated with less salt, sugar or fat remain harmful to health. Official international and national dietary guidelines should all emphasise a great diversity of unprocessed or minimally processed foods, mostly plants, and freshly prepared meals, and clearly state that ultra-processed foods should be avoided. National dietary guidelines already do so in Brazil and a few other countries. This will benefit human health and well-being. It will also have social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits, including the support of local cooperative and family farming, retailing and catering businesses, and protection of non-renewable resources and biodiversity. Statutory policies and programmes should now be put in place, approximating to those now used to limit smoking and use of tobacco. They should also support, protect and encourage the production, distribution and consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods, and the preparation and enjoyment of fresh meals at home, schools, workplaces, hospitals, community facilities, and in modestly priced restaurants.

Carlos Augusto Monteiro

Carlos A. Monteiro, MD, PhD, is a Professor of Nutrition and Public Health at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. His research interests include new methods to assess diet quality, epidemiology of all forms of malnutrition, dietary determinants of non-communicable diseases, and food processing and human health. On these subjects, he has published more than 250 journal articles that had more than 22,000 citations in the Web of Science (H index: 72). He has served on numerous national and international nutrition expert panels and committees and, since 2010, he is a member of the WHO Nutrition Expert Advisory Group.