“Difficult conversations” is a podcast for an in-depth discussion that we often were not taught about in school. Today I brought in my brother Christian Haworth who just composed a research paper about black incarceration. We will be discussing the statistics of black incarceration. We will also discuss the perceived and actual history of incarceration in the United States. We will both try to understand why this issue exists and what are our ways to fix this problem. Christian will also try to explain some of the possible solutions to solving black incarceration as well as how we as concerned citizens help with these solutions. Here are the sources for Christians Research: D.b. “Drug Penalties: Minimum Mandatory Sentencing.” Alabama Criminal Lawyers, https://www.polsonlawfirm.com/alabama-drug-lawyer-penalties.html#:~:text=Examples%20of%20this%20include%20possession,up%20to%20a%20%2415%2C000%20fine. Blakemore, Erin. “How the GI Bill's Promise Was Denied to a Million Black WWII Veterans.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, 21 June 2019, https://www.history.com/news/gi-bill-black-wwii-veterans-benefits. Kleck, Gary. “Racial Discrimination in Criminal Sentencing: A Critical Evaluation of the Evidence with Additional Evidence on the Death Penalty.” American Sociological Review, vol. 46, no. 6, Dec. 1981, pp. 783–805. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.ezproxy.samford.edu/10.2307/2095079. Austin, Roy L., and Mark D. Allen. “Racial Disparity in Arrest Rates as an Explanation of Racial Disparity in Commitment to Pennsylvania's Prisons.” Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, vol. 37, no. 2, May 2000, pp. 200–20. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.ezproxy.samford.edu/10.1177/0022427800037002003. Beck, Allen J., and Alfred Blumstein. “Racial Disproportionality in U.S. State Prisons: Accounting for the Effects of Racial and Ethnic Differences in Criminal Involvement, Arrests, Sentencing, and Time Served.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, vol. 34, no. 3, Sept. 2018, pp. 853–83. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.ezproxy.samford.edu/10.1007/s10940-017-9357-6 Omori, Marisa. “Spatial Dimensions of Racial Inequality: Neighborhood Racial Characteristics and Drug Sentencing.” Race and Justice, vol. 7, no. 1, Jan. 2017, pp. 35–58. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.ezproxy.samford.edu/10.1177/2153368716648461. Anwar, Shamena, and Hanming Fang. “Testing for Racial Prejudice in the Parole Board Release Process: Theory and Evidence.” Journal of Legal Studies (0047-2530), vol. 44, no. 1, Jan. 2015, pp. 1–37. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.ezproxy.samford.edu/10.1086/680994. Murakawa, Naomi. “The First Civil Right : How Liberals Built Prison America.” Oxford University Press, 2014. Gramlich, John. “The Gap between the Number of Blacks and Whites in Prison Is Shrinking.” Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 27 Aug. 2020, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/30/shrinking-gap-between-number-of-blacks-and-whites-in-prison/. Park, Kyung H. “The Impact of Judicial Elections in the Sentencing of Black Crime.” Journal of Human Resources, vol. 52, no. 4, Fall 2017, pp. 998–1031. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.ezproxy.samford.edu/10.3368/jhr.52.4.0415-7057R1. Spohn, Cassia. “Twentieth-Century Sentencing Reform Movement: Looking Backward, Moving Forward.” Criminology & Public Policy, vol. 13, no. 4, Nov. 2014, pp. 535–45. EBSCOhost, https://doi-org.ezproxy.samford.edu/10.1111/1745-9133.12095
