Outbreak Cale Lawlor

Climate change will have a massive impact on humanity. The changes will be many and diverse, and the health of people all around the globe stands to be greatly impacted in a number of major ways.


Sources:

Books -
A Farewell to Ice: A Report from the Arctic. Peter Wadhams

Reports -
State of the Climate 2018. CSIRO and Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology

Journal Articles -
Bambrick, H., Dear, K., Woodruff, R., Hanigan, I. & McMichael, A. (2008). The impacts of climate change on three health outcomes: temperature-related mortality and hospitalisations, salmonellosis and other bacterial gastroenteritis, and population at risk from dengue. Garnaut Climate Change Review, 2008.
Bambrick, H. J., Woodruff, R. E. & Hanigan, I. C. climate change could threaten blood supply by altering the distribution of vector-borne disease: an Australian case-study. Global Health Action 2009.

Websites -
Desertification and flooding among the consequences of the greenhouse effect. Iberdrola. https://www.iberdrola.com/environment/greenhouse-effects-consequences-and-impacts
Climate Change Primer. Warm Heart. https://warmheartworldwide.org/climate-change/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIgfS6gbPG5QIVmpntCh3LjQlaEAAYASAAEgJeivD_BwE
CO2 and Ocean Acidification: Causes, Impacts, Solutions. Union of Concerned Scientists. https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/co2-and-ocean-acidification
Warming rivers make marked contribution to global greenhouse gas levels. Science Daily. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180718143053.htm
The underestimated danger of a breakdown of the Gulf Stream System. RealClimate. http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2017/01/the-underestimated-danger-of-a-breakdown-of-the-gulf-stream-system/
What are the effects of climate change? MyClimate. https://www.myclimate.org/information/faq/faq-detail/detail/News/what-are-the-effects-of-climate-change/
France takes steps to avoid repeat of deadly 2003 heat wave. France24. https://www.france24.com/en/20150701-france-paris-heat-wave-alert-deadly-2003-summer-guidelines

Standing in the affluent part of Glasgow, you can expect the people around you to live for 80 years. On the other side of town, they only live 54 years. The difference in only a few kilometres, but the factors in society and the environment around people can strongly determine their health. The determinants of health give us an insight into the differences we see around the world, and across town

Sources:
Books –
Happy City: Transforming Our Lives Through Urban Design. Charles Montgomery

Reports –
History, politics and vulnerability: explaining excess mortality in Scotland and Glasgow. Glasgow Centre for Population Health. https://www.gcph.co.uk/assets/0000/5586/History_politics_and_vulnerability.pdf

Youtube –
‘Health Inequalities and The Glasgow Effect’

Websites –
Social Determinants of Health. HealthyPeople.gov. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health
Indoor Air Pollution. Our World In Data. https://ourworldindata.org/indoor-air-pollution
Women and girls. Right to Education. https://www.right-to-education.org/girlswomen

Articles –
As Scotland’s ‘Trainspotting’ Generation Ages, the Dead Pile Up. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/07/world/europe/scotland-heroin-deaths.html
Austerity to blame for 130,000 ‘preventable’ UK deaths – report. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jun/01/perfect-storm-austerity-behind-130000-deaths-uk-ippr-report
Air pollution kills 1.2 mn Indians in a year, third biggest cause of death. Business Standard. https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/air-pollution-kills-1-2-mn-indians-in-a-year-third-biggest-cause-of-death-119040300300_1.html
A Short Walk in the Wakhan Corridor. Outside Online. https://www.outsideonline.com/1885016/short-walk-wakhan-corridor
Mortality and life expectancy in post-communist countries. Dialogue of Civilisations Research Institute. https://doc-research.org/2018/06/mortality-life-expectancy-post-communist/

In 1992, the city of Sarajevo was placed under siege, in what turned out to be the longest siege in modern history. The numbers of death and injury were staggering, but as with siege conditions, there are more effects than just injury.

Music: Lost Radiance - On The Planet Far Away (ver. 1)

Sources:
Journal Articles –
Andersson, N., Paredes-Solis, S., Legorreta-Soberanis, J., Cockcroft, A., & Sherr, L. (2010). Breastfeeding in a complex emergency: four linked cross-sectional studies during the Bosnian conflict. Public Health Nutrition. 2010;13 (12): p. 2097 – 2104.
Barath, A. (2002). Psychological Status of Sarajevo Children after War: 1999-2000 Survey. Public Health and Peace. 2002; 43 (2): p. 213 – 220.
Carballo, M., Simic, S., & Zeric, D. (1996). Health in countries torn by conflict: lessons from Sarajevo. The Lancet. 1996; 348: p. 872 – 874.
Carballo, M., Smajkic, A., Zeric, D., Dzidowska, M., Gebre-Medhin, J. & Van Halem, J. (2004). Mental Health and Coping in a War Situation: The Case of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 2004; 36: p. 463 – 477.
Centres for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). (1993). Status of Public Health – Bosnia and Herzegovina, August – September 1993. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 1993; 42 (50): p. 973, 979 – 982.
Goldstein, R. D., Wampler, N. S., & Wise, P. H. (1997). War Experiences and Distress Symptoms of Bosnian Children. Pediatrics. 1997; 100 (5): p. 873 – 878.
Hukic, M., Hubschen, J. M., Seremet, M., Salimovic-Besic, I., Mulaomerovic, M., Mehinovic, N.,
Karakas, S., Charpentier, E., & Muller, C. P. (2012). An outbreak of rubella in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina between December 2009 and May 2010 indicates failure to vaccinate during wartime (1992-1995). Epidemiology and Infection. 2012; 140: p. 447 – 453.
Mann, J., Drucker, E., Tarantola, D., & McCabe, M. P. (1994). Bosnia: The War Against Public Health. Medicine and Global Survival. 1994; 1 (3): p. 130 – 146.
Obradovic, Z., Balta, S., Obradovic, A. & Mesic, S. (2014). The Impact of War on Vaccine Preventable Diseases. Mater Sociomed. 2014; 26 (6): p. 382 – 384.
Pretto, E. A., Begovic, M. & Begovic, M. (1994). Emergency Medical Services During the Siege of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: A Preliminary Report. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 1994; 9 (2): p. S39 – S45).
Puvacic, Z. & Weinberg, J. (1994). Impact Of War On Infectious Disease in Bosnia-Hercegovina. British Medical Journal. 1994; 309 (6963): p. 1207 – 1208.
Robertson, A., Fronczak, N., Jaganjac, N., Hailey, P., Copeland, P., & Duprat, M. (1995). Nutrition and Immunization Survey of Bosnian Women and Children during 1993. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1995; 24 (6): p. 1163 – 1170.
Rubin, M. (1994). Experiences from the World Health Organization Missions in Sarajevo, 1992-1993. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 1994; 9 (2): p. S8 – S10.
Safar, P. (1994). Disaster Medicine and Wartorn Former Yugoslavia. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 1994; 9 (2): p. 91 – 93.
Simunovic, V. J. (2007). Health care in Bosnia and Herzegovina before, during and after 1992-1995 war: a personal testimony. BioMed Central. 2007: p. 1 – 6.
Vujovic, B. & Mazlagic, D. (1994). Epidemiology and Surgical Management of Abdominal War Injuries in Sarajevo: State Hospital of Sarajevo Experience. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 1994; 9 (2): p. S29 – S34.

In 1845, potato blight hit Europe, crippling isolated Ireland. Potato crops failed and despite efforts, famine ensued. But like most famines, it isn't just a lack of food that creates a disaster. Politics has a role to play in human suffering and disease.

Music: Lost Radiance - On The Planet Far Away (ver. 1)

Sources:
Websites –
Irish Potato Famine. History.com. https://www.history.com/topics/immigration/irish-potato-famine
The Blight Begins. The History Place. http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/famine/begins.htm
Epidemic Diseases of the Great Famine. History Ireland. https://www.historyireland.com/18th-19th-century-history/epidemic-diseases-of-the-great-famine/

Journal Articles –
Kelly BD. The Great Irish Famine (1845-52) and the Irish asylum system: remembering, forgetting, and remembering again. Irish Journal of Medical Science. 2019 Aug; 188 (3): 953 - 958

Books -
Ireland: Land, People, History. Chapter 16: Famine. Richard Killeen

Animals are some of our best friends, and have been at our side for millennia. But they can also cause human infections and kick of new epidemics, and all the big pandemics in the recent years, including swine flu, MERS, HIV and Ebola have had an animal origin.

Music: Lost Radiance - On The Planet Far Away (ver. 1)

Sources:
Websites –
Rabies. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/rabies/about/en/
Origins of the 2014 Ebola epidemic. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/one-year-report/virus-origin/en/
2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa. Centre for Disease Control. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/emergencies/mers-cov/en/
Forget Ebola, Sars and Zika: ticks are the next global health threat. The Guardian Australia. https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2018/jan/25/forget-ebola-sars-and-zika-ticks-are-the-next-global-health-threat

Publications –
Drivers of Zoonotic Disease, from Sustaining Global Surveillance and Response to Emerging Zoonotic Diseases. National Research Council (US) Committee on Achieving Sustainable Global Capacity for Surveillance and Response to Emerging Diseases of Zoonotic Origin. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215318/

Journal Articles –
Wang LF & Crameri G. Emerging zoonotic viral diseases. Scientific and Technical Review of the Office International des Epizooties. 2014; 33 (2): 569 - 581
Allen, T, Murray KA, Zambrana – Torrelio, C, Morse SS, Rondinini C, Di Marco M, Breit N, Olival KJ & Daszak P. Global hotspots and correlates of emerging zoonotic diseases. Nature Communications. 2017; 8: 1124
Feldmann H & Geisbert TW. Ebola haemorrhagic fever. Lancet 2011; 377: 849 – 62
Banik GR, Khandaker G & Rashid H. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ‘‘MERS-CoV’’: Current Knowledge Gaps. Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 2015; 16: 197 – 202
Ki, M. 2015 MERS outbreak in Korea: hospital-to-hospital transmission. Epidemiology and Health. 2015; 37

An eerie ad played on Australian television in the late 1980s. The Grim Reaper carelessly bowled balls of death at normal members of society, killing many with his reckless behaviour. What this advert did however was play on the widespread panic that gripped the globe as a massive global pandemic did what the Grim Reaper does

Music: Lost Radiance - On The Planet Far Away (ver. 1)

Sources:
Websites –
Precursor to H.I.V. Was in Monkeys for Millenniums. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/17/health/17aids.html?_r=1&src=me&ref=general
Origin of HIV & AIDS. Avert. https://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/origin
History of HIV & AIDS Overview. Avert. https://www.avert.org/professionals/history-hiv-aids/overview
History of AIDS. History.com. https://www.history.com/topics/1980s/history-of-aids
HIV / AIDS. World Health Organisation. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hiv-aids

Journal Articles –
Fanales – Belasio E, Raimondo M, Suligoi B & Butto S. HIV virology and pathogenetic mechanisms of infection: a brief overview. Ann Ist Super Sanita. 2010; 46 (1): 5 - 14