UCL-China Research Festival - Audio UCL

As signatory of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), China supports the 2010 Biodiversity Target to achieve a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss by the year 2010. This very ambitious goal must be seen against the background of a huge knowledge gap prevailing particularly with regard to patterns of insect diversity in space and time.

Our collaborative research is trying to be instrumental in addressing the aforementioned knowledge gap by investigating how different agricultural activities affect species richness in a number of different habitats which are characterized by very different intensities of agricultural management. The research is conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of the China Agricultural University in Quzhou county, an area heavily utilized for agricultural production with only very small remnants of semi-natural habitats remaining.

In this setting, the diversity of beetles and plants is compared between semi-natural woodland habitats, orchards which are managed at intermediate intensity, lawn, intensively managed fields of winter wheat/summer maize and cotton monocultures. Species richness of plants peaks at the habitats which are managed extensively, with similar levels of diversity being recorded in woodland and orchards. Diversity of carabid beetle communities is lowest at cotton monocultures followed by lawns, but shows equally high values in woodlands, orchards and intensively managed wheat/maize fields.

An investigation of changes in species composition between different habitats reveals that cotton and wheat/maize fields harbour similar beetle assemblages. These are nonetheless distinctly different from assemblages encountered in orchard and woodland areas. This leads to the conclusion that a further intensification of agricultural practices, but especially the ongoing transformation of orchards and wheat/maize fields into cotton monocultures which can be observed in large sections of the study area, has the potential to severely decrease the overall species pool of both carabid beetles and plant species. On the other hand, the high degree of similarity in the species composition of ground beetles and plant species in orchards and semi-natural woodland hints at the possibility that the promotion of orchards in the Quzhou district might be a highly feasible approach in preserving a significant proportion of the local species pool.

Around half of the world’s population lives under the influence of the Asian monsoons. The sustainability of water resources, which is intimately tied up with future monsoon variability, is a critically-important issue in northwest China where development is taking place at the margins of agricultural productivity and towards the fringe of the landward penetration of summer monsoon rainfall. Understanding the likely future behaviour of the Asian monsoons is therefore critical for the people of northwest China. Knowledge of past variations in the monsoons is important for our understanding of the monsoon system as a whole and for how it might respond to changing global conditions in the future. However, climatological records only extend back around 50 years or so in northwest China, much too short a time span to allow the full range of natural variability in the monsoons to be assessed. An alternative approach is to use so-called natural archives of climate variability, which include tree rings, ice cores and various sediment records such as those deposited in lakes and the oceans. In this paper, we describe ongoing collaborative work on lake sediments in northwest China being undertaken in University College London and Lanzhou University. Despite its relative dryness, northwest China contains a surprising number of lakes. Many of these are hydrologically closed (i.e. they receive water only from rainfall and lose water only by evaporation) and therefore respond sensitively to changes in effective precipitation, defined as the balance of precipitation to evaporation. Lake sediments are one of the most important sources of evidence for environmental change in dryland areas. Changes in lake level and water chemistry, which are responses to variations in precipitation, runoff and evaporation, are recorded in the stratigraphy, sedimentology, geochemistry and palaeontology of the sediments. Variations in local and regional vegetation may also be reflected in pollen records. Our research has focused on lakes along the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and between sand dunes in the deserts of Inner Mongolia, which record climate variability over the past millennium. This period is a particularly important, since there appear to have been large changes in the intensity of monsoon circulation during this time, possibly associated with the major climatic intervals know as the Medieval Warm Period (~AD 1000 – 1300) and Little Ice Age (~AD 1350 – 1900), during which times the monsoon may have strengthened and weakened, respectively. However, evidence from natural archives indicates that the observed changes in climate have been highly variable across the vast region of Northwest China, making the accumulation of more data from additional sites a priority task for the future.

Recent decades have seen the emergence of sign linguistics as a sub-discipline of linguistic research, accumulating a body of knowledge that has enlightened linguists about the complex grammatical properties of sign language. Researchers have also begun to show how sign language is acquired as a first language by deaf children who can then use this resource to develop spoken and written language for education and social communication in the hearing majority community. These findings have demonstrated that deaf children have the capacity to become bilingual in signed and spoken language, and that hearing children also benefit from early exposure to sign language. As a result of this change of linguistic orientation towards sign language researchers have begun to explore the concepts of Sign Bilingualism and Co-enrolment, involving deaf and hearing participants, teachers and learners in partnership with each other in an educational process that can promote children’ linguistic, cognitive and social development.

It is within this context that The Centre for Sign Linguistics and Deaf Studies (CSLDS) of the Chinese University of Hong Kong launched a 7-year research programme in 2006 to explore an alternative model of deaf education that sets out to resolve the long-standing problem of low literacy skills and educational attainment among deaf children in HK. This research programme seeks to merge theoretical language acquisition models and applied linguistic research, with a particular focus on creating a model of deaf education that mediates between two languages and two cultures, providing bilingual linguistic resources which are accessible to both deaf and hearing children.

An important part of the research agenda is to investigate the impact of Sign Bilingualism and Co-enrolment on the language development of deaf and hearing children in pre-school and primary education. The research has been jointly designed by researchers from the Centre for Sign Linguistics and Deaf Studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Deafness, Cognition and Language Research Centre at UCL. It adopts a longitudinal approach to the evaluation process, profiling the grammatical development of signed and spoken language in the deaf and hearing children enrolled in this programme. At the end of the first year of implementation in 2006, children’s sign language development was documented using a picture story retelling task, spoken language vocabulary development was assessed by means of a word-picture matching task, and speech production and perception were evaluated using assessment batteries originally designed for Cantonese speech perception and production in hearing children. In this presentation, we will present results of some of our preliminary investigation and discuss some projected outcomes.

Recent decades have seen the emergence of sign linguistics as a sub-discipline of linguistic research, accumulating a body of knowledge that has enlightened linguists about the complex grammatical properties of sign language. Researchers have also begun to show how sign language is acquired as a first language by deaf children who can then use this resource to develop spoken and written language for education and social communication in the hearing majority community. These findings have demonstrated that deaf children have the capacity to become bilingual in signed and spoken language, and that hearing children also benefit from early exposure to sign language. As a result of this change of linguistic orientation towards sign language researchers have begun to explore the concepts of Sign Bilingualism and Co-enrolment, involving deaf and hearing participants, teachers and learners in partnership with each other in an educational process that can promote children’ linguistic, cognitive and social development.

It is within this context that The Centre for Sign Linguistics and Deaf Studies (CSLDS) of the Chinese University of Hong Kong launched a 7-year research programme in 2006 to explore an alternative model of deaf education that sets out to resolve the long-standing problem of low literacy skills and educational attainment among deaf children in HK. This research programme seeks to merge theoretical language acquisition models and applied linguistic research, with a particular focus on creating a model of deaf education that mediates between two languages and two cultures, providing bilingual linguistic resources which are accessible to both deaf and hearing children.

An important part of the research agenda is to investigate the impact of Sign Bilingualism and Co-enrolment on the language development of deaf and hearing children in pre-school and primary education. The research has been jointly designed by researchers from the Centre for Sign Linguistics and Deaf Studies of the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Deafness, Cognition and Language Research Centre at UCL. It adopts a longitudinal approach to the evaluation process, profiling the grammatical development of signed and spoken language in the deaf and hearing children enrolled in this programme. At the end of the first year of implementation in 2006, children’s sign language development was documented using a picture story retelling task, spoken language vocabulary development was assessed by means of a word-picture matching task, and speech production and perception were evaluated using assessment batteries originally designed for Cantonese speech perception and production in hearing children. In this presentation, we will present results of some of our preliminary investigation and discuss some projected outcomes.

Introduction: Previous functional imaging studies comparing Chinese and English reading have reported that a left middle frontal region is more activated by Chinese reading and the left superior temporal cortex is more activated by English reading (Tan et al. 2001; 2003). We investigated this finding and its interpretation by conducting a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study of reading in China and England using monolingual adolescents who spoke Mandarin or English respectively. Our paradigm compared activation for semantic decision on written stimuli (words or characters) as well as on pictures of objects so that we could determine whether or not the previously reported effects were specific to written stimuli.

Methods: The paradigm involved 4 different stimulus conditions: semantic decisions on (1) written object names and (2) pictures of objects; and perceptual decisions on (3) pictures of meaningless non-objects and (4) meaningless Greek/Korean letters. Written stimuli were presented in the known language (i.e. characters in Chinese and words in English). The pictures were identical in the Chinese and English versions of the study. In each condition, three stimuli were presented, one above (the target) and two below (the choices). Using the right hand, participants were instructed to indicate with a left or right button press whether the target matched the left or right choice. For example, when the stimuli were “anchor” (target), “ship” and “truck”(choices), participants made a left button press to indicate that “anchor” is more closely associated with a “ship” than “truck”. Stimulus presentation parameters were identical for perceptual decisions but here the task was to indicate whether the left or right choice was perceptually identical to the target above.

Data were acquired from the whole brain using 1.5T MRI scanners at Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL and Institute of Linguistics at XuZhou Normal University. Participants were 13 English adolescents (age 13-16) and 10 Chinese adolescents (age 13-16) with no history of reading impairment. Data analysis was carried out with SPM5 software package and effects of interest were based on correct responses only.

Results and Conclusions Behaviourally, performance and response times did not differ across groups. In reading, consistent with previous findings, Chinese subjects showed significantly more activation in the left middle frontal region while English subjects showed significantly more activation in the left posterior superior temporal cortex. However, we also observed significantly greater left middle frontal activation in the Chinese group during semantic decisions on pictures. Therefore, the effect in the left middle frontal region is not specific to reading. Next, we explored inter-subject variability within each group. This led to the observation that differences between the Chinese and English groups were driven by a subgroup of English subjects. This suggests that the differences observed here at the group level were more likely to be due to individual differences in education or other cognitive skills than to writing system or ethnicity alone.

The UK and Chinese Governments have agreed at the highest level to collaborate through the China-UK Sustainable Development Dialogue on research and knowledge exchange to help ensure that the way we develop our cities will become truly sustainable. As a part of that initiative a group of related networks has been funded by the UK’s Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, inspired by the Dongtan Eco-city development north of Shanghai.

The specific network which is the subject of this paper addresses two related topics: the historical development of Chinese and European cities, and spatial masterplanning at scales ranging from the local place to the whole metropolitan area. We believe there is much to be gained by bringing these fields together since the lessons of history have much to bring to current design, planning and policy formation so far as urbanisation is concerned. Equally, there is benefit in bridging between European and Asian history and experience of industrialisation and urban expansion. A central focus for this network will be to investigate the way that urban spatial structure relates to social cultures. At times of rapid change it is often the heritage of social culture that is lost. This aspect of planning is currently seen to be central to the creation of sustainable communities and is one where the benefit of cross cultural comparison in research is clear. Here we will investigate the use of spatial analysis and modelling methodologies to allow a common basis for cross cultural and historical comparison. In this way we will investigate the application of the latest analytic technologies in urban design, planning and policy formation as well as in heritage and conservation.

We have brought together an international research network comprising all the leading UK research universities in this field with their leading counterparts in China, including the main Chinese professional and coordinating organisations, to discuss common interests and formulate proposals for Anglo-Chinese collaborative research and academic exchange. The network complements and builds upon other related initiatives rather than duplicating these, and is open to new entrants. We are including international researchers from Australia and the USA to ensure that we draw on relevant expertise wherever in the world that lies, and that our impact is global. The network is operating through a programme of workshops and exchange visits over the next two years. It was launched in October ’07 in London with significant and enthusiastic attendance by over 40 participants representing nine leading Chinese universities and five important institutes and academies. The workshop allowed delegates to identify research priorities and will deliver an exciting range of collaborative projects. Ultimately it will lead to a powerful international learning network in this important field.