73: What is Science? The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

“The man who is striving to solve a problem defined by existing knowledge and technique is not, however, just looking around. He knows what he wants to achieve, and he designs his instruments and directs his thoughts accordingly. Unanticipated novelty, the new discovery, can emerge only to the extent that his anticipations about nature and his instruments prove wrong. . . . There is no other effective way in which discoveries might be generated.”

Welcome back to another episode of Made You Think! In this episode, Nat and Neil discuss their key takeaways from The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas Kuhn. While the book is geared towards an academic audience, a lot of interesting ideas were brought up in terms of scientific progress, where Kuhn argues that science is anything but linear. 

We cover a wide range of topics including:

•  Paradigm shifts in science (and other areas, too!)
• What is normal science, and how does it differ from paradigm-shifting science?
• Connections between science, religion, and politics
• The direction and timing of inventions over time
• How sciencing everything may lead to negative outcomes 

And much more. Please enjoy, and make sure to follow Nat and Neil on Twitter and share your thoughts on the episode.

Links from the Episode: Mentioned in the show:

• Copernican system (11:20)
• Monday Medley (11:56)
• The Joe Rogan Experience (18:03)
• Nat’s SS and Medicare tweet (20:50)
• Burton Oil (29:24)
• Neil’s tweet on rationalists (35:20)
• Dancing Gorilla experiment (47:07)
• Bobbie formula (53:15)
• Obesity rates in Mexico (57:34) 
• WTF Happened in 1971? (58:22)
• Metamask (1:00:28)
• Rainbow Wallet (1:00:29)
• Outside the System (1:03:46) (Check out Neil's new podcast!)
• Fountain (1:03:50)
• Lightning Network (1:04:30)
• What Viagra was originally used for (1:10:56)
• Tesla's vision of wireless energy (1:15:21) 
• Riverside (1:23:40)

Books Mentioned:

• The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Nat's Book Notes)
• Gödel, Escher, Bach (0:58) (Book Episode) (Nat's Book Notes)
• Finite and Infinite Games (3:23) (Book Episode) (Nat's Book Notes)
• Happy Accidents (3:37) (Book Episode) (Nat's Book Notes)
• King, Warrior, Magician, Lover (28:53) (Book Episode) 
• The Dictator’s Handbook (41:03) (Book Episode) (Nat's Book Notes)
• Merchants of Doubt (41:56) (Book Episode) (Nat's Book Notes)
• Energy and Civilization (42:56) (Book Episode) (Nat's Book Notes)
• The Three-Body Problem (1:20:50) (Nat's Book Notes)
• The Martian (1:21:21) (Nat's Book Notes)
• Hail Mary (1:21:27) 
• Seeing Like a State (1:24:19) (Nat's Book Notes)
• Infinite Jest (1:24:44) (Book Episode I) (Book Episode II) (Nat's Book Notes)

People Mentioned:

• Malcolm Gladwell (2:35)
• Albert Einstein (6:45)
• Isaac Newton (14:53)
• Nicolaus Copernicus (14:53)
• Werner Heisenburg (14:56)
• Nassim Taleb (24:44)
• Al Gore (28:36)
• George Bush (28:39)
• Joe Biden (28:56)
• Nikola Tesla (1:14:59)
• Andy Weir (1:21:23)
• Adil Majid (1:24:12)

Show Topics:

0:43 Today, Nat and Neil dive into their takeaways from The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas Kuhn. The phrase "paradigm shift" was coined by Thomas Kuhn and used throughout the book to describe fundamental changes in underlying assumptions. 

4:47 Kuhn argues that science doesn’t progress linearly, it goes through cycles. There are foundational truths and beliefs that current science is being built on, and when those beliefs crack, we have to establish new ones. It doesn’t mean the old ideas were unscientific, but perhaps insufficient or incomplete.

8:01 Neil applies the 'map vs. territory' analogy. Territory is the real natural world, and every theory and paradigm we test out is the map. 

11:54 The book talks about normal science as trying to solve a puzzle. When you buy a jigsaw puzzle, you know what the picture looks like and that all pieces will fit together somehow. In the same way, theories of experiments have already predicted what the results of your experiment should be, you’re just running the experiment to confirm it. Paradigm shifts are so rare and accidental because most of science is filling in gaps of the current paradigm, as that's also where the funding is.

"The scientific enterprise as a whole does from time to time prove useful, open up new territory, display order, and test long-accepted belief. Nevertheless, the individual engaged on a normal research problem is almost never doing any one of these things."

15:20 What are the things in science today that feel like they might be invented to explain the anomalies in the current paradigm? Dark matter and gravity for example.

17:59 There aren’t enough debates on science, and it’s important to ask the question WHY to better understand the underlying assumptions. If you disagree with one of the provided assumptions, you can challenge it. 

22:09 The book explains how science is an ever-evolving process that requires challenging the current assumptions in the paradigm. Asking questions is the scientific thing to do. We can have conflicting paradigms and ideas, and use those to get an accurate view of the world, but obviously nothing is perfect. 

25:50 Over time, science has become more politicized. Global