A History of Europe, Key Battles Carl Rylett

Revolutionary breaks out across Europe continent from France to Romania, Denmark to Italy. Slowly the authorities regained control but were unable to reverse all of the changes. Most governments, for example, kept some form of constitution, and liberals worked hard to defend what was left of their achievements. The events of 1848 gave millions of Europeans their first taste of politics, and remained an inspiration for later generations. 
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Music: Robert Schumann - Kinderszenen, courtesy of musopen.org
Picture: The revolutionary barricades in Vienna in May 1848

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In the first months of 1848, a tidal wave of revolution shook the political establishment of Europe to its foundations Events began with an uprising in Sicily in January, and by the end of the year the entire continent had been affected to some degree, including the overthrow of leaders in France, Austria, Italy and Germany
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Music: William Tell Overture by Gioachino Rossini, courtesy of musopen.org
Picture: Revolutionaries in Berlin in March 1848, waving the revolutionary flags

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King Charles X of France is overthrown and replaced by his cousin Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans. 
Meanwhile a 10 month long insurrection in Poland is crushed by the Russians. In the retribution which followed, eighty-thousand Poles are dragged off in chains to Siberia. 
The year 1830 also witnessed the formal independence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire after a war which had begun nine years before.
And the Industrial Revolution gathers steam across western Europe
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Music from Feliox Mendelssohn, Italian Symphony, courtesy of musopen.org
Picture - Eugène_Delacroix (Liberty Leading the People)

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The Congress of Vienna 1814 at the end of the long Napoleonic Wars led to a period of relative peace on the continent of Europe. A network of institutions was established known as the ‘Concert of Europe’ where differences could be thrashed out before leading to war.
After the French Revolution, the basis of sovereignty shifted from individuals and families as leaders to nations and states. Throughout Europe a generation of individuals from the educated elite took the lead in developing movements of national liberation and liberal reform. But for more than thirty years the leaders of the Great Powers of the continent successfully managed to suppress these movements and clamped down on any signs of internal unrest or revolution
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Music: Frederich Chopin - Polonaise in A Flat Major; Franz Schubert's Symphony no.5
Picture: Congress of Vienna watercolour etching by August Friedrich Andreas

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The French army invades Russia. The Russians retreat deep into their own territory then confront the French at the inconclusive Battle of Borodino of September 1812. Napoleon leads his men into Moscow but is forced to abandon the city and return westwards in the middle of winter, resulting in devastating losses. The anti-French coalition regain the initiative at the huge Battle of the Nations and finally at the Battle of Waterloo.
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Music composed by Beethoven; Moonlight Sonata and Symphony No.6 in F major. Courtesy of musopen.org

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The French invade Prussia and capture its capital Berlin, and then move into Poland and take Warsaw. Napoleon and Tsar Alexander then agreed the Treaties of Tilsit. The greatest resistance to French dominance comes from the Spanish, aided by the British under the command of the Duke of Wellington.www.patreon.com/historyeuropewww.historyeurope.netMusic from Beethoven - Symphony Nr 5, courtesy of www.musopen.orgPicture: Charles Meynier - Entrée de Napoléon à Berlin, 27 Octobre 1806
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