Did That Really Happen‪?‬ Did That Really Happen?

This week we're going back to the 1970s with If Beale Street Could Talk! Join us as we learn about the Rockefeller Drug Laws, New York jails, the term "Holy Roller", and more!
Source
Brian Mann, "The Drug Laws That Changed How We Punished," NPR, available at https://www.npr.org/2013/02/14/171822608/the-drug-laws-that-changed-how-we-punish
Fodei Batty, "How to Understand the Complicated History of 'Go Back to Africa'" Washington Post, available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/04/26/is-go-back-to-africa-always-an-insult-heres-a-brief-history-of-american-back-to-africa-movements/
African Americans in Ghana, Khan Academy: https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-7-the-great-convergence-and-divergence-1880-ce-to-the-future/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-7/a/connecting-decolonization-in-africa-and-the-us-civil-rights-movement#:~:text=The%20desire%20to%20repatriate%E2%80%94to,building%20their%20new%20nation%2Dstate.
Heather Ann Thompson, "How a Series of Jail Rebellions Rocked New York--and Woke a City," The Nation, 21 March 2019 https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/new-york-jail-rebellion-1970-tombs-mdc/  
Daniel Chasin, "Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: How New York's Bail Reform Saga Tiptoes around Addressing Economic Inequality," Cardozo Law Review 43, no. 1 (October 2021): 273-312
Aleza Van Brunt and Locke E. Bowman, "Toward a Just Model of Pretrial Release: A History of Bail Reform and a Prescription for What's Next," The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 108, no.4 (2018): 701-774. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48572970
https://www.uscourts.gov/services-forms/probation-and-pretrial-services/supervision/pretrial-risk-assessment/pretrial-release 
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/research/pretrial_detention/ 
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/jails2024_table3.html 
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/incomejails.html
Ngram: https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=%22holy+roller%22&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=en-2019&smoothing=3 
Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “Holy Roller (n.),” March 2024.
Gregg Kilday, "Making of 'If Beale Street Could Talk': How 'Moonlight' Oscar Winner Barry Jenkins Brought James Baldwin's 1974 Novel to the Big Screen," Hollywood REporter, available at https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/a-look-making-beale-street-could-talk-1160625/'
Rotten Tomatoes: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/if_beale_street_could_talk/reviews
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_Beale_Street_Could_Talk_(film)

This week we're traveling back to the 1930s with Amsterdam! Join us as we learn about Smedley Butler, birding, the Harlem Hellfighters, that story about Mussolini running a kid over with a car, and more!
Sources:
The Press: Vanderbilt Truth (1931) available at https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,930365,00.html
Pete Vack, "A Mussolini Alfa Romeo Mystery," available at https://velocetoday.com/a-mussolini-mystery/
Smedley Butler Mussolini 1931, WWII Editorial Cartoon Project, available at https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/ww2/1931-2/
Jonathan M. Katz, Gangsters of Capitalism: Smedley Butler, the Marines, and the Making and Breaking of America's Empire (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2021), 304-334.
Dietrich, Christopher R. W., ed. Diplomacy and Capitalism: The Political Economy of U.S. Foreign Relations. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1sjwpfz.
Erick Trickey, "One Hundred Years Ago, the Harlem Hellfighters Bravely Led the U.S. Into WWI," Smithsonian Magazine (14 May 2018), https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/one-hundred-years-ago-harlem-hellfighters-bravely-led-us-wwi-180968977/  
"Remembering the Harlem Hellfighters," National Museum of African-American History and Culture
Stephen Barker, "Amsterdam: 10 Behind the Scenes Facts About the Star-Studded Movie," Screen Rant, available at https://screenrant.com/amsterdam-behind-the-scenes-facts-star-studded-movie/
Amsterdam, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam_(2022_film)
Christy Lemire review, Rogerebert.com: https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/amsterdam-movie-review-2022
Tim Birkhead, "How Bird-Collecting Evolved into Bird-Watching," Smithsonian Magazine, available at https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/how-bird-collecting-evolved-into-bird-watching-180980506/

*NOTE: Due to a technical mishap, we had some problems with Jamie's audio on this one. We apologize for the sound quality issues.
Content Warning: This episode features discussion of cannibalism and other disturbing content.
This week we're traveling back to 1970s Uruguay with Society of the Snow! Join us as we learn about Numa Turcatti, the photos taken on the mountain, student protests, radios, the Strauch cousins, and more!
Sources:
Drew Weisholtz, "What Happened to Numa Turcatti, Narrator of Society of the Snow?" Today, available at https://www.today.com/popculture/movies/society-of-the-snow-numa-turcatti-narrator-rcna133613
Amanda Rodriguez and Jeronimo Pineda, "Society of the Snow: The Spirit of Numa Turcatti and the Soccer Team Named After Him," El Pais, available at https://english.elpais.com/sports/2024-01-22/society-of-the-snow-the-spirit-of-numa-turcatti-and-the-soccer-team-named-after-him.html
Eduardo Strauch and Mireya Soriano, "Returning to the scene of the crash: A survivor of the Uruguayan rugby team plane crash reflects," Salon, (2019) https://www.salon.com/2019/06/15/returning-to-the-scene-of-the-crash-a-survivor-of-the-uruguayan-rugby-team-plane-crash-reflects/  
Matt J. Rossano, Mortal Rituals: What the Story of the Andes Survivors Tells Us About Human Evolution (Columbia University Press, 2013).
Blair Braverman and Sarah Marshall, "Flight 571: Survival in the Andes with Blair Braverman," You're Wrong About podcast (31 October 2022). 
Charles A. Krause, "After the Andes," The Washington Post (4 November 1978), https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1978/11/05/after-the-andes/962054ad-fde2-4c87-9e6d-c656fee2dc49/ 
https://www.backpacker.com/trips/alive-again-new-findings-in-the-1972-andes-plane-crash/ 
https://www.history.com/news/miracle-andes-disaster-survival 
https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/1972-andes-plane-crash-story-photos/ 
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/04/nando-parrado-andes-plane-crash-1972-rugby-team
Emilio Mayorga and John Hopewell, Variety (2022), https://variety.com/2022/film/global/netflix-bayona-society-of-the-snow-1235253671/ 
Society of the Snow: Who Were We on the Mountain (Netflix, 2024)
RT: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/society_of_the_snow 
Sheila O'Malley, "Society of the Snow," Roger Ebert (5 January 2024), https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/society-of-the-snow-2024 
Peter Bradshaw, "Society of the Snow review- cannibalism in the ice in incredible real-life survival tale," The Guardian (19 December 2023), https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/dec/19/society-of-the-snow-review-cannibalism-in-the-ice-in-incredible-real-life-survival-tale 
The Tupamaros: https://www.latinamericanstudies.org/uruguay/tupamaros-uruguay.htm

Today we're traveling to early 2000s Chile (but also 18th century France, and some other times, too) with vampire-themed political satire El Conde! Join us as we learn about Lucia Hiriart, Augusto Pinochet's shady money dealings, that time he got arrested in London, and more!
Sources:
John Bartlett, "Widow of Chilean Dictator Augusto Pinochet Dies at 99," The Guardian, available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/dec/16/lucia-hiriart-widow-chilean-dictator-augusto-pinchocet-dies-age-99
Eva Vergara, "Lucia Hiriart, Widow of Chilean Dictator Pinochet, Dies at 99." Washington Post, Available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2021/12/17/pinochet-widow-hiriart-dead/
Andres Oppenheimer, "Ex-Dictator Had Millions in U.S. Bank," (2004). https://archive-yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/ex-dictator-had-millions-us-bank 
Hector Tobar and, Eva Vergara. "The World; New Evidence Shatters Chileans' Image of a Frugal Pinochet: [HOME EDITION]." Los Angeles Times, Aug 02, 2004.
O'Brien, Timothy,L. "At Riggs Bank, A Tangled Path Led to Scandal." New York Times (1923-), Jul 19, 2004.
TIMOTHY L O'BRIEN and,LARRY ROHTER. "U.S. and Others Gave Millions to Pinochet." New York Times, Dec 07, 2004, Late Edition (East Coast).
TIMOTHY L O'BRIEN and,LARRY ROHTER. "The Pinochet Money Trail." New York Times, Dec 12, 2004, Late Edition (East Coast).
Minder, Raphael. "Spain Reopens Pinochet Inquiry into Tax Evasion and Laundering: [Foreign Desk]." New York Times, Jul 31, 2021, Late Edition (East Coast).
Robinson, Eugene. "Thief of State: [FINAL Edition]." The Washington Post, Dec 12, 2006.
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6606013 
RT: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/el_conde
Jessica Kiang, "'El Conde' Review: Pablo Larraín’s Bizarro-World Reckoning With Pinochet’s Bloodthirsty Legacy," Variety, https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/el-conde-review-pablo-larrain-the-count-1235708790/ 
Drew Gillis, "El Conde review: Dictators suck in Pablo Larraín's vampiric satire," AV Club, https://www.avclub.com/el-conde-review-pablo-larrain-1850832103 
Carlos Aguilar, "El Conde," https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/el-conde-movie-review-2023 
Variety, "'El Conde' Cinematographer Breaks Down the Flying Vampire Nun Sequence Using a 90-Foot Crane & Wires," https://youtu.be/bUBbN_xWnCE?si=LRZrkhtwn1zCBhcE 
Veronica Diaz-Cerda, "General Pinochet's Arrest: 20 Years On, Here's How It Changed Global Justice," The Conversation, available at https://theconversation.com/general-pinochet-arrest-20-years-on-heres-how-it-changed-global-justice-104806
"""Pinochet Arrested in London,"" The Guardian, available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/1998/oct/18/pinochet.chile"

This week we're traveling back to the 1920s with Killers of the Flower Moon! Join us as we learn about William "King" Hale, Mollie Burkhardt, FBI Agent Tom White, and more!
Sources:
David Grann, Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI. Doubleday, 2017
https://ualr.edu/sequoyah/thisday/hale-given-life-sentence-february-1-1929/
FBI Vault: https://vault.fbi.gov/Osage%20Indian%20Murders 
https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/osage-murders-case
https://www.npr.org/2018/04/06/600136534/largely-forgotten-osage-murders-reveal-a-conspiracy-against-wealthy-native-ameri 
Evening star. [volume] (Washington, D.C.), 16 Jan. 1957. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1957-01-16/ed-1/seq-28/ 
"Review: FAILED PROTECTORS: THE INDIAN TRUST AND ""KILLERS OF THE FLOWER MOON""
Reviewed Work: Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI by David Grann
Review by: Matthew L.M. Fletcher
Michigan Law Review, Vol. 117, No. 6, 2019 SURVEY OF BOOKS RELATED TO THE LAW (April 2019), pp. 1253-1269 (17 pages)
https://www.jstor.org/stable/45135202 "
Donald Fixico, "The Osage Murders and Oil," The Invasion of Indian Country in the Twentieth Century: American Capitalism and Tribal Natural Resources 2nd edition (University Press of Colorado, 2012), 27-54. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt46nvt7.7 
https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/osage-murders-photos-killers-of-flower-moon
https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/white-thomas-bruce  and https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/federal-correctional-institution 
https://www.fbi.gov/news/podcasts/inside-the-fbi-the-osage-murders
https://voicesofoklahoma.com/interviews/conner-joe-carol/ 
https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=OS005
https://www.esquire.com/uk/culture/film/a45547775/what-happened-to-everyone-in-killers-of-the-flower-moon-after-the-film-ends/ 
Kirsten Chuba, "Osage Consultant Admits to Complicated Feelings over Killers of the Flower Moon," Hollywood Reporter, available at https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/killers-of-the-flower-moon-osage-consultant-mixed-feelings-1235620231/
Richard Brody, "Martin Scorsese on Making Killers of the Flower Moon," The New Yorker, available at https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-front-row/martin-scorsese-on-making-killers-of-the-flower-moon

We're back with 2024's first episode on Rustin! Join us as we learn about the speeches delivered at the March on Washington, Strom Thurmond's attacks on Bayard Rustin, Dr. Anna Hedgeman, the Bonus Army, and more!
Sources:

Emma Rothberg, "Anna Arnold Hedgeman," National Women's History Museum, available at https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/anna-arnold-hedgeman
GPO, Congressional Record, 1963, Part 11, Page 14836. Full text available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1963-pt11/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1963-pt11-7-2.pdf
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom Organizing Manual No. 2  (1963), https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.31888236 
John Lewis: https://voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/lewis-speech-at-the-march-on-washington-speech-text/ 
A. Philip Randolph: https://theblackfreedommovement.voices.wooster.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/131/2018/02/A.-Philip-Randolphs-1963-March-on-Washington-speech.pdf 
"March on Washington History by NMAAHC," https://youtu.be/ZA9TJCV-tks?si=3aiw9BgzmLDRsXsk including B. Rustin speaking
"The March of the Bonus Army," American Experience, PBS, https://youtu.be/mSC1lbfXfRQ?si=g9weuwd7x1_yuH0j 
Rotten Tomatoes: https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/rustin_2023
Autostraddle review: https://www.autostraddle.com/rustin-review/