SDG Dom Billings

SDG #3 is to “To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.”
Within SDG #3 are 13 targets, of which we here focus on Target 3.a:
Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as appropriate
Target 3.a has one indicator:
Indicator 3.a.1: Age-standardized prevalence of current tobacco use among persons aged 15 years and older
The World Health Organisation FCTC, or Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, is an international treaty overseen by the World Health Organisation, adopted in 2005 at the 56th World Health Assembly, which exists alongside the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products, a treaty aiming to eliminate the illicit trade of tobacco. Another program within the WHO working toward raising awareness of tobacco’s threats and ways to reduce it’s use is the Tobacco Free Initiative.
In the West, we’re most  familiar with tobacco in the form of cigarettes, but let’s take a look around the world to see how different cultures adapt the plant from the nightshade family  belonging to the genus Nicotiana. According to the definitions of this target and its indicator, tobacco includes such applications as Indonesian kretek, which is blended with cloves, and snus, popular in Sweden and Norway, which is a form of dipping tobacco, placed between the lip and the gum, similar to naswar in Afghanistan, or toombak in Sudan. Dipping tobacco poses a threat of cancer of the mouth and throat.
Smokeless forms of tobacco go by many names throughout India and South Asia. One of these is gutkha, a combination of tobacco and calcium hydroxide; catechu, which is an extract from the tree Senegalia catechu; nuts from the areca palm tree; and leaves of the betel tree. Though smokeless, these products still pose a medical threat and can cause cancer. This preparation can also be made without tobacco, whereby it’s known as paan, or betel nut chewing, though still poses a cancer risk without the inclusion of tobacco.
The indigenous Yup’ik people of Alaska and Russian Far East use a smokeless tobacco product known as iq’mik, which poses a risk of heart disease, stroke and metabolic disorders such as diabetes and liver disease.
The FCTC reports on global progress to lower the trends of the prevalence of tobacco use. This data shows the global share of tobacco use is 22% as of 2020, not much further down than rate of 24% at the time of the SDGs adoption in 2015.

SDG #3 is to “To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.”
Within SDG #3 are 13 targets, of which we here focus on Target 3.9:
By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
Target 3.9 has three indicators:
Indicator 3.9.1: Mortality rate attributed to the household (indoor) and ambient (outdoor) air pollution.
Indicator 3.9.2: Mortality rate attributed to unsafe water, sanitation, and lack of hygiene.
Indicator 3.9.3: Mortality rate attributed to unintentional poisoning.
Exposure to PM2.5, or particulate matter of a diameter of 2.5 micrometres or less, from both outdoors and household air pollution, poses great risks to health worldwide. Much of the culprit of household air pollution is due to the use of 2.4 billion people worldwide cooking using open fires or stoves burning biomass, kerosene or coal, resulting in an estimated 3 million annual deaths. The saddest facet of these deaths is such individuals simply wish to have access to energy, but the only form affordable and accessible to them compromise their air quality, and affect their health. 
The air in people’s home’s is killing millions, attributable to the burning of solid cooking fuels like wood, despite it being since the times of the earliest humans. Other fuels which put populations at risk in the home from burning are animal dung, charcoal, agricultural waste, and inefficient kerosene stoves.
Some of the causes of deaths which put populations at risk from long-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter can be caused by conditions affecting the blood flow and blood vessels in the brain, and problems due to narrowed arteries in the heart, which supply blood to the heart’s muscles. Such risks of the burdens of disease from exposure are due to behaviours, environments and occupations..
To help measure this, the World Health Organization’s Global Health Estimates are used, which separate deaths by country and cause.
Mortality from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene is most observed in low- and middle-income countries, which we’ll explore in greater detail when looking at SDG #6 (Clean Water & Sanitation).
As of 2019, the global death rate from household and ambient air pollution stands at 104 per 100,000 people; 18 deaths per 100,000 from unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene, and 1 death from unintentional poisoning per 100,000.

SDG #3 is to “To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.”
Within SDG #3 are 13 targets, of which we here focus on Target 3.8:
Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection, access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all
Target 3.8 has two indicators:
Indicator 3.8.1: Coverage of essential health services.
Indicator 3.8.2: Proportion of population with large household expenditures on health as a share of total household expenditure or income
Because of the inherent inequality of extreme poverty, of which 712 million people live below $2.15 a day as of 2022, those living in such destitution are often excluded from healthcare coverage. Instead, the international community needs to finance healthcare services of those countries unable to use their own resources, and protect the most vulnerable from what could be devastating costs.
According to the World Health Organisation, the measure of coverage for essential health services includes 14 indicators for:
Family planning
Pregnancy care
Child immunisation
Treatment of children
Tuberculosis
HIV/AIDS
Malaria
Water, sanitation and hygiene
Hypertension
Diabetes
Tobacco
Hospital access
Health workforce
Health security
These respective indicators form an aggregate index of coverage of essential health services, on a scale of 0 to 100, the measure used for indicator 3.8.1.
The second indicator for this target measures the proportion of household income spent on healthcare, using a method used by the UN called Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP), which categorises the purpose of household expenditure, including health care goods and services.
By this measure, two thresholds are used to measure financial hardship, the lower one for 10% of household income spent on healthcare, and the higher threshold for a quarter of household income spent on healthcare.
For the purposes of Indicator 3.8.2, this measure is used at a population level to measure the percentage of people meeting either the lower or higher thresholds of 10 or 25% household income spent on healthcare, placing them at financial risk to pay for their healthcare needs. 
As of 2021, the world result for the index of coverage of essential health services stands at 67 out of a score of 100, still far from the 2030 goal of universal health coverage, the aim of SDG #3 overall.
As of 2019, the share of the world population with more than a quarter of household expenditure spent on health stands at 3%.

SDG #3 is to “To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.”
Within SDG #3 are 13 targets, of which we here focus on Target 3.7:
By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-care services, including for family planning, information and education, and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and programs
Target 3.7 has two indicators:
Indicator 3.7.1: Percentage of married women ages 15–49 years whose need for family planning is satisfied with modern methods of contraception.
Indicator 3.7.2: Adolescent birth rate (aged 10–14 years; aged 15–19 years) per 1,000 women in that age group.
This target links both to Target 3.8, which we’ll look at next, relating to universal healthcare coverage, as well as Target 5.6, under the gender equality Goal for universal sexual and reproductive health.
The UN agency overseeing sexual and reproductive health is the UNFPA, otherwise known as the UN Population Fund, as well as the Population Division of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
To help meet the rights to access affordable and quality sexual and reproductive health services and information, the World Health Organisation has published a Family Planning guidance handbook for use by health care professionals about providing contraceptive methods and services in low- and middle-income countries, including for those adolescent and women at high risk of the HIV epidemic.
One example of a method profiled in the Family Planning handbook is the mini-pill, also known as norethindrone, a birth-control pill belonging to the class of medications called progestins, which are synthetic compounds which act like the steroid hormone made by the body called progesterone to maintain pregnancy and prevents further ovulation. 
The consequences of failing to acknowledge the unmet demand for contraceptives in the least developed countries put these regions at further risk of food insecurity due to the population explosion it invites, which will require even greater levels of foreign aid to feed more mouths. 
The phenomenon by which fertility rates are reduced in the least developed countries, in turn slowing down the rapid rise of populations, is known as the ‘demographic transition’. Meeting family planning and contraceptive needs is a key pillar of this transition in countries which already often lack healthcare coverage, and are characterised by high maternal and child mortality rates, sometimes also accompanied by high HIV rates. 
This brings us to the second indicator for this target, regarding adolescent birth rates. The global agenda for this intersection of population and development is epitomised in the Programme of Action, adopted at the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo in 1994.
One of challenges of measuring the ages of mothers giving birth in the regions experiencing the highest rates of adolescent fertility rates are they’re sometimes out of reach of civil registration of live births.
As of 2023, 77% of the share of women throughout the world’s family planning needs were met, still short of the universal access objective of target #3.7. 
The adolescent birth rate, as of 2023, is 1.5 births per 1,000 to 10-14-year-olds worldwide.

SDG #3 is to “To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.”

Within SDG #3 are 13 targets, of which we here focus on Target 3.6:

By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road traffic accidents

SDG #3 is to “To ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.”

Within SDG #3 are 13 targets, of which we here focus on Target 3.5:

Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol.