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Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease. One part of the immune system, called macrophages, is highly implicated. 
克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎是最常见的炎症性肠病。人体免疫系统中巨噬细胞与病因密切相关。
The researchers at the Francis Crick Institute discovered the macrophages master regulator of inflammation is a section of DNA that controls the whole suite of inflammatory chemicals that the cells release, and some people are born with a version that makes their body respond excessively.
弗朗西斯·克里克研究所的研究人员发现，巨噬细胞作为炎症的主调节器，也是一段脱氧核糖核酸（DNA），该段 DNA 控制着细胞释放的一整套炎症化学物质，而有些人天生就有一种不同的 DNA “版本”，会让身体反应过度。
The researchers use this knowledge to test drugs that are already approved for other conditions. These could calm inflammation in samples of bowel tissue from IBD patients.
研究人员利用这些知识来测试已获批用于治疗其它疾病的药物。这些药物应该可以缓解在炎症性肠病患者肠道组织样本中已发现的炎症。
词汇表
ulcerative colitis 溃疡性结肠炎inflammatory bowel disease 炎症性肠病immune system 免疫系统macrophages 巨噬细胞implicated 密切相关的，有关联的regulator 调节器，管理者DNA 脱氧核糖核酸suite 一套、一整套inflammatory 引起炎症的，发炎的excessively 过度的tissue （细胞）组织IBD 炎症性肠病

If you could time travel, would you visit the past or the future? You could find your ancestors, descendants, or experience life when dinosaurs roamed your back garden. It sounds otherworldly, but scientists have looked into whether time travel is actually possible.
如果你可以穿越，你会去过去还是未来？ 您可以找到您的祖先、后代，或者体验恐龙在您的后花园漫步时的生活。 这听起来很超凡脱俗，但科学家们已经研究了时间旅行是否真的可能。
Albert Einstein's theory of relativity revolutionised understanding of space, time, mass and gravity. The key element of this theory is that time and space are linked together, and time doesn't flow at a constant rate, meaning it speeds up or slows down, depending on where you are. For example, when you travel at high speeds, time decreases, which means, according to NASA, astronauts in space age more slowly than those on Earth! So, if you wanted to travel to the future, you would need to move close to the speed of light. Then, while centuries pass on Earth, you'd experience a relatively short amount of time and could hypothetically return home, where it would be the future!
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的相对论彻底改变了对空间、时间、质量和重力的理解。 该理论的关键要素是时间和空间是联系在一起的，并且时间不会以恒定的速度流动，这意味着它会加速或减慢，具体取决于您所在的位置。 例如，当你高速旅行时，时间会减少，这意味着，根据美国宇航局的说法，太空中的宇航员比地球上的宇航员更慢！ 所以，如果你想旅行到未来，你需要接近光速。 然后，当地球上几个世纪过去时，你会经历相对较短的时间，并且假设可以返回家园，那里将是未来！
Travelling backwards in time seems much more difficult. Theoretically, one way of going back is via a wormhole. That means, if space and time can be folded like paper, we could create a tunnel – a shortcut between points in time. The problem is that there is no evidence that wormholes exist. "It's been shown mathematically that they can exist, but whether they exist physically is something else," says Emma Osborne, an astrophysicist at the University of York. Also, theories show that wormholes would be so small that a person definitely couldn't fit through one, and they would have such an intense gravitational field that they would collapse very quickly.
时光倒流似乎要困难得多。 从理论上讲，返回的一种方法是通过虫洞。 这意味着，如果空间和时间可以像纸一样折叠，我们就可以创建一条隧道——时间点之间的捷径。 问题是没有证据表明虫洞存在。 约克大学天体物理学家艾玛·奥斯本 (Emma Osborne) 表示：“数学上证明它们可以存在，但它们在物理上是否存在则是另一回事。” 此外，理论表明，虫洞非常小，人绝对无法穿过，而且虫洞的引力场非常强，很快就会塌陷。
For now, it seems we'll have to be content with science fiction and using telescopes to look back in time rather than travelling through it.
目前，我们似乎只能满足于科幻小说和使用望远镜回顾过去，而不是穿越过去。
词汇表
ancestor 祖先descendant 后代otherworldly 超脱尘俗的，非现实世界的theory of relativity 相对论mass 质量gravity 重力，引力flow （时间）流动，流逝speed up 加速slow down 减速age 变老the speed of light 光速century 一百年，世纪wormhole 蠕虫洞shortcut 捷径，近路astrophysicist 天体物理学家gravitational field 引力场collapse 崩塌，坍塌science fiction 科幻小说telescope 望远镜

Once a year, millions of Muslims from all over the world travel to Saudi Arabia, to complete an important religious duty called Hajj. The travelers gather in the city of Mecca, carrying out holy acts over several days.每年一次，数百万穆斯林从世界各地前往沙特阿拉伯，完成一种称为哈吉的重要宗教义务。朝圣者们聚集在麦加市，进行数天的神圣活动。
Hajj is one of the five pillars, or bases, of Islamic belief.哈吉是伊斯兰信仰的五大支柱之一。
Here is a look at the religious event and its meaning to Muslims: Every Muslim who is financially and physically able is expected to complete at least one Hajj. Hajj is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. The others are declaration of belief, daily prayers, giving to those in need, and fasting. These acts are required.以下是关于这一宗教活动及其对穆斯林意义的介绍：每个在经济和身体上有能力的穆斯林都应完成至少一次哈吉。哈吉是伊斯兰五大支柱之一。其他支柱是信仰宣言、每日祷告、施舍和斋戒。这些行为是必需的。The Hajj takes place once a year during the Islamic lunar month of Dhul-Hijja. It is the 12th and final month of the Islamic year. The Hajj begins on June 14 this year and ends on June 19.哈吉每年在伊斯兰阴历月的杜尔·哈吉月举行。它是伊斯兰年历的第十二个月也是最后一个月。今年的哈吉从6月14日开始，6月19日结束。Performing Hajj meets a religious requirement for Muslims. The pilgrims are to seek God’s forgiveness for their wrongdoings. They believe the act brings them closer to God.进行哈吉满足了穆斯林的宗教要求。朝圣者们寻求上帝的宽恕，赦免他们的过错。他们相信这一行为能使他们更接近上帝。Many pilgrims bring with them prayer requests from family and friends that they would like to be said for them.许多朝圣者会带着来自家人和朋友的祈祷请求，希望在哈吉期间为他们祈祷。
Some Muslims spend years saving money and making preparations to make the pilgrimage. And other barriers can get in the way.有些穆斯林花费数年时间储蓄资金并做准备来进行朝圣。而其他障碍也可能阻碍他们。In 2019, almost 2.5 million Muslims traveled to Mecca for Hajj. But the next year saw worldwide pandemic restrictions. Saudi officials restricted the event in 2020 to Muslims who lived in the country. Last year’s Hajj was the first to be held without COVID-19 restrictions since 2020. Close to 1.9 million people took part.2019年，近250万穆斯林前往麦加进行哈吉。但次年由于全球疫情限制，沙特官员将2020年的哈吉限制在境内的穆斯林。今年的哈吉是自2020年以来首次没有COVID-19限制的哈吉，约有190万人参与。Pilgrims declare the will to perform Hajj and they enter a state of “ihram.” Rules of ihram include the wearing of special clothes by men. The aim is to prepare oneself to be humble and a follower of God.朝圣者们宣告进行哈吉的意愿，并进入“戒律”状态。戒律规则包括男性穿戴特殊服装。其目的是使自己准备好谦卑并成为上帝的追随者。A spiritual high point of Hajj for many is to stand on the plain of Arafat. Pilgrims pray at the site, praising God and asking for God’s forgiveness.对许多人来说，哈吉的精神高潮是站在阿拉法特平原上。朝圣者们在此祈祷，赞美上帝并请求上帝的宽恕。Other religious acts include performing “tawaf” or circling the Kaaba structure in Mecca seven times.其他宗教行为包括进行“绕行”，即围绕麦加的克尔白结构绕行七圈。The Kaaba is a structure that represents the house of God. Muslims pray toward the Kaaba wherever they are in the world.克尔白是一座象征上帝之家的建筑。无论身处世界何地，穆斯林都向克尔白祈祷。Pilgrims also follow the path of Hagar, or Hajar. S

Cameroon has one of the world's lowest amounts of health care workers per capita. About a third of trained doctors who completed medical school last year left the West African country. Many doctors and nurses are leaving for more well-paying jobs in Europe and North America, including Canada.喀麦隆是世界上人均医疗工作者数量最低的国家之一。去年完成医学院学业的受训医生中约有三分之一离开了这个西非国家。许多医生和护士前往欧洲和北美洲（包括加拿大）寻找薪资更高的工作。Canada, like Cameroon, has official languages of English and French.加拿大和喀麦隆一样，官方语言是英语和法语。After training as a nurse, Nevielle Leinyuy spent almost 10 years in Cameroon working as a front desk worker. He was unable to find a well-paying job in the medical field. Last year, he applied for a nursing program in Canada. He now lives there with his wife and children.经过护士培训后，内维尔·莱尼尤在喀麦隆做了近十年的前台工作人员。他无法在医疗领域找到一份高薪工作。去年，他申请了加拿大的一个护理项目。现在他和妻子及孩子们住在加拿大。“They are stealing us from Cameroon. We want to work in Cameroon but there is no pay,” the 39-year-old Leinyuy said.39岁的莱尼尤说：“他们在从喀麦隆抢走我们。我们想在喀麦隆工作，但没有报酬。”
He said he would have earned less than $100 a month working as a nurse in Cameroon.他说，如果在喀麦隆当护士，他每月的收入不会超过100美元。Cameroon is not the only sub-Saharan African country where low pay is causing health workers to leave.喀麦隆并不是唯一一个因低薪导致医务人员离开的撒哈拉以南非洲国家。
The number of health workers increased in several countries after the COVID-19 pandemic. But almost 75 percent of African nations still experience medical worker shortages and high rates of healthcare workers leaving to work overseas. That information comes from a 2023 report from the World Health Organization (WHO).在新冠疫情之后，几个国家的医务人员数量有所增加。但近75%的非洲国家仍面临医务人员短缺和高比例的医务人员外流。这些信息来自世界卫生组织（WHO）2023年的报告。
The lack of health workers makes it difficult to deal with infant mortality and infectious diseases. It also makes it hard to provide services like vaccinations, said Matshidiso Moeti. He is the WHO regional director for Africa.WHO非洲区域主任玛茜迪索·莫伊提表示，医务人员的缺乏使得处理婴儿死亡率和传染病变得困难，也使得提供疫苗接种等服务变得困难。Cameroon has fewer than seven nurses per 10,000 people, the latest WHO data found. Neighboring Nigeria has more than double that amount. Canada has more than 14 times that number.最新的WHO数据显示，喀麦隆每一万人中不到七名护士。邻国尼日利亚的护士数量是喀麦隆的两倍多。加拿大的护士数量是喀麦隆的十四倍以上。Marie-Pier Burelle is a spokesperson for Health Canada. She told The Associated Press that Canada is facing its own health workforce shortages. The country has 30,000 nursing positions it needs to fill, says Statistics Canada.加拿大卫生部发言人玛丽·皮尔·布雷尔告诉美联社，加拿大也面临着医疗工作者短缺的问题。据加拿大统计局称，加拿大有3万个护理岗位需要填补。Burelle said Canada follows the WHO’s code of practice to make sure its recruitment of workers internationally is ethical. Ethical recruitment includes strengthening the health systems of developing countries dealing with medical worker shortages.布雷尔表示，加拿大遵循WHO的行为准则，确保其国际招聘符合伦理。伦理招聘包括加强应对医务人员短缺的发展中国家的卫生系统。
Late last year, the Canadian g

African elephants call each other by and answer to individual names, a new study finds. Such communication is rare in the animal world.一项新的研究发现，非洲象会用名字互相呼唤，并对名字作出回应。这种交流在动物界非常罕见。African elephants are among the largest animals that live on land.非洲象是陆地上最大的动物之一。
The names are one part of the low sounds, or rumbles, elephants make. They can hear these sounds over long distances where they live in the savannah – large grassy areas of land mixed with woodlands.名字是大象发出的低沉声音或轰鸣的一部分。它们可以在居住的稀树草原上听到这些声音，这些地方是大片草地和林地的混合区域。
Scientists believe that animals with complex social structures may be more likely to use individual names.科学家认为，具有复杂社会结构的动物更有可能使用个人名字。Stuart Pimm of Duke University is an ecologist who was not involved with the study. He said, “If you’re looking after a large family, you’ve got to be able to say, ‘Hey, Virginia, get over here!’”杜克大学的生态学家斯图尔特·皮姆没有参与这项研究。他说：“如果你在照顾一个大家庭，你必须能够说，‘嘿，弗吉尼亚，过来！’”It is extremely rare for animals to call each other by individual names. Humans have names, of course, and dogs and cats may react when their names are called.动物用名字互相称呼是极其罕见的。人类当然有名字，狗和猫在听到名字时也可能会有反应。
Some ocean animals, including the dolphin, invent their own names when they are very young. And the birds called parrots may also use names.一些海洋动物，包括海豚，在很小的时候就会创造自己的名字。被称为鹦鹉的鸟类也可能使用名字。Each of these naming animals also have the ability to learn and say individual new sounds throughout their lives, as does the African elephant, the research shows.研究表明，这些起名字的动物也有能力在其一生中学习和发出新的独特声音，非洲象也是如此。
The study was released in the publication Nature Ecology & Evolution. In the study, biologists used machine learning to find the use of names in recordings of savanna elephant sounds. The sounds were recorded at Kenya’s Samburu National Reserve and Amboseli National Park.这项研究发表在《自然生态与进化》杂志上。在研究中，生物学家使用机器学习在记录的稀树草原象的声音中找到名字的使用。这些声音是在肯尼亚的桑布鲁国家保护区和安博塞利国家公园录制的。The researchers followed the elephants as they traveled to observe which one called out and which one appeared to answer.研究人员在跟踪大象旅行时观察哪只大象在呼唤，哪只大象似乎在回应。By examining only the audio data, the computer model predicted which elephant was being called 28 percent of the time, likely due to the inclusion of its name. When fed meaningless data, the model only correctly predicted eight percent of calls.通过仅检查音频数据，计算机模型在28%的时间内预测出了哪只大象被叫到，这很可能是由于包含了它的名字。当输入无意义的数据时，模型只正确预测了8%的呼叫。Biologist Mickey Pardo of Cornell University wrote the study. He said, “Just like humans, elephants use names, but probably don’t use names in the majority” of their communications.康奈尔大学的生物学家米奇·帕尔多撰写了这项研究。他说，“就像人类一样，大象使用名字，但可能在大多数交流中并不使用名字。”The low rumbles elephants make also may include sounds that are below the range of human hearing. The scientists still do not know which sounds make up a name.大象发出的低沉轰鸣声也可能包括低于人类听觉范围的声音。

A team of international researchers says that climate change made recent flooding in southern Brazil twice as likely to happen.一个国际研究团队表示，气候变化使巴西南部最近发生的洪水发生的可能性增加了一倍。
It also said that the El Niño Pacific Ocean current made the rains in Brazil more severe.他们还表示，厄尔尼诺太平洋洋流使巴西的降雨更加严重。Last month, flooding killed more than 170 people and displaced nearly 580,000 in Brazil's southern state of Rio Grande do Sul. Local officials said it was the worst disaster in the area's history.上个月，洪水在巴西南部的南大河州造成170多人死亡，近58万人流离失所。当地官员称这是该地区历史上最严重的灾难。A network of experts called World Weather Attribution said that the heavy rainfall in Rio Grande do Sul was an “extremely rare” event. The group said it expects such an event to happen only once every 100 to 250 years. However, the group added, it would have been even rarer without the effects of burning fossil fuel.一个名为世界天气归因的专家网络表示，南大河州的强降雨是一个“极其罕见”的事件。该组织称，这种事件预计每100到250年才会发生一次。然而，该组织补充说，如果没有燃烧化石燃料的影响，这种事件会更为罕见。The experts at World Weather Attribution also said the flooding was six to nine percent more severe than it would have been without climate change. The experts combined weather observations with results from climate models to make their estimates.世界天气归因的专家还表示，洪水比没有气候变化的情况下严重了六到九个百分点。专家们结合天气观测和气候模型的结果进行了估算。Lincoln Alves is with Brazil’s space research center INPE. Alves said, "The climate in Brazil has already changed." He said that the study "confirms that human activities have contributed to more intense and frequent extreme events…” He added that the flooding showed Brazil's vulnerability to climate change.林肯·阿尔维斯（Lincoln Alves）在巴西空间研究中心（INPE）工作。阿尔维斯说，“巴西的气候已经发生了变化。”他表示，这项研究“证实了人类活动对更强烈和更频繁的极端事件有所贡献……”他补充说，这次洪水显示了巴西对气候变化的脆弱性。The researchers said that the El Niño Pacific Ocean current also played a part in the flooding in Brazil. Experts say the El Niño phenomenon contributes to higher temperatures in many parts of the world. It also brings increased rainfall and flood risk to parts of the Americas.研究人员表示，厄尔尼诺太平洋洋流也在巴西的洪水中起了作用。专家说，厄尔尼诺现象导致世界许多地方气温升高，还给美洲部分地区带来了更多的降雨和洪水风险。The scientists added that failure of important infrastructure, deforestation, and the fast growth of cities helped to increase the effects of the disaster. The flooding affected Porto Alegre, the capital of Rio Grande do Sul. The city is home to 1.3 million people.科学家们补充说，重要基础设施的失效、森林砍伐和城市的快速增长加剧了灾害的影响。洪水影响了南大河州的首府阿雷格里港。该市有130万人口。Regina Rodrigues is a researcher at the Federal University of Santa Catarina. She said that good flood protection infrastructure and the right urban planning are needed to reduce the effect of "such extreme events.”雷吉娜·罗德里格斯（Regina Rodrigues）是圣卡塔琳娜联邦大学的研究员。她表示，需要良好的防洪基础设施和正确的城市规划来减少“此类极端事件”的影响。