Food Bullying Podcast Michele Payn & Nicole Rodriguez

What’s the relationship between front-of-package food labeling and consumer choice, and how can it potentially impact grocery prices?
Dr. Chen Zhen is a professor in Food Choice, Obesity, and Health Economics at the University of Georgia.  His research focuses on the impact of interpretative front-of-package labeling on consumer behavior and food prices.  In this conversation, Zhen discusses policies that can discourage consumption of less nutrient-dense foods (such as taxation) versus those that focus on access (making more nutritious food more accessible and less nutritious food less accessible), as well as the potential confusion caused by nutrition facts panels.
While a combination of policies may benefit the nutritional intake of lower-income consumers, Zhen highlights a study that demonstrated how a soda tax reduced the consumption of sugary beverages among low-income individuals, while a fruit and vegetable subsidy did not have a significant impact on their overall nutrition score. 
He discussed three categories of policies to address the issue of food prices and consumer choices. The first category is taxation, where the aim is to tax unhealthy food to discourage consumption. However, there are concerns about the potential costs and impact on consumer welfare. The second category is access policy, which involves making healthier food more accessible and less healthy food less accessible. For example, removing sugary drinks from schools. However, there can be compensation effects where people consume more unhealthy food outside of school. The third category is information provision policy, such as nutrition fact labels. Chen mentioned the recommendation for interpretative and summary nutrition labels on the front of packages to help consumers better understand the information. He also mentioned his research on yogurt and consumer confusion with labels.
He referenced a study on yogurt that examined the impact of a nutrition labeling change on sales. The study found that when a yogurt product received a lower nutrition score, its sales decreased. Conversely, when a yogurt product received a higher score, its sales increased. However, the study also discovered that retailers adjusted the prices of the yogurt products to offset the sales effects of the labeling change. After accounting for the pricing effect, it was found that about 40% of the labeling effect was offset by the retailer's pricing strategy. This suggests that the impact of nutrition labeling on consumer behavior can be influenced by pricing strategies implemented by retailers.
Chen mentioned that low-income individuals tend to purchase less healthy foods due to financial constraints. Chen also highlighted the potential impact of labeling and pricing strategies on nutritional disparities. He is now working on a USDA grant that aims to examine the nutrition disparity resulting from nutrition labels. The hypothesis is that if a product receives a lower nutrition score, retailers may lower the price, and low-income individuals may be more sensitive to these price reductions, leading to increased consumption of unhealthy foods. Chen also mentioned a study on pricing policies, where a soda tax was found to reduce the consumption of sugary beverages among low-income individuals, while a fruit and vegetable subsidy did not have a significant impact on their overall nutrition score. He suggested that a combination of taxes on unhealthy foods and subsidies for healthier options may be more effective in addressing nutritional disparities.
Dr. Zhen discussed three categories of interventions that policymakers can make to address the obesity epidemic: pricing strategies (such as soda taxes), access policies (making healthier food more accessible and less healthy food less accessible), and information provision policies (like nutrition labels). Chen emphasized that while taxes can be effective, they come with costs, so labels are often preferred by economis

Brady Blackett is a 4th generation cattle producer from Utah who’s passionate about the cattle industry and its ability to contribute to a healthy and wholesome food system in the U.S. and abroad.  
As the co-founder of IGA (Intermountain Genetic Alliance), Blackett is well-versed in the subject and application of AI (artificial insemination).  In this episode, Blackett explains the many ways in which AI has a positive net impact on the environment and offers a wider array of consumer choices at the meat counter and in the dairy aisle. 
For example, by selecting traits that improve feed efficiency, AI allows cattle to perform at the same level while consuming less feed. This means that they can produce meat and milk more efficiently, reducing the overall environmental footprint of cattle production.
Additionally, AI enables producers to breed animals with specific traits, such as shorter calving intervals, which can lead to more efficient land use and potentially shorter grazing times. These factors contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to beef production.
The science and research conducted in the field of reproductive technology in cattle, including artificial insemination (AI), has had significant benefits for humans. For example, advancements in fertility treatments and hormone therapies used in human reproductive medicine have been influenced by research conducted in cattle.
The similarities between bovine and human reproductive systems have allowed scientists to study and develop techniques such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer, which have been successfully applied in human fertility treatments. Therefore, the knowledge gained from studying cattle reproduction has contributed to improving human reproductive health and assisting individuals and couples in achieving pregnancy.
In addition to his work throughout the beef industry, Blackett is father to three children and is an advocate for local agriculture.  When feeding his own family, he buys local whenever possible - especially when the food in question is beef. When choosing beef, choose to buy from local producers. Local producers often lose a portion of the margin on beef thanks to a consolidated processing industry.
"If you buy directly from a local producer they capture more of the retail value of the beef. Furthermore, when you buy directly, you are keeping those dollars in your local economy while knowing exactly how that animal was raised."
You can learn more about the IGA on Instagram: @IGAbulls and Facebook. 

“The biggest misconception about my work is that agriculture companies place pesticides or biotech products on the market without testing them for safety. The fact is that agriculture is one of the most strictly regulated and thoroughly investigated industries in the world. Agriculture companies must strictly follow local and international regulatory guidelines and conduct hundreds of safety studies before launching a product.
When a consumer has safety questions about pesticide residues or GMOs in their food, I hope all dietitians are well-equipped with knowledge about the agriculture regulatory processes, and help consumers make evidence-based food decisions.”
Dr. Meng Wang is the Transparency Lead at Bayer Crop Science. She makes the safety data of their products available and understandable to the public. On a personal note, food is her love language and she loves talking about food!  Wang puts this passion to use in creating artisan macarons, which Michele reports they taste as good as they look.
Meng discussed the importance of transparency in making product safety data available to the public. She mentioned that about five years ago, they realized the public's interest in knowing if their food is safe and understanding how it's produced. As part of the transparency program, they decided to make safety data more accessible to the general public.
Bringing a new chemistry, such as a pesticide, to market typically takes around 11 years and costs approximately $300 million. This lengthy process involves conducting rigorous safety studies to ensure the product's safety for humans, animals, and the environment when used as directed.
Researching and approving a new genetically modified (GM) crop product takes approximately 16 years on average. This process involves extensive development and testing to ensure the product's safety, efficacy, and compliance with regulatory standards. The cost of bringing a GM crop to market is around $150 million. It's important to note that these timelines and costs may vary depending on the specific product and regulatory requirements.
Bayer Crop Science Crop Science creates new pesticides and genetically modified (GM)/bioengineered products to address the challenges faced by farmers – and to contribute to food security, sustainability, and productivity.
A growing global population brings a need to increase agricultural productivity, while also taking care of the environment. Bayer Crop Science Crop Science listens to the needs of farmers and develops products that can help them be more productive and address food security concerns. The development of new products involves significant investment and rigorous safety testing to ensure they are safe for humans, animals, and the environment. The goal is to provide innovative solutions that benefit farmers and contribute to a more sustainable and secure food supply.
 
Transparency, as explained by Meng, refers to the practice of making safety data and information about agriculture products available to the general public. In the past, safety data was primarily shared with regulatory authorities for approval purposes. However, with increasing public interest in understanding the safety and origins of their food, Bayer Crop Science recognized the importance of transparency. They believe that transparency allows consumers to make informed decisions and builds trust in the agricultural industry. By making safety data more accessible, Bayer Crop Science aims to address public concerns, promote understanding, and foster a more transparent and open dialogue about their products.
Transformational leadership, according to Dr. Meng Wang, involves inspiring and empowering people to reach their full potential. She believes in creating a culture where employees are motivated and encouraged to excel in their roles. Throughout her career, Dr. Wang has been fortunate to have managers and mentors who embraced this leadership style, allowing her t

Rich in vitamin C and flavonoids, many citrus varieties have earned their place on our breakfast tables, squeezed into our water (and cocktails), and in our favorite American recipes.  There is both art and science in growing citrus that is in demand as part of our nutrition. Citrus farmers continually met consumer demand for new flavors (think blood oranges), increased eye appeal (Cara Caras come to mind), and ease of use (seedless lemons). 
Amid so much innovation, the unfortunate reality is that citrus is at risk. In this episode of the Food Bullying podcast, Casey Creamer, president of California Citrus Mutual, explains how citrus greening. The disease (also known as Huanglongbing), is a significant concern for the three central citrus-producing states: California, Florida, and Texas.
Casey discusses the efforts being made in California to identify and remove infected trees to prevent the disease from spreading. One of the key steps is controlling the Asian citrus psyllid, the insect that transmits the disease. The state has a surveillance and trapping program to identify the presence of the psyllid and take proactive measures to contain it. Infected trees are immediately removed to eliminate the disease reservoir. California is also advocating for a national citrus breeding program to develop resistant varieties.
 He also notes that Florida faces more challenges in controlling the spread of the disease due to its climate. Casey emphasizes the importance of proactive measures, such as controlling the psyllid population and removing infected trees, to protect the citrus industry from the devastating effects of citrus greening.
While growers are taking great pains to prevent citrus greening, Casey explains that they’re also utilizing multiple strategies to help make their operations environmentally sustainable.  One approach is drip irrigation and sprinkler technology, which reduces water consumption during crop growth. They have also adopted a holistic approach to water management, focusing on groundwater recharge during wet years to ensure water availability in drier periods.
Additionally, growers have embraced integrated pest management techniques, utilizing biologicals and beneficial insects to minimize pesticide use. Efforts to manage water quality and reduce nitrate nitrogen usage have also been implemented. The citrus industry in California has been proactive in protecting pollinators, working in partnership with beekeepers to support healthy bee populations.
Growers use pesticides, integrated pest management, and biologicals to effectively manage pests and ensure the quality of their citrus crops. Pesticides are used when necessary to control pests that can damage the fruit or affect its external quality. Integrated pest management (IPM) is a comprehensive approach that combines various strategies to minimize pest populations, including the use of beneficial insects, crop rotation, and monitoring techniques. IPM aims to reduce reliance on pesticides and promote sustainable pest control practices.
Biologicals, such as beneficial insects, are natural enemies of pests and can be used as a part of IPM to target specific pests while minimizing harm to beneficial organisms and the environment. These practices help growers maintain high-quality fruit while minimizing the impact on the ecosystem.
These sustainability practices contribute to California's overall environmental stewardship of citrus - whether you are enjoying the nutrition of oranges, orange juice, or lemons.
For more on California Citrus Mutual, visit https://www.cacitrusmutual.com

“If a food is free from something, then it must be healthy, right?”
Dr. Brett Carver, a wheat breeder and researcher at Oklahoma State University for nearly 40 years, has found himself spending more time defending the plant to which he’s devoted his career in recent years.
“A huge chunk of our population, based on easy-to-find survey data, makes dietary choices AWAY from gluten (wheat). That's about 9-12% of us, and millennials and Gen Z's lead the way. About 1 in 5 persons will reduce or eliminate gluten from their diet because they believe this to be a healthier option,” says Carver.
But is this trend warranted?  For those who are diagnosed with Celiac disease, avoidance of gluten, the protein found in wheat, is a non-negotiable.  But for those of us without Celiac or non-Celiac wheat sensitivities, following a gluten-free (and therefore wheat-free) diet is likely unnecessary.  
Getting to the “heart of the kernel,” Dr. Carver shares insights on why what doesn’t easily undergo genetic engineering (reminde: there are no GMO wheat varieties), how wheat has and hasn’t changed over the last century, and the role of FODMAPS in his work.
According to Dr. Brett Carver, one of the major misconceptions around wheat is related to its origin. Many people make assumptions about the healthiness or unhealthiness of wheat based on where they think it comes from. Another misconception revolves around the changes that have occurred in wheat over the last century. Dr. Carver mentions that wheat breeding has been ongoing since the 1920s, and there is a need to understand the advancements and improvements that have been made in wheat varieties. 
There is no GMO wheat in the U.S. market. Carver mentioned that wheat does not easily undergo genetic modification (GMO) due to its biology. However, he mentioned that the science of gene editing is highly developed and may become a prominent technique in wheat breeding. 
Brett also outlined how DNA sequencing has revolutionized wheat breeding. With the ability to select based on DNA sequence, breeders can now make more accurate and efficient selections for desired traits, such as disease resistance or gluten quality. This advancement allows breeders to bypass the need for certain traits to be physically present and instead select based on the DNA sequence itself. This has greatly accelerated breeding progress and has the potential to improve wheat varieties in terms of both quality and disease resistance.
There is a misconception that gluten in wheat has changed over the last century. He mentioned that the composition and protein of wheat have not significantly changed. Claims made in books like "Wheat Belly" about the varieties being produced and the food derived from them are not accurate. Dr. Carver conducted his own research to counter these claims and found that the perception of wheat has changed, but the reality is that wheat breeding programs have been focused on developing varieties that meet consumer demands. 
The exact cause of non-celiac wheat sensitivity is still being researched and is not fully understood. However, Dr. Brett Carver mentioned a few factors that could potentially contribute to this sensitivity. One possibility is sensitivity to gluten itself, specifically the gluten that naturally occurs in wheat varieties.

Another factor that Carver mentioned is the presence of certain carbohydrates called FODMAPs (fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols) in wheat, which can trigger symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in some individuals. Additionally, there are proteins called amylase trypsin inhibitors (ATIs) found in wheat that have been associated with sensitivity. Further research is needed to fully understand the causes and mechanisms behind non-celiac wheat sensitivity. He wants dietitians to know he's working on a variety of those projects.
For more information, visit https://experts.okstate.edu/bret

“The biggest misconception about farming in the dietetic world is that GMOs are bad for the environment and human consumption - and that farmers are financially well-off.” 
Wendy Yeager is a fourth-generation farmer who, with her husband Jamie, owns and operates Bell Place Farm, a diversified row crop operation.  They grow peanuts, cotton, sorghum, soybeans, and wheat managed through crop rotation over 1100 acres in west central Alabama (the heart of the Blackbelt).
Given the rise in prices of multiple inputs including fertilizer, herbicides, insecticides, and diesel fuel, the Yeagers are more conscientious than ever in planning before planting. And while no-till farming and GPS technology have helped transform day-to-day business, the uncertainty of mother nature (such as threats of severe drought) still creates a sense of uncertainty and hurts a farmer’s mental health. 
Wendy outlines how the costs of farming, specifically putting a crop in the ground, are increasing each year. She highlighs that while people may perceive farmers as rolling in money, the reality is that margins are getting tighter, making it harder to stay profitable. Wendy explained that expenses such as fertilizer, herbicides, insecticides, and diesel fuel are rising, impacting the financial sustainability of their family farm. 
Wendy describes how farming practices have evolved over the last 30 years, particularly in terms of trips across the field. She contrasted traditional methods, where multiple trips were made for tilling, spraying, and other tasks, with their current approach at Bell Place Farm. She explains their operation now primarily practices no-till farming, planting directly into crop residue without tilling the ground. By utilizing GPS technology, they can plant precisely, reducing field compaction and erosion. This shift has led to fewer trips across the field, cutting down on fuel consumption, equipment wear, and benefiting both cost savings and environmental protection.
While the term “genetic modification” often carries a negative connotation, Yeager explains the reality for farmers: genetically modified plants help with disease resistance and reduce the application of herbicides, allowing for more efficient farming practices.  She stresses that, as a farmer, she prioritizes the health of the land and would confidently consume and feed her family the crops grown on her farm.  
Wendy talks candidly about the financial stress in farming. She highlighted that while outsiders might assume farmers are financially well-off, the reality is that farming margins are becoming tighter. Wendy explained the rising costs of inputs like fertilizer, herbicides, insecticides, and diesel fuel, which impact the profitability of farming operations. She also mentioned the challenges of predicting yields and ensuring that the crop's financial returns cover the initial investment costs. Additionally, Wendy shared the mental strain caused by factors like severe droughts, which can significantly impact a farmer's confidence and outlook for the future.
Listen in as Yeager shares her journey to becoming a respected female farmer in a largely male-dominated industry and how she balances and has confidence in her own food choices.
Visit Bell Place Farm on Facebook and follow Yeager on Instagram.