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Alexander the Great was a legendary ruler of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He was considered the greatest military commander in history and conquered much of the known world, creating one of the largest empires of the ancient world. Alexander was an exceptional strategist and tactician, and believed that by conquering and uniting the known world, he could bring about a lasting period of peace. He also promoted Hellenistic culture throughout his empire, encouraging artistic developments and promoting technology and learning. His legacy remains to this day.

Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who is widely renowned as one of the most influential thinkers in the history of western philosophy. His teachings were based on a system of logic and ideas on topics such as metaphysics, ethics, politics, and natural sciences. He believed in "the golden mean," or a balance between extremes, which served as guiding principles for many. Aristotle's works have been studied for nearly 2,500 years, helping to lay the foundation for the development of the sciences and philosophy.

Marcus Tullius Cicero was a Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher, born in 106 BCE. He was known for his oratory and political skills, as well as his philosophical writings, which covered areas such as ethics, rhetoric, and political philosophy. Cicero served as consul in 63 BCE, but his political career ended when he clashed with Julius Caesar. He was later exiled, but returned after Caesar's death and became an influential figure in the establishment of the Roman Republic. Cicero was executed in 43 BCE, after being declared an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate.

Confucius was a Chinese philosopher and teacher who believed in the importance of virtues such as justice, love, benevolence, and respect. He believed that a strong work ethic and personal morality were the cornerstone to a just and good society. He encouraged and advocated for good conduct and justice for all, regardless of social status or wealth. He believed that education was essential to maintaining this sense of morality in the world, and he encouraged people to constantly strive to be their best self. His teachings and values continue to be instrumental in the communal life of many cultures around the world, making Confucius one of the most influential figures in history.

Epictetus taught that the key to contentment and a meaningful life was accepting one's circumstances and having an attitude of resignation to whatever happens. He believed that a person should focus on what they can control and not let external strife and suffering consume them. He argued that by cultivating inner peace, a person can be freed from fear and worry, safeguarding them from disappointment and pain. He suggested that such a peaceful state of mind can be achieved through the practice of self-discipline and philosophy.

Epicurus was a famous philosopher who believed in discovering true happiness by living simply and pursuing a life of pleasure. He taught that the goal of life was to pursue pleasure in moderation and avoid pain. He also maintained that human beings have a basic right to pursue a life of pleasure without worrying about what other people think. He believed that living in a thoughtful and joyful way was the key to achieving contentment.