Medscape InDiscussion: Pediatric Pneumonia Medscape

Drs Todd A. Florin and Lilliam Ambroggio discuss biomarkers in pediatric pneumonia, their potential to determine etiology and predict disease course, target therapy, and determine response to therapy.
Relevant disclosures can be found with the episode show notes on Medscape (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/987064). The topics and discussions are planned, produced, and reviewed independently of advertisers. This podcast is intended only for US healthcare professionals.
Resources
Community-acquired Pneumonia in Children https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29932038/
RSV Through the COVID-19 Pandemic: Burden, Shifting Epidemiology, and Implications for the Future https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36811330/
Procalcitonin Use: Variation Across Hospitals and Trends Over Time https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34964049/
The Management of Community-acquired Pneumonia in Infants and Children Older Than 3 Months of Age: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21880587/
A Three-step Diagnosis of Pediatric Pneumonia at the Emergency Department Using Clinical Predictors, C-reactive Protein, and Pneumococcal PCR https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28474099/
A Prediction Model for Pediatric Radiographic Pneumonia https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34845493/
Biomarkers and Disease Severity in Children With Community-acquired Pneumonia https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32404432/
Procalcitonin Accurately Identifies Hospitalized Children With Low Risk of Bacterial Community-acquired Pneumonia https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28158460/
Improved Diagnostics Help to Identify Clinical Features and Biomarkers That Predict Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Community-acquired Pneumonia in Children https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31665253/
Procalcitonin-guided Use of Antibiotics for Lower Respiratory Tract Infection https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29781385/
Procalcitonin Guidance to Reduce Antibiotic Treatment of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Children and Adolescents (ProPAED): A Randomized Controlled Trial https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23936304/

Drs Todd A. Florin and Debra Palazzi discuss complicated pediatric pneumonia: what it is, how to diagnose it, and how to manage it.
Relevant disclosures can be found with the episode show notes on Medscape (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/987063). The topics and discussions are planned, produced, and reviewed independently of advertisers. This podcast is intended only for US healthcare professionals.
Resources
SHARPS Collaborative https://sharps.wustl.edu/
Management of Parapneumonic Effusions https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9646988
Streptococcus Pneumoniae: Virulence Factors and Variation https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20132250/
Light's Criteria https://reference.medscape.com/calculator/571/light-s-criteria
Accuracy of Lung Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27818332/
The Image Gently Alliance http://www.imagegently.org/
Ceftaroline Fosamil for the Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia: From FOCUS to CAPTURE https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25193094/
The Pigtail Catheter for Pleural Drainage: A Less Invasive Alternative to Tube Thoracostomy https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10323171/

Drs Todd A. Florin and Derek J. Williams discuss the latest treatment strategies for pediatric pneumonia and challenge the long-standing method of treating pneumonia in children with mild disease.
Relevant disclosures can be found with the episode show notes on Medscape (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/987061). The topics and discussions are planned, produced, and reviewed independently of advertisers. This podcast is intended only for US healthcare professionals.
Resources
Potential Impact of Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccines on Pediatric Pneumococcal Diseases https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15033641/
Forty Years of Molecular Diagnostics for Infectious Diseases https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35852340/
Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization Among U.S. Children https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25714161/
Causes of Severe Pneumonia Requiring Hospital Admission in Children Without HIV Infection From Africa and Asia: The PERCH Multi-Country Case-Control Study https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31257127/
Detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Whole Blood by PCR https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7751363/
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections: Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33503845/
The Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Infants and Children Older Than 3 Months of Age: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21880587/
Effect of Amoxicillin Dose and Treatment Duration on the Need for Antibiotic Re-treatment in Children With Community-Acquired Pneumonia: The CAP-IT Randomized Clinical Trial https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34726708/
Short-Course Antimicrobial Therapy for Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia: The SAFER Randomized Clinical Trial https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33683325/
Short- vs Standard-Course Outpatient Antibiotic Therapy for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children: The SCOUT-CAP Randomized Clinical Trial https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35040920/

Drs Todd A. Florin and Richard Malley discuss the history, challenges, and future directions of pneumococcal vaccination, including expanding serotype coverage and methods of worldwide distribution.
Relevant disclosures can be found with the episode show notes on Medscape (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/987060). The topics and discussions are planned, produced, and reviewed independently of advertisers. This podcast is intended only for US healthcare professionals.
Resources
Pediatric Pneumonia https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967822-overview
Masking the Pathogen: Evolutionary Strategies of Fungi and Their Bacterial Counterparts https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29376918/
Priming and Induction of Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Capsular Antibodies in Early Infancy by Dpo20, an Oligosaccharide-protein Conjugate Vaccine https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3499499/
About Pneumococcal Vaccines https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/about-vaccine.html
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Vaccine (Rx) https://reference.medscape.com/drug/acthib-hiberix-haemophilus-influenzae-type-b-conjugate-vaccine-343149
Haemophilus Influenzae https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562176/
Efficacy, Safety and Immunogenicity of Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Children. Northern California Kaiser Permanente Vaccine Study Center Group https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10749457/
Streptococcus Pneumoniae Serotype 19A: Worldwide Epidemiology https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28783380/
Pneumococcal Vaccine 13-valent (Rx) https://reference.medscape.com/drug/prevnar-13-pneumococcal-vaccine-13-valent-999483
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Protein D-conjugate Vaccine (Synflorix; PHiD-CV) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19725600/
Pneumococcal Vaccine 15-valent (Rx) https://reference.medscape.com/drug/vaxneuvance-pneumococcal-vaccine-15-valent-4000165
Development of Next Generation Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccines Conferring Broad Protection https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32192117/
Meningococcal Group B Vaccine (Rx) https://reference.medscape.com/drug/trumenba-bexsero-meningococcal-group-B-vaccine-999974
Serotype Replacement After Introduction of 10-valent and 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in 10 Countries, Europe https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34932457/
Sugar-coated Killer: Serotype 3 Pneumococcal Disease https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33425786/
Prevalence of Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Colonization in Children and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Carriage Isolates https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26327122/
Community-acquired Pneumonia https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430749/

Drs Todd A. Florin and Russ Horowitz discuss point-of-care lung ultrasound in the diagnosis of pediatric pneumonia and methods for involving patients and parents in the diagnostic process.
Relevant disclosures can be found with the episode show notes on Medscape (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/987059). The topics and discussions are planned, produced, and reviewed independently of advertisers. This podcast is intended only for US healthcare professionals.
Resources
Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29261902/
Lung Ultrasound for Pleural Line Abnormalities, Confluent B-Lines, and Consolidation: Expert Reproducibility and a Method of Standardization https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34845735/
Dynamic Air Bronchogram and Lung Hepatization: Ultrasound for Early Diagnosis of Pneumonia https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34015070/
Application of Dynamic Air Bronchograms on Lung Ultrasound to Diagnose Pneumonia in Undifferentiated Respiratory Distress https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35942001/
Thoracic Ultrasound for Pleural Effusion in the Intensive Care Unit: A Narrative Review From Diagnosis to Treatment https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29282107/
Lung Ultrasound for the Diagnosis of Pneumonia on Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24758612/
Extended Lung Ultrasound to Differentiate Between Pneumonia and Atelectasis in Critically Ill Patients: A Diagnostic Accuracy Study https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34582414/
Lung Ultrasound vs. Chest X-ray in Children With Suspected Pneumonia Confirmed by Chest Computed Tomography: A Retrospective Cohort Study https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32010310/
Can Lung Ultrasound Differentiate Between Bacterial and Viral Pneumonia in Children? https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33196108/

Drs Todd A. Florin and Mark I. Neuman discuss the challenge of diagnosing pediatric pneumonia, misdiagnosis, overlapping clinical symptoms, and clinical prediction models to reduce x-ray utilization.
Relevant disclosures can be found with the episode show notes on Medscape (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/987058). The topics and discussions are planned, produced, and reviewed independently of advertisers. This podcast is intended only for US healthcare professionals.
Resources
Pediatric Pneumonia https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967822-overview
Boston Febrile Infant Algorithm 2.0: Improving Care of the Febrile Infant 1-2 Months of Age https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36337736/
Imaging in Pediatric Pneumonia https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1926980-overview#a1
Does This Child Have Pneumonia?: The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28763554/
The Management of Community-acquired Pneumonia in Infants and Children Older Than 3 Months of Age: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21880587/
Physician Assessment of the Likelihood of Pneumonia in a Pediatric Emergency Department https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20944506/
Predicting Pneumonia From the Clinical Exam https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36216472/
Negative Chest Radiography and Risk of Pneumonia https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30154120/
Variability in the Interpretation of Chest Radiographs for the Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Children https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22009855/
Interrater Reliability: The Kappa Statistic https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23092060/