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Episode References:


Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2021). Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed tables. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/ 
COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDE NASAL solution. Lannett Company, Inc. Accessed via DailyMed. Updated August 27, 2020.
Zimmerman JL. Cocaine intoxication. Crit Care Clin. 2012;28(4):517-526. doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2012.07.003 
Richards JR, Hollander JE, Ramoska EA, et al. β-Blockers, Cocaine, and the Unopposed α-Stimulation Phenomenon. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2017;22(3):239-249. doi:10.1177/1074248416681644 
Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, et al. 2012 ACCF/AHA focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines [published correction appears in J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Sep 10;62(11):1040-1]. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(23):e179-e347. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.014
Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines [published correction appears in Circulation. 2014 Dec 23;130(25):e433-4. Dosage error in article text]. Circulation. 2014;130(25):e344-e426.
Smith SC Jr, Benjamin EJ, Bonow RO, et al. AHA/ACCF Secondary Prevention and Risk Reduction Therapy for Patients with Coronary and other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation [published correction appears in Circulation. 2015 Apr 14;131(15):e408]. Circulation. 2011;124(22):2458-2473. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318235eb4d
Richards JR, Laurin EG. Cocaine. [Updated 2022 May 23]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430769/
Lo KB, Virk HUH, Lakhter V, et al. Clinical Outcomes After Treatment of Cocaine-Induced Chest Pain with Beta-Blockers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Med. 2019;132(4):505-509. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.11.041

Pyrlcasts, brought to you by Pyrls.com! We take a closer look at interesting and relevant clinical topics related to pharmacotherapy.

Want to learn more clinical pearls? Boost your clinical confidence?

Visit and sign-up for an account at pyrls.com to get over 10 high-quality charts absolutely FREE!



Episode References:


Froestl W, Muhs A, Pfeifer A. Cognitive enhancers (nootropics). Part 1: drugs interacting with receptors. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;32(4):793-887. doi:10.3233/JAD-2012-121186
Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G. Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1992;17(2):139-170. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-b
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Military Nutrition Research. Caffeine for the Sustainment of Mental Task Performance: Formulations for Military Operations. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. 2, Pharmacology of Caffeine. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223808/
Hansen PB, Schnermann J. Vasoconstrictor and vasodilator effects of adenosine in the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003;285(4):F590-F599.
Faudone G, Arifi S, Merk D. The Medicinal Chemistry of Caffeine. J Med Chem. 2021;64(11):7156-7178. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00261oi:10.1152/ajprenal.00051.2003
Gessi S, Merighi S, Fazzi D, Stefanelli A, Varani K, Borea PA. Adenosine receptor targeting in health and disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2011;20(12):1591-1609. doi:10.1517/13543784.2011.627853
Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine is Too Much? United States Food and Drug Administration. Updated Dec 12, 2018. Accessed Aug 4, 2022. https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-too-much#:~:text=For%20healthy%20adults%2C%20the%20FDA,it%20(break%20it%20down).
Brain Basics: Understanding Sleep. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Updated July 25, 2022. Accessed Aug 4, 2022. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/patient-caregiver-education/brain-basics-understanding-sleep

Pyrlcasts, brought to you by Pyrls.com! We take a closer look at interesting and relevant clinical topics related to pharmacotherapy.

Want to learn more clinical pearls? Boost your clinical confidence?

Visit and sign-up for an account at pyrls.com to get over 10 high-quality charts absolutely FREE!



Episode References:


Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA Guideline Focused Update on Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines: An Update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery, 2012 ACC/AHA/ACP/AATS/PCNA/SCAI/STS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease, 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, 2014 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes, and 2014 ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery [published correction appears in Circulation. 2016 Sep 6;134(10):e192-4]. Circulation.
Cattaneo M, Faioni EM. Why does ticagrelor induce dyspnea?. Thromb Haemost. 2012;108(6):1031-1036. doi:10.1160/TH12-08-05472016;134(10):e123-e155. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000404
Krakowiak A, Kuleta J, Plech I, et al. Ticagrelor-Related Severe Dyspnoea: Mechanisms, Characteristic Features, Differential Diagnosis and Treatment. Clin Med Insights Case Rep. 2020;13:1179547620956634. Published 2020 Oct 8. doi:10.1177/1179547620956634
Undem BJ, Kollarik M. The role of vagal afferent nerves in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2005;2(4):355-372. doi:10.1513/pats.200504-033SR
PLAVIX- clopidogrel tablet, film coated. Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi Pharmaceuticals Partnership. Accessed via DailyMed. Updated March 5, 2021.
BRILINTA- ticagrelor tablet. AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP. Accessed via DailyMed. Updated May 9, 2022.
PRASUGREL tablet, film coated. Accord Healthcare Inc. Accessed via DailyMed. Updated May 21, 2021.

Pyrlcasts, brought to you by Pyrls.com! We take a closer look at interesting and relevant clinical topics related to pharmacotherapy.

Want to learn more clinical pearls? Boost your clinical confidence?

Visit and sign-up for an account at pyrls.com to get over 10 high-quality charts absolutely FREE!

Pyrlcasts, brought to you by Pyrls.com! We take a closer look at interesting and relevant clinical topics related to pharmacotherapy.

Want to learn more clinical pearls? Boost your clinical confidence?

Visit and sign-up for an account at pyrls.com to get over 10 high-quality charts absolutely FREE!

Pyrlcasts, brought to you by Pyrls.com! We take a closer look at interesting and relevant clinical topics related to pharmacotherapy.

Want to learn more clinical pearls? Boost your clinical confidence?

Visit and sign-up for an account at pyrls.com to get over 10 high-quality charts absolutely FREE!