SyllabuswithRohit

SyllabuswithRohit

My channel covers a variety of subjects—books, stories, and more, all in Hindi. I share knowledge, ideas, and learning beyond the syllabus. For new episodes, please visit: https://www.youtube.com/@SyllabuswithRohit

  1. قبل ٥ أيام

    The Interpretation of Dreams (HINDI/हिंदी में)

    The Interpretation of Dreams (HINDI/हिंदी में)

  2. قبل ٥ أيام

    Software Is Changing (Again)

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LCEmiRjPEtQAndrej Karpathy is a computer scientist who talks about how software is changing very fast now. For a long time—about 70 years—how we wrote software did not really change much. But in the last few years, everything has changed a lot, and even changed again! This makes today a very special and interesting time to learn or work with computers.Three Generations of SoftwareAt first, there was Software 1.0. This means people wrote all the computer code themselves, using languages like C++ or Python. If you wanted the computer to do something, you had to write every step.Then came Software 2.0. In this kind, we use “neural networks.” Here, instead of writing code for every step, you give the computer lots of data and let it “learn” by itself. You don’t write the code, but you help it learn by giving examples and adjusting settings. This is called “training” the neural net.Now we have Software 3.0. This is brand new. It uses something called “Large Language Models” (LLMs), like ChatGPT. Now, you don’t even need to write code or train a neural network. You can just tell the computer what you want using normal English! The computer understands your words and creates a program from your instructions. This is a huge change, because now anyone who can write in English can “program” a computer.Before, if you wanted a computer to do something (like read a sentence and decide if it is happy or sad), you had to write code or train a neural network. But now, with LLMs, you can just ask in English and the computer does it.How Software Changed at TeslaAndrej worked at Tesla on the self-driving car program. At first, everything was written in Software 1.0, with lots of C++ code. But over time, they started using neural networks (Software 2.0), and these could do more and more. Soon, most of the old code was replaced with neural networks. The new way was better and smarter.Now, the same thing is happening again with Software 3.0. Instead of coding or training a network, you use prompts (instructions in English) and the computer does what you want. People working with computers now should know all three ways, because sometimes you need to use each one, depending on the problem.LLMs Are Like New Operating SystemsLLMs are so important that they are almost like a new “operating system” for computers. Before, we had Windows or Mac or Linux. Now, LLMs are like a new system, with some being open (free for anyone to use) and some being closed (private companies only).LLMs are very powerful, but also very expensive to make and use. Companies like OpenAI, Google (Gemini), and Anthropic spend a lot of money to build them. People use LLMs over the internet, and pay to use them, just like you pay for electricity.If an LLM stops working, people feel like the digital world has slowed down or become less smart, just like when the electricity goes off. That is how important these new tools are becoming.LLMs Act a Little Like PeopleLLMs learn by reading lots of text from the internet, so they can talk like humans. They are very smart in some ways, but also make silly mistakes sometimes. They can forget things, or give wrong answers, especially if the instructions are not clear. So, we have to be careful when using them.LLMs do not remember everything like a person does. Each time you use them, they only remember a little bit from your chat. This is called “context.” If you want them to know more, you have to remind them each time.LLMs and AppsNow, people are building new apps that use LLMs to help with things like writing code or searching for information. These apps can be partly controlled by people, so you can decide how much the computer should do and how much you want to check yourself. This is important, because sometimes the LLM can make big changes and you want to make sure everything is correct.

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  3. قبل ٥ أيام

    The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume 2: The High Tide of Prophecy Hegel and Marx

    This book is by Karl Popper. It talks about two famous thinkers: Hegel and Marx. Popper wants to show how their ideas are dangerous for freedom and open societies.What is an Open Society?An open society is a place where people are free to think, speak, and choose for themselves. In an open society, people can question rules and change things if they are not fair. There is no one perfect answer for everyone. People learn from their mistakes and try to do better. Popper thinks open societies are good and help people live better lives.What is the Enemy?Popper says the enemy of an open society is something called “historicism.” Historicism is the idea that history moves in a certain way, like it follows a plan. Some people believe they know this plan and can control society to make it fit the plan. Popper thinks this is dangerous because it stops people from thinking for themselves.Hegel’s IdeasHegel was a German thinker. He wrote about history, the state, and ideas. Hegel thought that history had a purpose and that it was moving forward for a reason. He believed that the state (the government) was very important and that people should obey it. Hegel said that the state is like a living thing that knows what is best.Popper does not like Hegel’s ideas. He thinks Hegel’s writing is hard to understand on purpose. Popper says Hegel’s ideas help dictators. When people think the state is always right, they stop asking questions. This makes it easy for leaders to take too much power.Marx’s IdeasMarx was a German thinker too. He wrote about society, workers, and money. Marx believed that history moves through fights between classes, like workers and owners. Marx said that one day, workers will win, and there will be no rich or poor people. He wanted everyone to share things fairly.Popper agrees that Marx cared about poor people. But Popper does not like how Marx used historicism. Marx thought he knew how history would end. He believed the future was set, and people could force it to happen.Popper says this is dangerous. If leaders think they know the future, they may hurt people who disagree with them. They may think the ends (a perfect society) make it okay to use bad methods (violence, lies). Popper thinks this is wrong.Problems with ProphecyPopper says we cannot predict the future like Marx and Hegel tried to do. History does not have one plan. It changes in ways no one can fully know. People are free to make choices. Trying to force history to fit an idea hurts freedom and can lead to bad results, like dictatorships.Science vs. HistoricismPopper explains that science works by testing ideas and seeing if they are wrong. Science learns from mistakes. Historicism does not do this. It just says things will happen because “history says so.” Popper says we should treat politics more like science: try things, check if they work, and change them if needed.Open Society ValuesPopper thinks open societies need: Freedom: People should be free to think, speak, and choose. Change: Rules and leaders can be changed if they are not good. Critical Thinking: People should ask questions and not believe anyone who says they have all the answers. Tolerance: People should respect different views.ConclusionPopper warns that ideas like Hegel’s and Marx’s can be dangerous. They make people trust big plans and leaders too much. This can lead to less freedom and more control by the state. Popper wants us to keep societies open, where people can question, test, and change things. This book is by Karl Popper. It talks about two famous thinkers: Hegel and Marx. Popper wants to show how their ideas are dangerous for freedom and open societies.

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  4. قبل ٥ أيام

    The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume 1: The Spell of Plato (HINDI/हिंदी में)

    Karl Popper’s book “The Open Society and Its Enemies” is about how societies can be free and open, and what makes them close and dangerous. In the first volume, Popper mainly talks about the ideas of the ancient philosopher Plato. Let’s break down all the main points and arguments.1. What Is an Open Society?An open society is a place where people are free to think for themselves, speak their minds, and criticize the leaders. In open societies, the rules and laws can change if enough people agree. People can vote and help decide how they are governed. Mistakes can be fixed, and leaders can be changed without violence.2. What Is a Closed Society?A closed society is the opposite. In a closed society, one person or a small group controls everything. People have to obey the rules without asking questions. There is little or no freedom. Leaders often say their way is perfect and cannot be changed.3. Popper’s Main Concern: Protecting FreedomPopper worries that people often want simple answers and perfect plans. Some philosophers, like Plato, wanted a “perfect” society, but Popper thinks these ideas actually make societies less free. When someone thinks they have the “final truth” about how society should be run, they may try to force everyone to follow their plan, which can lead to oppression.4. Plato’s Ideas About SocietyPopper spends most of Volume 1 talking about Plato. Plato was a famous thinker from ancient Greece. Plato wrote a book called “The Republic,” where he described a perfect city. In Plato’s city, everyone has a specific job, like rulers, soldiers, or workers. Only the smartest people—the philosophers—should be in charge, and everyone else should do what they are told. Plato thought society should be like a living body, with different parts doing different jobs. Plato believed the rulers should tell people what to believe and sometimes even lie for the “good” of society. Plato didn’t like change or new ideas because he thought they could break the order. He wanted strict rules about family and property, and even said some people should not be allowed to own anything or have a real family.5. Popper’s Criticism of PlatoPopper strongly disagrees with Plato. He says Plato’s “perfect society” is actually dangerous because it leads to a closed society. Plato’s idea of having only philosophers as rulers is anti-democratic. Popper says no one person or group should have all the power or think they know everything. People should be allowed to criticize the rules and suggest new ideas. Change and mistakes are not bad—they are how societies get better.6. Why Did Plato Think This Way?Popper tries to explain why Plato wanted a closed, unchanging society. He thinks Plato was scared of the changes in Athens, where Plato lived. Athens was going through wars and political problems, so Plato wanted to “freeze” society so it would never change again.7. Tribalism and the Need for CertaintyPopper says that in ancient times, people lived in tribes. In tribes, everyone did what they were told, and rules never changed. Some people, like Plato, wanted to go back to that way because it felt safer. But Popper believes this is the wrong path for humans today.8. HistoricismPopper also talks about something called historicism—the idea that history follows strict laws and can be predicted. Plato thought he could predict how societies would work forever. Popper says this is wrong. History is unpredictable because people can think, choose, and learn.9. The Importance of Critical ThinkingPopper argues that the best society is one where everyone is free to ask questions and criticize each other’s ideas. This way, mistakes can be found and fixed. No one is above criticism—not even the government or the smartest philosophers.10. The Big Lesson

    ٢ س ٤٨ د

  5. قبل ٥ أيام

    The Bed of Procrustes (HINDI/हिंदी में)

    The Bed of Procrustes is a book of short sayings, also called aphorisms, by Nassim Nicholas Taleb. Instead of long chapters, the book gives us many small pieces of advice and thoughts about life, thinking, and how the world works. The name comes from a story in Greek mythology about a man named Procrustes who made people fit into his bed by either stretching them or cutting off their legs. This story is used to show how people sometimes try to force things to fit their ideas, even if it hurts them or others.Taleb talks about many different topics, and his main message is that life is often not simple or neat. He believes that many people try to make things look perfect or easy, but real life is not like that. We should not try to make everything fit our plans or ideas. Instead, we should be ready for surprises, changes, and things that do not make sense right away.One big idea in the book is about “randomness” or luck. Taleb says that luck and chance play a huge part in life. Sometimes things happen for no clear reason. People may try to find explanations for everything, but often things just happen by chance. Instead of pretending we control everything, we should accept that we do not know what will happen next.Taleb also talks about knowledge. He thinks that what we do not know is often more important than what we do know. He says it is wise to be humble and admit that we have limits. If we always think we are right, we can make big mistakes. It is better to listen, learn, and sometimes say, “I do not know.”The book also gives advice about success. Taleb warns us not to trust people who only look successful. He says some people look rich or smart just because they got lucky, not because they are better than others. We should not copy everything they do. Instead, he suggests thinking for yourself and making choices based on your own values, not just what is popular.Taleb talks about happiness, too. He says that real happiness does not come from money or fame. It comes from living in a way that feels right to you. He also believes that it is okay to fail sometimes. Failure can teach us important lessons. What matters is how we deal with problems and setbacks, not just winning all the time.Another idea in the book is about being “robust.” This means being strong enough to handle hard times. Taleb thinks that we should try to build our lives so that we can face surprises and not break down easily. He likes the idea of “antifragile,” which means getting better when things are tough, not just staying strong.00:00:00 Procrustes 00:04:32 Preludes 00:09:43 Counter narratives 00:16:59 Matters ontological 00:17:54 The sacred and the profane 00:21:17 Chance, success, happiness, and stoicism 00:31:59 Charming and less charming sucker problems 00:35:27 Theseus, or living the paleo life 00:41:29 The republic of letters 00:50:56 The universal and the particular 00:53:29 Fooled by randomness 00:57:50 Aesthetics 01:00:22 Ethics 01:07:56 Robustness and fragility 01:11:55 The ludic fallacy and domain dependence 01:14:42 Epistemology and subtractive knowledge 01:17:52 The scandal of prediction 01:23:31 Economic life and other very vulgar subjects 01:30:06 The sage, the weak, and the magnificent 01:34:13 The implicit and the explicit 01:37:12 On the varieties of love and nonlove 01:39:30 The end

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  6. قبل ٥ أيام

    Never Finished (HINDI/हिंदी में)

    David Goggins is a man who knows a lot about pain and hard times. In his first book, Can’t Hurt Me, he told us about his tough life and how he learned to push through anything. In Never Finished, Goggins tells more stories from his life and gives us new lessons. This book is about never giving up, even when you think you have reached your limit.Goggins starts by talking about where he comes from. He grew up in a house where things were very hard. There was yelling, there was pain, and sometimes he felt very alone. These early years made him feel weak and not good enough. But he decided he would not stay weak forever.When he grew up, Goggins became a Navy SEAL. This is one of the hardest jobs in the world. He had to run, swim, and carry heavy things for miles and miles. But even after he finished his training, he still felt like he had more to prove—to himself.In Never Finished, Goggins says that life is never easy. Even after we finish one hard thing, something else will come. He talks about running long races—like 100 miles at a time—and how his mind tried to make him stop. His body hurt. His feet bled. But he kept going. He tells us that most of the time, our minds want to quit before our bodies actually need to stop. If we can control our minds, we can do much more than we think.Goggins shares a trick called the “cookie jar.” This means thinking about the hard things you have already done in your life. When things get tough, he remembers these “cookies”—his proudest moments. This gives him strength. He says we all have a cookie jar inside us. We just have to look inside and remember what we have already done.The book also talks about goals. Goggins says it is important to keep setting new goals, even after you reach the old ones. He does not believe in “arriving.” He thinks we can always grow and learn more. He says we should not look for the easy way. Instead, we should look for things that scare us or make us feel uncomfortable. That is where we grow.Goggins is honest that life will have setbacks. He talks about times when he got injured, failed, or felt lost. But he says that these moments are not the end. They are a chance to start again and come back stronger. He calls this being “never finished.” It means you do not give up on yourself. You always try to do a little better, no matter what has happened before.One lesson from the book is about self-talk. Goggins says that the way we talk to ourselves matters. If you tell yourself you are weak, you will feel weak. If you say you are strong, you start to believe it. He tells readers to be their own biggest fan and their own coach. Sometimes, no one else will cheer for you. You have to do it yourself.Another important point is that Goggins does not think he is special. He says anyone can get tougher and stronger. It just takes hard work, honesty, and patience. He tells stories about people he has met who changed their lives, too. The book gives ideas and small steps so anyone can start their own journey.At the end, Never Finished is not just a book about running or the military. It is a book about not giving up. It is about fighting for yourself, even when it is hard. It is about believing you can do more, even when you are tired or scared. Goggins’s words are tough, but he believes everyone can be a little better, one step at a time.You do not need to run a race or become a Navy SEAL to use his advice. You just have to decide that you are never finished, and keep moving forward, no matter what "The only way we can change is to be real with ourselves." "You are stopping you, you are giving up instead of getting hard." "Most people who are criticizing and judging haven’t even tried what you failed at."

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  7. قبل ٥ أيام

    The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali

    00:00:00 Introduction (परिचय)00:04:36 Book One: Samādhi Pāda (समाधि पाद) (Portion on Contemplation)02:34:54 Book Two: Sādhana Pāda (साधन पाद) (Portion on Practice)05:22:07 Book Three: Vibhūti Pāda (विभूति पाद) (Portion on Accomplishments)05:56:47 Book Four: Kaivalya Pāda (कैवल्य पाद) (Portion on AbsolutenessThe Yoga Sutras of Patanjali is a very old and important book about yoga. It was written about 2,000 years ago by a wise person named Patanjali. This book is not about doing stretches or hard poses. It is about how your mind works, how to be calm, and how to become the best person you can be.There are four big parts (called “Pāda” in Sanskrit) in the Yoga Sutras. Each part teaches something special. Let’s look at each part in detail, in simple words, but with real meaning.1. Samādhi Pāda: The Book of ContemplationThis is the first part. It tells you what yoga is and why people do it. Patanjali says that yoga is stopping the mind from jumping around. Most of the time, our minds are busy and messy. We think about what happened before, or worry about what will happen later. Yoga helps us make our minds still, like a lake without ripples. When the mind is still, we can see clearly. This part explains different types of concentration and meditation. It tells us that when we focus our minds, we can reach “Samādhi.” Samādhi is a state where you feel very peaceful. You feel like you are part of everything. Patanjali explains that everyone can reach this state. But it takes practice, patience, and honesty.Key lesson:Yoga is about making your mind peaceful and clear. When your mind is calm, you are happy.2. Sādhana Pāda: The Book of PracticeThis is the second part. It teaches what we should do to reach the state of yoga. Patanjali gives us the “Eight Limbs of Yoga.” These are eight steps that help us grow as people. The first two steps are about being a good person: Yama: Things not to do, like lying, stealing, hurting others, or being greedy. Niyama: Good things to do, like being clean, happy, working hard, and learning about yourself. The next steps are: Asana: Yoga postures. These are the body poses that help you be strong and healthy. Pranayama: Breathing exercises. They help control your energy and feelings. Pratyahara: Turning your senses inward. This means you stop getting distracted by sights, sounds, or smells. The last three steps are all about the mind: Dharana: Focusing your mind on one thing. Dhyana: Meditating. This is keeping your mind quiet for a long time. Samadhi: Reaching deep peace and understanding.Key lesson:Yoga is not just exercise. It is about being good, breathing well, focusing, and growing as a person.3. Vibhūti Pāda: The Book of PowersThe third part explains what happens when you practice yoga a lot. If you practice hard and stay focused, sometimes you get special abilities. These are called “siddhis.” Some examples are: remembering everything, reading minds, being very strong, or knowing things far away. Patanjali says these powers are not the goal of yoga. They can even be a distraction. The real goal is freedom from suffering and knowing your true self.Key lesson:Yoga can give you special powers, but the real gift is understanding who you are and being free.4. Kaivalya Pāda: The Book of FreedomThis is the last part. It talks about the end result of yoga. When you follow the path of yoga, you become free from worries, pain, and confusion. You understand that you are not just your body or your thoughts. You are something much bigger and calmer inside. You see the world clearly, without being pulled by likes and dislikes. This is called “Kaivalya,” or ultimate freedom. You live in peace, no matter what happens around you.

  8. قبل ٥ أيام

    Elon Musk (HINDI/हिंदी में)

    Elon Musk by Walter Isaacson is a book that tells the exciting and complicated story of one of the world’s most famous inventors and business people. Elon Musk is a man who builds electric cars, rockets, and even tries to make computers think like humans. The book shows how his big dreams and hard work changed the world, but also how his tough personality and difficult childhood shaped who he is. Written in a way that’s easy to follow, this summary explains Musk’s life for a young reader. Elon Musk was born in 1971 in South Africa. As a kid, he loved reading books, especially science fiction, and playing video games. But life wasn’t easy. He was bullied at school, and once, some kids pushed him down stairs and hurt him badly. His dad, Errol, was tough on him, often saying mean things that made Elon feel sad. These hard times made Elon want to escape and dream big. He read a lot, including a funny book called The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, which made him think about big questions, like how to save humanity.When Elon was a teenager, he moved to Canada to get away from his dad. Later, he went to the United States to study and start businesses. His first big idea was a company called Zip2, which helped newspapers put their information online. He sold it for a lot of money. Then, he started a company called X.com, which became PayPal, a way to send money online. These successes made him rich, but Elon wanted to do more than just make money—he wanted to change the world.One of Elon’s biggest dreams was to make space travel cheaper and help humans live on Mars. He started SpaceX, a company that builds rockets. At first, people thought he was crazy, and his rockets kept failing. But Elon didn’t give up. He worked hard, and SpaceX built rockets that could land back on Earth and be reused, saving lots of money. Now, SpaceX sends satellites and astronauts to space, making Elon’s dream of Mars closer to reality.Elon also wanted to make cars that don’t use gas to help the environment. He joined Tesla, a company that makes electric cars. Tesla had many problems, like running out of money and struggling to build cars fast enough. Elon worked day and night, sometimes sleeping in the factory, to fix these issues. Today, Tesla makes popular electric cars that people love, helping the world use cleaner energy.Musk also started other companies. SolarCity makes solar panels to create clean energy. Neuralink works on connecting human brains to computers to help people think faster or fix brain problems. The Boring Company digs tunnels to make travel quicker. In 2022, Elon bought Twitter (now called X) to make it a place where people can share ideas freely, but this caused a lot of arguments because some thought he was too controlling.The book shows that Elon is a mix of smart and tough. He has a condition called Asperger’s, which makes it hard for him to understand people’s feelings. Sometimes, he gets very angry, which his friends call “demon mode.” He can be mean to workers or fire them if they don’t agree with him. His personal life is messy too—he’s had many relationships and has ten kids. His oldest child, Vivian, doesn’t talk to him anymore because they disagree on many things.Isaacson, the author, spent two years following Elon, talking to him, his family, and his coworkers. He shows both the good and bad sides of Elon. He’s a genius who pushes people to do amazing things, but he can also be hard to work with. The book asks a big question: Do Elon’s tough ways help him make the world better, or do they hurt more than they help?In the end, Elon Musk is a story about a man who never gives up, even when things are hard. His ideas have changed how we travel, use energy, and think about the future. But his life also shows that being successful doesn’t always mean being happy or kind.

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My channel covers a variety of subjects—books, stories, and more, all in Hindi. I share knowledge, ideas, and learning beyond the syllabus. For new episodes, please visit: https://www.youtube.com/@SyllabuswithRohit

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