Reviewing Chinese history with systems analysis

Vincent Yuanyi Chang
  • 0.0 (0)
  • CIENCIAS SOCIALES
  • CADA MES

Understand the big picture for the sake of ourselves email：vychang@alumni.ucdavis.edu B.A. in History and Political Science, University of Claifornia, Davis, 2003 PMP, Project Management I institute， since2007 MBA， Fu-Jen Catholic University， 2008 Powered by Firstory Hosting

  1. The Imperial Palace System and Its Impact on Chinese Character

    HACE 6 DÍAS

    The Imperial Palace System and Its Impact on Chinese Character

    Many people believe that China's Cultural Revolution in the 1960s-70s destroyed Chinese morality and ethics. However, I argue that the Cultural Revolution merely exposed character traits that had already existed for over two thousand years. These characteristics were deeply embedded in Chinese imperial culture, creating patterns that persist even today. The Emperor's Isolation and Relationships The Forbidden City contained 1,008 buildings housing numerous concubines and servants. Despite this vast household, emperors often struggled with genuine intimacy. Like a child with too many toys, an emperor couldn't meaningfully connect with everyone around him. Following Pareto's principle, he likely formed close relationships with only a handful of people—perhaps five, like the fingers on one hand. This isolation led to some concerning patterns. Emperors sometimes developed inappropriate relationships with male servants or their former wet nurses, reflecting the psychological distortions created by palace life. The Women's Tragic Circumstances The imperial palace housed at least 108 women as concubines. These women entered the palace through various means: some were daughters of officials seeking political advantage, others came through selection processes, and some were sent by families hoping to elevate their social status. Despite the large numbers, most lived lives of neglect and unfulfilled expectations. The Children's Fractured Family Life Perhaps most damaging was how imperial children were raised. Royal mothers didn't breastfeed their own children—wet nurses handled this duty. Children lived separately from their parents and siblings, creating weak family bonds. By age fifteen, princes were forced to leave the palace to establish their own residences, while princesses were married off for political alliances. This system created sibling rivalry rather than familial love. Princes competed ruthlessly for succession, while princesses served as political pawns to strengthen their father's authority through strategic marriages. The Lasting Impact These imperial patterns—emotional isolation, transactional relationships, and fractured families—became deeply embedded in Chinese culture over two millennia. The palace system normalized behaviors that contradicted Confucian ideals of filial piety and family harmony. This explains why, even in the 21st century, we still observe certain behavioral patterns among Chinese people that reflect this historical conditioning. The Cultural Revolution didn't create these traits—it simply revealed what had been shaped by centuries of imperial culture.   #cultural revolution#filial piety#Electra complex#Oedipus complex#distorted personality#reestablishment of character   Join as a free member to stay updated with the latest information: https://open.firstory.me/join/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho Make a small donation to support this program: https://open.firstory.me/user/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho Leave a comment to tell me your thoughts on this episode: https://open.firstory.me/user/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho/comments   Powered by Firstory Hosting

    39 min
  2. 從美國校園食安改革反思台灣

    10 AGO · CONTENIDO EXTRA

    從美國校園食安改革反思台灣

    FDA局長專訪摘要與校園食品安全反思 專訪概況 現任FDA局長馬蒂·馬卡里醫生（Dr. Marty Makary）於7月18日接受《美國思想領袖》專訪，討論他自4月1日上任以來首100天的工作成果。身為醫生兼教授的馬卡里醫生概述了FDA的改革議程，重點在於恢復該機構的自主性並改善食品安全標準。 主要改革領域討論 1. 藥品審查制度改革 恢復FDA在新藥審批程序中的自主性解決動物試驗程序的相關疑慮2. 食品安全與營養指導方針 馬卡里醫生強調了幾個關鍵要點： 校園飲料禁令：支持最近美國衛生部的行政命令，將含糖飲料從K-12學校餐點品項中移除聯邦餐食計劃：由於美國農業部每日花費約4億美元購買學校餐食、聯邦雇員餐食和軍隊餐食，政府有權了解食品成分加工食品危機：70%的學校餐食由過度加工食品組成預防重於治療：專注於透過更好的營養來預防糖尿病和多種癌症，而非在疾病發生後才治療食品標籤改革：現行營養標籤需要修訂，讓人得以辨識天然食物和重度加工產品3. 更廣泛的政策議題 處理非法進口的中國電子煙產品食物食用指導方針強化國內製藥供應鏈對台灣校園食品系統的個人反思 目前面臨的挑戰 學校午餐計劃 儘管聘請了營養師和廚師，許多學生仍覺得學校餐食不好吃包裝問題：鋁箔包裝飲料（保久乳、豆漿、果汁），明明可以在本地供應新鮮替代品政府資助賦予當局監督食品品質和成分的權利安親班和補習班 這些機構經常提供油炸食品和高度加工零食與學校餐食形成不利比較，破壞教育營養努力儘管在政府許可下經營，卻缺乏良善監督便利商店 多家便利商店經常直接開設在學校對面例子：某學校周邊在一年內從一家擴張到三家便利商店這些商店販售高度加工、易上癮的食品，與健康的學校餐食競爭容易取得導致頻繁購買，不論營養價值如何建議解決方案 監管方式 成分透明化：政府資助的餐食應要求完整的製成披露年齡限制：類似菸酒管制，某些高度加工食品應限制販售給未成年人立法行動：公民團體可倡議訂立限制有害食品販售給兒童的法律品質改善 家長參與：鼓勵家長在專業指導下參與學校餐食準備新鮮食品供應：開發系統提供新鮮飲料而非包裝替代品跨部門合作：教育、衛生、商業、農業、建管和法務部門應在食品安全上協作健康危機背景 台灣擁有全球最高的洗腎病患比例，腎臟病患者的平均年齡顯著下降。有些三十多歲甚至二十多歲的年輕人現在需要洗腎治療，這與飲食因素和高度加工食品消費有強烈關聯。 結論 政府責任不僅止於資助，還要確保食品品質和安全。正如菸酒販售給未成年人最終透過持續倡議得到管制，對高度加工食品的類似限制可顯著改善公共健康成果。目標是預防與飲食相關的疾病，而非在疾病發生後才治療，特別是透過更好的營養政策保護兒童的長期健康。   Exclusive: Dr. Marty Makary Reveals How He’s Transforming FDA   #Dr. Marty MaKary#Robert F. Kennedy Jr.#food policy reform#學校營養午餐#安親班餐點#便利商店氾濫 加入會員，支持節目： https://open.firstory.me/user/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho 留言告訴我你對這一集的想法： https://open.firstory.me/user/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho/comments Powered by Firstory Hosting

    31 min
  3. Why there is no such the East rises and the West declines as the CCP claims

    15 JUL

    Why there is no such the East rises and the West declines as the CCP claims

    East vs. West: An Analysis of the unlikelihood of China's Rise and Historical Foundations Introduction Today I want to discuss why there's no such thing as "the East rises and the West declines" as the Chinese Communist Party claims. I'll examine current events first, then explore the historical foundations that shape modern China. Current Events: Three Key Factors 1. Exaggeration and Boasting Recent events demonstrate this pattern clearly. When the US sanctioned three Chinese nuclear facilities, China's Department of State made official statements suggesting the West is declining while the East is rising. However, if you can read Chinese or have someone translate their propaganda materials, you'll find a completely different narrative internally. Chinese media claims their missiles can reach deeper underground than US capabilities - specifically, that they can penetrate 2,246 meters underground. This appears to be self-aggrandizement rather than factual reporting. 2. Reverse Engineering Consider the recent emergence of Chinese AI models similar to ChatGPT. A company in Zhejiang Province, China, claimed they spent only 5 million yuan with 2,000 low-ranking semiconductor chips to build their processing unit. However, whistleblowers revealed they actually used 20,000 top-ranking semiconductor chips imported from third countries to circumvent US restrictions - costing 200 million yuan instead of 5 million. This represents reverse engineering combined with technology theft. When countries demonstrate strength through copied technology rather than innovation, it raises questions about genuine technological capability. 3. State Enterprise with Unlimited Subsidies Unlike in the United States or Europe, where IT companies must prove their creditworthiness to obtain funding, Chinese companies operate differently. Since there are no truly private companies or banks in China - they're all state enterprises controlled by the Chinese Communist Party - funding depends on political relationships rather than business merit. If you can convince leadership that your project will help "the East rise and the West decline," you can receive enormous funding from China's GDP, which is around 20 trillion yuan. The government controls a significant portion of this GDP and can distribute funds as they see fit. Take the example of BYD electric vehicles. The mechanical and electrical costs are probably around 15,000 yuan, but they sell for only 80,000 yuan or less. This is possible because the state provides subsidies of 15,000-30,000 yuan per vehicle, making Chinese EVs appear much cheaper than Western alternatives. Historical Foundations The Unification of Writing Characters In 221 BCE, the King of Qin achieved unification after generations of effort, becoming China's first emperor. He implemented two policies that profoundly impacted Chinese civilization for over 2,000 years. First, he burned books written in other languages and standardized writing characters. Before unification, different regions had various languages and writing systems. This diversity had fostered creativity and innovation - similar to how the Renaissance happened in Europe, where linguistic diversity stimulated philosophical and scientific development. By forcing uniformity in language and thought, the emperor limited intellectual diversity. When you have only one language and way of thinking, creativity and innovation become constrained. Implementation of Legalism The second major policy was implementing Legalism, principles written by Han Fei. This philosophy teaches rulers how to manipulate subordinates and maintain power through fear and control. It's fundamentally different from Western legal principles based on justice and rights. Legalism is essentially a manual for political manipulation and control. It teaches rulers how to set up traps for opponents and eliminate threats to power. According to modern standards, this philosophy promotes authoritarian control rather than justice or righteousness. The Deer-Horse Story A famous historical example illustrates this system's impact. Zhao Gao, a powerful minister, presented a deer to the emperor but called it a horse. When asked whether it was a deer or horse, officials faced a deadly choice. Those who said "deer" (the truth) were killed or imprisoned. Those who said "horse" (the lie) survived and were rewarded. Many remained silent to avoid taking sides. This story demonstrates how truth-telling became dangerous, and survival required agreeing with those in power regardless of facts. This marked the end of intellectual honesty and the beginning of a system where only one principle mattered: agree with the powerful or face consequences. Conclusion Unlike the Western story of "The Emperor's New Clothes," where a child speaks truth to power, such honesty would be impossible in traditional Chinese imperial culture. Parents would quickly silence their children to protect the family from punishment. Three factors prevent genuine progress: Uniform thinking - Single-minded approaches limit creativity and innovationPower manipulation - Systems based on control rather than merit or truthFear of truth-telling - When honesty becomes dangerous, society cannot progressUntil these foundational issues are addressed, true civilization and development remain elusive. The appearance of "Eastern rise" often masks deeper systemic problems rooted in historical patterns of control and conformity. Thank you for listening to this analysis of East-West dynamics and their historical foundations.   #the East rises and the West declines#Chat GPT#DeepSeek#Tesla#BYD#state-owned enterprise#mother tongue elimination#ethnic cleansing#East Turkestan#Tibet Join as a free member to stay updated with the latest information: https://open.firstory.me/join/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho Make a small donation to support this program: https://open.firstory.me/user/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho Leave a comment to tell me your thoughts on this episode: Comment link   Powered by Firstory Hosting

    40 min
  4. The Art of War and The Art of the Deal

    8 JUL

    The Art of War and The Art of the Deal

    Military Strategies: Warring States Era and Modern Applications Introduction This analysis examines strategic warfare principles from China's Warring States period (5th-3rd centuries BCE) and their relevance to contemporary geopolitical situations. Using two historical battles as case studies, we explore how ancient military wisdom applies to modern diplomatic and economic conflicts. Historical Case Studies The Battle of Guiling (352 BCE) Background: The state of Wei attacked Zhao, besieging its capital Handan. Zhao requested military assistance from Qi. Strategic Innovation: Instead of directly reinforcing Zhao's besieged capital, Qi's general Tian Ji and strategist Sun Bin implemented the "Wei救趙" (Surround Wei to Save Zhao) strategy. They attacked Wei's capital while Wei's army was engaged elsewhere. Key Tactical Elements: Distance Analysis: Wei's capital was 350-400 kilometers from Handan, requiring 16 days of marchPsychological Warfare: Forced Wei to choose between continuing their siege or defending their homelandPolitical Calculation: Avoided the shame of requiring foreign assistance while maximizing strategic advantageOutcome: Wei's army rushed back to defend their capital, lifting the siege of Handan. Qi achieved victory without direct confrontation. The Battle of Maling (342 BCE) Background: Ten years later, Wei attacked Han. Qi again employed indirect tactics but with enhanced deception strategies. Strategic Evolution: Sun Bin implemented "减灶" (Reducing Cooking Fires) - a deception tactic where Qi's army progressively reduced their campfires to simulate desertion and declining troop numbers. Tactical Progression: Day 1: 100,000 cooking firesDay 2: 50,000 cooking firesDay 3: 30,000 cooking firesPsychological Impact: Wei's general Pang Juan became overconfident, believing Qi's forces were deserting. This led to tactical errors and ultimately, Wei's devastating defeat. Modern Applications: Trump Administration Strategy Contemporary Parallels The analysis suggests that former President Trump's policies toward China demonstrate similar strategic principles: "Surround Wei to Save Zhao" Strategy Application: Rather than directly confronting Iran-Israel conflicts, the Trump administration imposed tariffs on China, forcing Chinese leadership to focus on domestic economic challenges rather than supporting regional proxies. Strategic Logic: By creating economic pressure on China, the administration indirectly reduced Chinese capacity to support Iranian activities in the Middle East. Deception and Misdirection Tactics Multi-layered Objectives: The analysis suggests Trump's trade policies had several hidden layers: Surface Level: Tariff revenue generationEconomic Layer: Forcing American manufacturing reshoringMonetary Layer: Strengthening Federal Reserve currency controlSystemic Layer: Reshaping global economic orderTesting Weaknesses: The administration used various policy announcements to probe Chinese responses and identify pressure points, similar to ancient battlefield reconnaissance. Strategic Principles Identified Core Concepts from Sun Tzu's Art of War Indirect Approach: Attack where the enemy is unpreparedDeception: "All warfare is based on deception"Economic Warfare: Modern conflicts often center on trade and currency rather than military forcePsychological Operations: Creating uncertainty to paralyze opponent decision-makingModern Adaptations Economic Leverage: Using trade relationships as strategic weaponsInformation Warfare: Controlling narratives and expectationsAlliance Management: Coordinating with partners without direct confrontationGraduated Response: Escalating pressure systematicallyConclusion The enduring relevance of Warring States military philosophy demonstrates how strategic thinking transcends historical periods. Whether in ancient Chinese battlefields or modern trade negotiations, the fundamental principles of indirect action, deception, and psychological warfare remain effective tools for achieving political objectives while minimizing direct confrontation costs. The key insight is that successful strategy often involves forcing opponents to react to your initiatives rather than responding to theirs, creating advantageous conditions through careful manipulation of circumstances rather than direct force application. #the Art of War#the Art of the Deal#ancient Chinese military strategy#current US applications#MAGA#US-China trade war Join as a free member to stay updated with the latest information: https://open.firstory.me/join/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho Make a small donation to support this program: https://open.firstory.me/user/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho Leave a comment to tell me your thoughts on this episode: Comment link   Powered by Firstory Hosting

    58 min
  5. The multidimensional reform of Qin in 350s B.C.E.

    1 JUL · CONTENIDO EXTRA

    The multidimensional reform of Qin in 350s B.C.E.

    Summary: Ancient Chinese Reforms and the Rise of Qin State Introduction This episode focuses on the background story of ancient Chinese strategic reforms, specifically examining events around 356 BCE. Rather than diving directly into complex political strategies, this provides essential historical context about the evolution of these tactics. Historical Context: The Warring States Period (circa 356 BCE) During this period, China was divided into seven major states. The state of Qin, located in the far west, was considered the most backward and least developed of these states, operating more like a tribal society compared to the others. Shang Yang's Three Major Reforms A strategist named Shang Yang successfully persuaded Lord Qin Xiaogong to implement three revolutionary legal reforms: 1. Codification of Laws The Problem: Previously, punishment and rewards depended on officials' moods and personal relationships, creating unpredictable and dangerous governance. The Solution: Shang Yang proposed writing down all possible criminal behaviors and their corresponding punishments in a comprehensive legal code. This meant: Officials would consult the written law rather than make arbitrary decisionsPunishments and rewards became standardized and predictableMilitary service and contributions to the state earned specific, documented rewardsPersonal emotions and relationships no longer influenced legal decisions2. Unification of Written Language The Problem: Each region had its own dialect and writing system. Most people were illiterate, and even educated officials serving the government often couldn't communicate effectively across regions, requiring translators. The Solution: Qin standardized official documentation to use only Qin characters and language, eliminating: Translation delays and errorsMiscommunication in government affairsInefficiency in administrative processes3. Standardization of Cart Wheel Measurements The Problem: Different regions used carts with varying wheel sizes and axle widths, creating logistical nightmares for: Resource transportationMilitary coordinationTrade efficiencyThe Solution: Qin mandated uniform cart specifications across all territories, ensuring: Consistent transportation speedsBetter military coordinationReduced waste and improved efficiencyResults and Impact Within approximately ten years (by 346 BCE), these reforms transformed Qin from the most backward state into a formidable power. The state successfully attacked Han and demonstrated such strength that the other five states realized they needed to form alliances to counter Qin's growing influence. By the 330s BCE, the remaining states finally understood they had to pursue collaborative strategies to compete with Qin's newly organized and efficient system. Conclusion This transformation represents a classic example of "the advantage of backwardness" - how a less developed state could leapfrog ahead through systematic reforms and modernization. Qin's success laid the groundwork for the coalition and alliance strategies that would define the later Warring States period. #advantage of backwardness#multidimensional reform#ancient form of written law#unification of written language#standardization of wheel axle length Join as a free member to stay updated with the latest information: https://open.firstory.me/join/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho Make a small donation to support this program: https://open.firstory.me/user/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho Leave a comment to tell me your thoughts on this episode: Comment link This appears to be standard podcast promotional text in Traditional Chinese, commonly used at the end of podcast episodes to encourage listener engagement through membership, donations, and feedback. Powered by Firstory Hosting

    28 min
  6. Vertical vs Horizontal Alliances

    24 JUN

    Vertical vs Horizontal Alliances

    Ancient Chinese Alliance Strategies and Modern Applications Historical Context: The Warring States Period Part of China's Warring States period (around 334-234 BCE), two major diplomatic strategies emerged that would shape military and political thinking for thousand of years: Vertical Alliance Strategy (合縱) This strategy involved weaker states forming coalitions to resist the dominant power of Qin. The concept was: Multiple smaller states would unite against the strongest single stateEach ally would provide mutual support through troops, funding, and resourcesThe goal was to prevent any one state from achieving total dominanceThis strategy maintained balance of power for approximately 15 years during the political career of Su Chin. It activated in several other periods as wellHorizontal Alliance Strategy (連橫) This counter-strategy exploited human nature and self-interest: The dominant state (Qin) would approach each rival individuallyQin would offer attractive terms and benefits to potential alliesBy making separate deals, Qin could break apart the vertical alliancesThis divide-and-conquer approach ultimately proved successfulModern Applications Contemporary Geopolitics The speaker draws parallels between these ancient strategies and current international relations, particularly regarding: How major powers manage alliances and rivalriesThe challenge of maintaining multilateral coalitionsEconomic incentives used to influence diplomatic relationshipsWorkplace Applications The principles can be applied in professional settings: Building relationships gradually: Start with individual colleagues before expanding to larger groupsUnderstanding group dynamics: Recognize how alliances form and shift within organizationsStrategic networking: Build connections across departments and divisionsMaintaining balance: Foster healthy competition while promoting overall organizational successKey Lessons Strategy is neutral: These approaches are tools that can be used constructively or destructivelyHuman nature matters: Self-interest often trumps collective benefitTiming is crucial: The effectiveness of any strategy depends on proper timing and executionAdaptability is essential: Successful strategists must adjust their approach based on changing circumstancesConclusion These ancient Chinese strategies remain relevant today because they address fundamental aspects of human behavior and power dynamics. Whether in international relations or workplace politics, understanding these principles can help individuals navigate complex social and political environments more effectively. The ultimate goal should be creating harmony and mutual benefit rather than purely self-serving manipulation.   Thank you for listening to this analysis of classical Chinese strategy. #Ancient Chinese history#systems analysis#era of warring states#international relations strategies#diplomacy#modern approaches#multilateral alliance#bilateral treaty 加入免費會員，更新資訊不漏接： https://open.firstory.me/join/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho 小額贊助支持本節目： https://open.firstory.me/user/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho 留言告訴我你對這一集的想法： https://open.firstory.me/user/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho/comments Powered by Firstory Hosting

    37 min
  7. Vertical and Horizontal Alliances

    TRÁILER

    Vertical and Horizontal Alliances

    Did you know that horizontal and vertical alliance strategies are actually developed and taught by the same master strategistGui Gu Zi? Generally speaking, vertical alignment and horizontal connections are often presented as contradictory approaches. Please follow my podcast to see more about the theatre of international relations during the era of warring states of Ancient China. Moreover, I’ll tell you how modern states apply these two strategies. Finally, I'll also explain how we can apply these strategies in our daily lives."   #ancient Chinese history#era of warring states#diplomatic strategies#contemporary international relations#multidimentional strategy 加入免費會員，更新資訊不漏接： https://open.firstory.me/join/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho 小額贊助支持本節目： https://open.firstory.me/user/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho 留言告訴我你對這一集的想法： https://open.firstory.me/user/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho/comments Powered by Firstory Hosting

    1 min
  8. A Strategic perspective on the Three Families Dividing Jin

    17 JUN

    A Strategic perspective on the Three Families Dividing Jin

    Chinese Historical Strategy: Three Families Dividing Jin (三家分晉) Introduction Hello friends! I'm starting a new series analyzing "Tongjian Jishi Benmo" (通鑒記事本末) - a detailed account of Chinese historical events. These ancient strategies remain relevant today for understanding power dynamics and protecting yourself in complex situations. Note: This knowledge is for self-defense and awareness, not manipulation. The Historical Event (456-453 BCE) The Setup In ancient China's Jin state, four powerful families served under the Duke: Zhi Family (智氏): Most powerful, chief ministerZhao Family (趙氏): StrongWei Family (魏氏): StrongHan Family (韓氏): WeakestThe Strategic Mistake The Zhi family initially allied with the other three to overthrow the Duke, but revealed their true plan: eliminate the allies afterward and rule alone. The Counter-Move Recognizing the threat, the three weaker families united against the Zhi family. Though individually weak, together they matched the Zhi family's power. They informed the Duke of the Zhi family's rebellion, gaining legitimacy for their cause. Result: In 453 BCE, the three families defeated and eliminated the entire Zhi family. The Final Division The remaining families eventually grew tired of puppet rulers. In 403 BCE, the Zhou king officially granted them independent status, dividing Jin's territory and ending the Duke's rule. Modern Workplace Applications Your Strategic Options Best Choice: Stay neutral - do your job well and avoid office politics entirely. If You Must Choose a Side: Most Powerful Faction: Safe but limited benefits - you're not essential to themWeakest Faction: Risky but your contribution is valued highlyMiddle Faction: Balanced influence without excessive responsibilityKey Principles Create Balance: If only two factions exist, try forming a third with neutral partiesOdd Numbers Work Better: Three factions give employees more bargaining power than twoKnow Your Position: Managers prefer even numbers of subordinate groups; employees prefer odd numbers of peer factionsConclusion The "Three Families Dividing Jin" teaches us that: Unity among the weak can overcome individual strengthRevealing intentions too early can be fatalPower balances constantly shift and require careful navigationUse these insights to protect yourself and understand complex situations - never to manipulate others. Thank you for listening to this analysis of classical Chinese strategy.   #systems analysis#Strategic approach#Three families dividing Jin#balance of power#alliance#collaboration#Standing point#halls of power#survival 加入免費會員，更新資訊不漏接： https://open.firstory.me/join/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho 小額贊助支持本節目： https://open.firstory.me/user/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho 留言告訴我你對這一集的想法： https://open.firstory.me/user/ckeiik73n1k6i08391xamn9ho/comments Powered by Firstory Hosting

    36 min
Ver todo (186)

Tráilers

Acerca de

Understand the big picture for the sake of ourselves email：vychang@alumni.ucdavis.edu B.A. in History and Political Science, University of Claifornia, Davis, 2003 PMP, Project Management I institute， since2007 MBA， Fu-Jen Catholic University， 2008 Powered by Firstory Hosting

Información