Birth Words: Language For a Better Birth

Sara Pixton
Birth Words: Language For a Better Birth

Birth worker Sara Pixton draws on her backgrounds in applied linguistics and social work to explore the power of words during the childbearing season and how we can all come together to better care for and honor those who give birth.

  1. Unethical: How Ethics Fade from View in the Birth Space

    2023/09/25

    Unethical: How Ethics Fade from View in the Birth Space

    In this episode, Sara confronts the topic of ethics in the birth space. Unfortunately, ethically objectionable things happen frequently in the birth space. Even more unfortunately, they are often not recognized as such. Using the explanations of ethical fading, Sara explores many ethically questionable things that have been justified to be regularly done during birth.   REFERENCES: Betrán, A. P., Torloni, Zhang, J., & Gülmezoglu, A. M. (2015). WHO Statement on Caesarean Section Rates. Bjog: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 123(5), 667–670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.13526 Betran, A. P., Ye, J., Moller, A., Souza, J. P., & Zhang, J. (2021). Trends and projections of caesarean section rates: global and regional estimates. BMJ Global Health, 6(6), e005671. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005671 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022a, February 25). Stats of the states - cesarean delivery rates. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/cesarean_births/cesareans.htm#print March of Dimes. (n.d.). Total cesarean deliveries by maternal race: United States, 2019-2021 Average. March of Dimes | PeriStats. https://www.marchofdimes.org/peristats/data?lev=1&obj=1®=99&slev=1&stop=355&top=8 Maturana, H. R., & Varela, F. J. (1992). The Tree of Knowledge: the biological roots of human understanding (p. 247). https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA04994769 Tenbrunsel, A. E., & Messick, D. M. (2004). (Links to an external site.) Ethical fading: The role of self-deception in unethical behaviorLinks to an external site.. Social Justice Research, 17(2), 223-236. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:sore.0000027411.35832.53

    30 分鐘
  2. Rebirth: Birth Words is Back for Season 2... With a Twist!

    2023/08/15

    Rebirth: Birth Words is Back for Season 2... With a Twist!

    After a two-year hibernation, Birth Words is being reborn! Season 2 of Birth Words will offer monthly episodes, plus a new twist... listen to this episode to find out more!   TRANSCRIPT: Intro: Welcome to birth words. Words are powerful. What are you doing with yours? In this podcast, birth doula and Applied Linguistics scholar Sara Pixton invites you to be intentional, reflective, and empowering with your language as we come together to honor those who give birth. Hello, this is Sara with Birth Words, and I am thrilled to be back in this podcast space with you. The last episode that I published of Birth Words was episode number 78 in June of 2021, so over two years ago. And since then, Birth Words has been in hibernation. I've still worked on a few things here and there, but for the most part, I've shifted over the last couple of years, my attention to other places. I did a lot of work as a birth doula, spent a lot of time on call, attending a lot of births, and just needed one less thing on my plate as I did that. Now I'm kind of shifting my rhythm again, and I am ready to come back with Episode One of Season Two of Birth Words. I am going to be working on Season Two at a little different rate than I did with Season One. Rather than weekly or bi-weekly episodes, I'm planning to release monthly episodes. So this is the August 2023 episode of Birth Words, Season Two. Coming into Season Two, I will be adding a new angle into the work of Birth Words here in the podcast and in other work on social media and elsewhere. I am starting another master's degree. And when I get a new master's degree, I just have to add it into my podcast work. Many of you who are with me from Season One may know that I, during Season One, was pursuing and then graduated from a master's program in applied linguistics. And that was a lot of where much of the content came from for Birth Words Season One. As I would learn about different topics in my applied linguistics classes, I would reflect on their application in the birth space, and then come up with episodes to discuss and think about the impact of language on the way that we give birth and the way that we experience pregnancy and postpartum. With my new master's degree, I will be building off of that work, always incorporating that background of linguistics. But now, I'm also going to bring to the podcast, the new perspective and understanding and knowledge that I gain during my work in my Masters of Social Work program. And we will incorporate the perspective of social work and healing talk throughout the coming podcast episodes. So briefly, I just want to share a bit about my journey and why I decided to get another master's degree. I likely mentioned at some point during the 78 episodes of Season One of Birth Words that my long-term plan was to work as a doula for a while and then go back to school, first for a bachelor's in nursing and then for a master's degree in nurse midwifery, so that I could be a Certified Nurse Midwife and be the care provider in that space, and catch new babies and watch and empower and support and love my clients as they brought new life into the world. And that is a beautiful dream. And I have watched many of my doula colleagues go on to choose a path in midwifery. And it is beautiful, and I am so thrilled that they act as care providers in that space. And the longer I worked towards it, and the more I was on call, and the more I attended births at all hours of the night, I realized that it was taking a big toll on my mental health and my family life to be on call, always needing to have my phone with me and ready to go to a birth at any time, and that the irregular sleep schedule is really not something that was going to work long-term for me to be in a mentally healthy place. And so, I decided instead to focus on mental health—my own by making a choice that will work much more naturally with my strengths and my own needs and family life—and one that will focus on the mental health of my clients in the future. So I'm pursuing a master's degree in social work to become a licensed clinical social worker. And for those who don't know, a licensed clinical social worker is one of the many different qualifications you can have to be a therapist or a counselor, meeting with clients. So I'm thrilled and look forward to that work, to be able to sit with my clients, especially those going through this childbearing journey, whether they're trying to conceive, and having difficulty with that, or whether they're facing challenges during their pregnancies, or in the postpartum time, especially as mental health becomes a concern for many people during that time. I am going to sit with my clients and listen compassionately to them and offer them the care that a therapist can offer. So like I said, Birth Words is going to evolve a little bit to incorporate some of that perspective that social work brings to the table and the work of healing talk. So stay tuned for that. I'll come back at the end of this episode and talk a little more about what that might look like. But my invitation for you now is to go back and listen to past episodes of Birth Words, Season One. I highly recommend starting with the first five episodes; they lay a pretty good groundwork for the work that we do throughout the rest of Season One of the podcast. They kind of help you to get an idea of what we're doing in this Birth Words space. And they're each only about 15 minutes long. So it's not going to take five hours of your time just a little more than an hour. And then, after you've listened to those groundwork episodes, it's makes a lot of sense to just skip around and find topics that are interesting to you whether that's infertility; or the word “deliver;” or what to do when somebody starts telling a birth horror story, and you're pregnant or giving birth, or supporting somebody who is; and many, many other topics. It makes a lot of sense to just jump around and find the ones that stick out to you after that. Here's a brief summary of Season One of Birth Words: Our words matter. Language is a meaning-making system. We make meaning out of these words, through our lived experience and the associations that come with the language that we've had during those experiences. Because birth, the act of giving life has historically been co-opted by the field of medicine, which is for treating the sick or the injured, the language surrounding birth has been affected. There's a lot of medical, paternalistic, and disease-related language that comes into this life-giving space. The power has been taken out of the hands of the birth giver too often and into the hands of the care provider. Too often, birthing women are treated like machines or broken in the way that we talk about them. There's a lot of industrial or machine metaphors or language that are used to refer to the process of labor and birth. This affects our experiences as birthgivers. And it affects our experiences throughout pregnancy and postpartum. The way that we hear and the way that we talk influences our beliefs and our feelings, and those impact the experiences that we have. So, Birth Words is, as the tagline says, “language for a better birth.” And I definitely want to include in there, pregnancy and postpartum as well. Birth Words is an invitation for those who are giving birth and for birthworkers to be reflective, intentional and empowering with their words. The invitation is to be reflective. To consider which words are ways of talking that I hear or use, don't center the birthgiver. Which words or phrases pathologize birth and treat it more like a disease than a life-giving act. The invitation is to be intentional. To choose words that center the birthgiver, and acknowledge that birth is a natural, physiological process; that pregnancy is awe-inspiring; and that postpartum is identity-shifting, and it's a magical time where support is needed and recovery should be the first priority. The invitation is to be empowering. Stop and think just a minute about how incredible pregnancy and birth and postpartum are. Growing a human. Bringing that human into the world through an orifice that stretches to accommodate life. Hours of the largest, most powerful muscle in the body contracting and releasing and changing its anatomy to have a large opening in the bottom of it for a baby to pass through. Growing and disposing of a whole organ as part of this process. Holy freaking cow. That. Is. Power. Let's make sure that the way that we talk acknowledges that power. As I mentioned, we're moving into a new space with Season Two, and there will be a new twist as I pursue my Masters of Social Work. I want to share with you here a definition of Social Work from socialworklicensemap.com, and the reference is in the show notes. The definition says, “social work is a practice-based profession that promotes social change, development, cohesion, and the empowerment of people and communities. Social work practice involves the understanding of human development, behavior, and the social, economic and cultural institutions and interactions.” That is just rife with opportunities to explore in Season Two: the social change that we're working towards in the space of pregnancy, birth and postpartum; the development that occurs among people and communities in that space; the cohesion—the coming together—of different professionals, different perspectives to support birthgivers; and the empowerment of individual people and communities. Birth is an opportunity for that, if we will work to make it so. This definition says, “social work practice involves the understanding of human development.” That is not just physical, but also emotional, mental health focus, and how our developing as people happens and affects our experiences during childbearing. Also, “behavior and the social, economic and cultural i

    14 分鐘
  3. Narratives: What to Do When Someone Starts Telling a Birth "Horror Story"

    2021/06/21

    Narratives: What to Do When Someone Starts Telling a Birth "Horror Story"

    In this episode, Sara discusses what to do when family, friends, or others start telling birth "horror stories" at baby showers or in birthing spaces. She uses the framework of narrative analysis to offer ideas about constructive ways to respond in these situations.   TRANSCRIPT: Welcome. This is episode number 78 of Birth Words. Today we'll be talking about what to do when you're in a birth space or at a baby shower or any sort of event like that. When someone starts telling a birth horror story Intro: Welcome to birth words. Words are powerful. What are you doing with yours? In this podcast birth doula and Applied Linguistics scholar Sara Pixton invites you to be intentional, reflective and empowering with your language as we come together to honor those who give birth. The work of birth words is to elevate the language surrounding pregnancy, birth and the postpartum period. Nothing in this podcast should be taken as medical advice. Hello, welcome to today's episode. I have some news. I don't know if it's good, bad, exciting, interesting, or otherwise. But I will share the news as we start this episode. We are coming up on the end of the second full year of the birth words podcast. The end of June marks the end of the second full year of this podcast. And I have learned so much; I've loved connecting with guests; I've loved delving into lots of topics relating to pregnancy, birth and the postpartum period. And I've loved learning about hosting podcasts and connecting with people that way. And I'm going to keep doing it through this third year of the birth words podcast, but I'm going to be doing it less frequently. So the first year of this podcast, you can go back and listen to all of the episodes that were released. Every single week. Every Monday, a new episode came out. And then moving into the second year I went to a bi-weekly, every other week, schedule. So for the last year, I've been releasing an episode not each week, but every other week. And now moving into year three of the podcast I'm leaving this platform open as a space to talk about the importance of birth and language and pregnancy and language and the postpartum experience and language. But I'm not going to be releasing episodes on a predictable schedule. When there's a really important topic that arises naturally in my own experience, I will create an episode and share it with you. Or I have an opportunity to connect with a guest that I'm interested in sharing their story or their wisdom as it relates to the birthing year and the power of words, I will share it with you on this podcast. But the times in which these episodes will be released will just be a little bit less predictable or regular. So stay tuned. Please keep checking back in for new episodes. Please keep following me on Instagram and Facebook @birthwords or check out content at birthwords.com. But just know that it won't be coming quite as regularly. The reason for that is I am at the very beginning of an exciting journey towards becoming a certified nurse midwife, but I first need to get a bachelor's degree in nursing and then a master's or possibly a doctorate in nurse midwifery after that. So, my original bachelor's degree was an elementary ed. and then I got a master's degree in applied linguistics. As you know, I've combined information from that master's degree with my passion for birth work here in this podcast. And I've loved doing that. And I feel called to keep working on this, in this work, and to become a care provider and to give empowering, intentional, and reflective support to birthing families as a certified nurse midwife, but it's a long journey. There are a lot of classes that I need to take between here and there and I just need to shift my energy a little bit as I begin that path. So, there's my announcement, exciting and mixed with just a little bit of a slower pace here at the Birth Words podcast. Please keep checking back in. Now, I mentioned in the welcome to this episode that we're going to be talking about an important subject. What do you do if you're in a birth space… Or if you are at a baby shower… Or if you're just in a conversation with a pregnant person and somebody else and a birth story arises that is not the kind that will invite positive birth experiences. We call these birth horror stories or terror stories or you've heard people probably tell these sorts of stories that incite fear, or worry, or anxiety, lack of reverence and respect for the birthing process, whatever it is… Invite negative feelings about the birth experience. What do you do if you're in that space and you're kind of a bystander when this sort of story comes up? Unfortunately, this episode topic was inspired by a recent experience at a birth I attended with a client and I will not go into details for several reasons. But at that birth, a story was unfortunately shared that was not at all helpful to my client that she was laboring to bring her baby earthside. And the way that I responded, looking back, I don't think that I responded terribly. I also think that if I'd had weeks to ponder on it beforehand, I would have responded in a slightly different way. So, I'm taking this space to think through those sorts of experiences. With you. So that each of us, when we're in a space like that, can be ready to respond in a different way. Also, I want to backpedal just a little bit for another reason I chose this topic. Yes, it was inspired by this recent unfortunate experience. It was also inspired by the same conversation that made me want to pursue doula work four and a half years ago, after my son was born, when I was speaking with my friends on the playground and they said how, was his birth? And I said, “it was amazing. It was incredible. My body did this amazing thing and I felt so empowered… and powerful… and wow, I loved it. And I remember looking at my friends’ faces and the look of surprise that came across their faces because they weren't expecting a story of empowerment and awe and wonder from that birth experience. They were expecting one of these more negative stories like they'd encountered maybe at their own baby showers. Maybe by people in their birth space, maybe from their own mothers, or aunts or sisters or neighbors or friends. And I think that we really need to do some work to change the narrative of birth. Of course, there's a caveat that there are traumatic birth experiences. People do experience birth in a traumatic way sometimes, and I honor and hold space for that. I accept that as true and acknowledge that that is the unfortunate experience of some people. I also feel that there are many instances where stories are told in ways that amplify the negative rather than amplifying the positive and especially when the story is not someone's own, but is rather repeated for effect. For the “wow, can you believe that happened?” response. Those are the sorts of stories that I want to change. And of course, if people have negative or traumatic or difficult birth experiences, I am in no way saying that they aren't allowed to speak about them. But I am saying let's find the right space for people to have those conversations in a way that can be healing for all people involved. Okay, so, in many of these episodes, if you've been listening along for a while, you know, I kind of like to take a topic like this—birth stories—and specifically, disempowering or negative or traumatic or horror stories, and take a linguistic framework and meld the two and say, “what can we learn when we apply this linguistic framework to this experience?” So the framework—the ideas that I'm using today—come from a book called Narrative Analysis Catherine Kohler Riessman. And you can see the full citation for that work in the show notes. It is a Qualitative Research Methods series publication that is outlining the way to do narrative analysis. Linguists sometimes take narratives or stories and analyze them and break them apart into pieces and discover the whys and hows and wherefores of stories that people tell, of narratives. So, in narrative Analysis, the author, Catherine Riessman, begins by discussing what we do when we tell stories or narratives—what that process entails. And so, I'm going to read several quotes from her book, and after each quote, take a moment to stop and apply it to the experience of telling horror stories about birth. So, here's a quote from Catherine Riessman in Narrative Analysis. She says, “we do not have direct access to another's experience. Se deal with ambiguous representations of it: talk, text, interaction and interpretation. It is not possible to be neutral and objective: to merely represent as opposed to interpret the world.” She says that on page eight So here, Riessman is saying, we can't directly access and other people's experiences. There is necessarily… barrier is a bit strong of a word. A middle ground through which someone's experience travels before it comes to us. And that middle ground partially is language. It’s impossible, she says, to be neutral and objective, to merely represent an experience. Always, when we represent an experience, we are simultaneously interpreting it. So, applying this to the instance of, let's give an example of, you're at a baby shower and somebody starts to tell about, “Oh, when I had my baby 15 years ago, you wouldn't believe what… la da da da da. I don't need to fill in the blanks because that is not helpful. But let's say somebody launches into a story that is unhelpful, like that. This quote reminds us that both for the teller of the story and the hearers of it, there is a filter through which the story is being told, and a filter through which the story is being received. And of course, as a receiver of the story, we have no control over the filter that the teller of the story is using to portray and interpret the narrative. But we do have con

    23 分鐘
  4. Necessary: Talking About Pelvic Floor Health with Dr. Betty DeLass, DPT

    2021/06/07

    Necessary: Talking About Pelvic Floor Health with Dr. Betty DeLass, DPT

    In this episode, Sara interviews pelvic floor PT Betty DeLass. Betty discusses the importance of normalizing pelvic health through talking about it! She also makes an exciting announcement about how she's working to improve the perinatal experience for *everyone*!    TRANSCRIPT: Welcome to episode number 77 of the Birth Words podcast. Today, I am thrilled to introduce you to Dr. Betty DeLass, a pelvic floor physical therapist who has so much good stuff to say. Intro: Welcome to Birth Words. Words are powerful. What are you doing with yours? In this podcast, birth doula and applied linguistics scholar Sara Pixton invites you to be intentional, reflective and empowering with your language as we come together to honor those who give birth. The work of birth words is to elevate the language surrounding pregnancy, birth and the postpartum period. Nothing in this podcast should be taken as medical advice. Sara: Dr. Betty DeLass is a concierge physical therapist in the Salt Lake City, Utah area. She comes to your house for each session. Her passion is to serve, educate and empower all of her patients to live life to the fullest. She is super passionate about everyone's journey along pelvic health and wellness. She treats women of all ages. She specializes in pelvic floor treatment of bowel, bladder, sexual and abdominal dysfunction, including incontinence, constipation, diastasis recti, preconception, pregnancy, postpartum pelvic organ prolapse, frequent urination, pelvic pain, painful intercourse or sexual activity, urinary urgency, urinary retention, and perineal tears. She uses a combination of an orthopedic physical therapy skill set with her pelvic health skill set to individualize your care. She provides local one-on-one concierge mobile pelvic floor PT, remote consultations, and out-of-town programs. You can find her on Instagram @drbettydelassdpt and on Facebook at Reborn Pelvic Health and Wellness. Her website is www.rebornphw.com. Welcome, Betty, to the Birth Words podcast. I'm just so thrilled that I get to talk with you about pelvic floor health tonight. I'm going to jump into some questions. And the very first one is, “Why do people, why do so many people, suffer needlessly with pelvic health issues?” Betty: All right, well, thanks, Sara, for having me on here. And I'm just as excited too, so I guess we'll just dive right into those questions. And so I think there's a variety of reasons why people suffer needlessly. I think the biggest thing is just awareness that there is pelvic floor therapy and other therapies that can help with all different sorts of things regarding birth and the pelvic floor. So, I often classify this into five phases of pelvic floor health and wellness. And so, there's five different stages of pelvic floor awareness that you can be in. So one would be people who are like, “what is the pelvic floor? I don't even know what you're talking about.” They have no clue. So it's more of that awareness part. Second group of people would be, “I've heard of it, I know what the pelvic floor is. You do kegels, right?” And so that's kind of another class of people. And then the third class would be, “I've been, I've been dealing with some stuff down there, I've Googled some things. I don't know why these kegels aren't working. Maybe I need some help in this area. No one's really addressing this leaking. I still have pain with intercourse, I've got some nagging, low back pain. And sometimes, you know, I just don't think this is normal, maybe there's something I should do.” And they've heard maybe from a friend or a neighbor, or a parent or something, “oh, you should maybe look into some pelvic PT.” So that's another classification of people. And then after that, there's the people who have done pelvic PT, and they're like, “oh, my gosh, this has changed my life.” And they just want everyone else to know about that. And then the fifth category of people that I would classify in that pelvic health and wellness journey is kind of just continuing with their optimal health and wellness and doing things in life without leaking without pain and enjoying and challenging their body in many different ways that maybe they didn't even think were possible. So those are the stages: the five phases of pelvic floor health and wellness, if you will. And I think so many people are in those one through three phases, and they just don't know, they just don't know. And so, that's kind of my life mission is to just spread that word of hey, we're here. We're here to help, and we're here to help you experience all of the goodness of life that you can do without leaking without pain without, you know, dysfunction and all that stuff. Sara: Yeah, that… I mean, it was a little bit of a leading question, because I think that absolutely… many people just don't know. And why do they not know about pelvic floor muscles, pelvic health? It’s because we don't really talk about it that much. I mean, you talk about it all day long. Betty: Yeah. Sara: Outside of people who are actively seeing and seeking help from pelvic PTS, it's often not talked about. So clearly, though, there's a need if there are so many people that have issues that could be resolved… you told me stories when we were talking before about, clients that you worked with, who after four visits totally changed their urinary incontinence, right? Betty: Mmmhmm, mmhmm, yep. Sara: Things can happen if you just know where to turn for help and what questions to ask, but you have to open the doors to conversation. And that's…  Betty: Yep, absolutely Sara: …why I wanted to talk to you on this podcast, where we talk about the importance, the power of language and words, and just having conversations about these things is huge. Betty: Mmmhmm Sara: But… Betty: Absolutely Sara: …it's maybe not something that everybody's ready to just start talking about. So how do you introduce this topic of pelvic health and how important it is? To people who don't feel comfortable talking about it? Betty: Great question. So I I love, love, love this question. So I there's many different things here too. So oftentimes, I'll say, “Okay, we go to the dentist a couple times a year for preventative health, right? We go to the doctor, we go see a massage therapist, we go to the chiropractor, we do all these other things. And we should also do the same thing for our musculoskeletal system? Why wouldn't we go and get just a full body examination of how are we moving, how is our strength, how's our coordination, how's our range of motion, and kind of address those things from a preventative wellness standpoint.” So that's one area to kind of just think about. Another area too, is we should be doing self breast exams, we should be doing, you know, getting regular pap smears every three years, I think that's the current recommendation. And then shouldn't we also probably do, you know, an internal pelvic floor muscle exam as well, just to make sure things are working optimally? And then another point on that, too, is, oftentimes, if we have… tear our ACL, or we tear a rotator cuff, and we go and have surgery on those things, what do we do after that? We do rehab. But we grow human beings, and we give birth, and we're just thrown to the wolves. “Six weeks, you're good, go back to doing everything, you're clear.” And it's like, “whoa, whoa, whoa, wait a second.” We do so much more for so many other body parts of our area, or areas of our body, that it's like why, why aren't we doing this? And it's really sad, especially in America. I think the tide is shifting a little bit and the pendulum swinging the other way. But in Canada, in Europe, the standard of care is 12 pelvic PT visits postpartum, off the bat, that’s what you get. And so I would love, love, love to see that here in the United States. And I think that’s shifting too. The people who are a little bit more proactive about it, are actually doing, you know, pelvic PT in preconception pregnancy and postpartum, because on another note that I want to make too is, we know with research that if you were to go have a total knee, or total hip replacement, and you're prepping for something, and you do what's quote, unquote, called “prehab.” So you rehab before you had the surgery, you actually have better outcomes, post-surgical. So why wouldn't we apply that to our pelvic floor? Let's do it. Right? So I very much like to focus on that of the upstream side of things of, “Let's do preconception appointments, let's do pregnancy appointments.” And then we have a better understanding going into birth. And then also, can we work on a couple things so that our birth outcomes are better? Because I've also seen people too, that have had, you know, C-sections that weren't quite planning on it. But then after the fact, it's like, wow, your pelvic floor was super, super tight and elevated, and you had no idea and so that might have, you know, had we worked on that ahead of time, could it have prevented a C section? Possibly, right? I can't guarantee anything, but the conception of… the concept of that is, is valid, right? So I think at all those points, it's just, we have, we have, we should just treat that like any other part of our body, right? There's muscles down there. But it's just like you said, it's not talked about or it's a kind of taboo. We poop and pee every day. We also brush our teeth every day. So if we're taking care of one end of our body, we should probably take care of the other end, too. Right? And so it's just normalizing that conversation and having, you know, having conversations about it and talking to your friends about it. And if someone says, “oh, yeah, I just, you know, cough and sneeze and pee my pants. It's okay. It's just normal.” It's like, “wait, wait, wait, no, it's not normal. It's common, but not normal, let's… you

    22 分鐘
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簡介

Birth worker Sara Pixton draws on her backgrounds in applied linguistics and social work to explore the power of words during the childbearing season and how we can all come together to better care for and honor those who give birth.

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