The Global Marketing Show

globalmarketingshow
The Global Marketing Show

The podcast for global marketers to hear experts talk about opportunities and challenges in increasing multilingual lead gen and revenue. Explore the highs and lows and then delve into best practices for strategies, technologies, processes and quality for translation, transcreation, localization and more.

  1. 18 DÉC.

    From Toronto Lab to Global Market - Show #139

    Mickael Dang is co-founder of Synakis, a biotech startup developing groundbreaking technology for the treatment of retinal detachment. Still in startup mode, the company is part of UTEST, the University of Toronto’s Early Stage Technology Program, which helps deep tech entrepreneurs go from lab to market. Mickael and Wendy connected at the Redefining Early Stage of Investment (RESI) Conference in Boston, where Synakis was among the highest-scoring companies in the Innovator’s Pitch Challenge. (The RESI conference is hosted by Life Science Nation and Wendy recently interviewed Dennis Ford, founder and CEO of Life Sciences Nation, which specializes in fundraising for life sciences companies.)  Mickael’s journey is fascinating. When he arrived in Canada from France six years ago, he could barely string together an English sentence. Today, we find him at the intersection of scientific innovation, entrepreneurship, and global market expansion, having started Synakis while earning a PhD and serving as President of the Student and Young Investigator Section (SYIS) of TERMIS (Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine Society). He is also multilingual; he speaks French, English, and some Mandarin.  “The PhD is the same concept as being an entrepreneur,” he says. “You need to be very self-driven, very independent as well. You have to come up with your own experiment and come up with the next predicted results. I had this entrepreneurial mindset from the get-go and wanted to do a PhD for purpose, to really get the company out there."  Incubated in the laboratory of renowned biomedical engineering professor Dr. Molly Shoichet, Synakis is developing a revolutionary hydrogel-based technology called SNK125. This innovation promises to transform the recovery process for patients suffering from retinal detachment, a serious condition that requires immediate surgical intervention to prevent permanent vision loss.  Current treatments for retinal detachment involve using silicon oil or heavy gases to push the detached retina back into place. While these methods work, they come with significant drawbacks. Patients experience blurry vision during recovery and must maintain exhausting, face-down posturing for hours, sometimes for months. In addition, the materials used aren't biodegradable, requiring a second surgery for removal. Synakis's hydrogel technology eliminates all of these challenges, while reducing recovery time from months to just days.    The Global Path to Market  Equally interesting is the company’s approach to global market entry. Based in Canada, the company has already laid the groundwork for international expansion; in 2019, Mickael proactively filed patents across multiple territories, including Europe, Australia, Canada, and China, to ensure protection of its intellectual property globally. And rather than attempting to tackle multiple markets simultaneously, Synakis will initially focus on North America before expanding to Europe and China. This staged approach allows them to establish a strong foundation in their home market while building the partnerships and relationships required for international expansion.  Throughout, Mickael and his team have been actively seeking partnerships with established industry giants like Alcon or Bausch & Lomb. There are high costs associated with clinical trials these companies – companies that "own the entire market," according to Mickael – have the expertise and distribution networks necessary for successful commercialization.    Funding the Future  Synakis is concurrently seeking seed investment and focusing on several critical milestones: Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) setup, FDA regulatory filing, and preparation for clinical trials. While its primary focus is on North American investors for practical reasons like time zone alignment and ease of communication, they're keeping their options open for international investment, particularly in regions like China, which

    16 min
  2. 11 DÉC.

    Rethinking Brain Science - Show #138

    Emilio Sacristan is the chief scientific officer of Vacere, a company working to eliminate brain damage and death caused by ischemic stroke and vasospasm. The company's CEREFAST™ medical device proved successful in initial human trials, and the team is now conducting multicenter testing in the US via a National Institutes of Health (NIH) grant.  CEREFAST™ significantly improves blood flow to the brain at the earliest interventional opportunity by stimulating facial nerves during a two-minute, non-invasive procedure. “Time is brain,” explains Emilio, and in addition to almost immediate treatment for stroke, the product has been shown effective for the treatment of vasospasm (a potential fatal result of post-aneurysm treatment), and migraines.  Emilio and Wendy connected at the Redefining Early Stage of Investment (RESI) Conference in Boston, hosted by Life Science Nation. (Wendy recently interviewed Dennis Ford, founder and CEO of Life Sciences Nation, which specializes in fundraising for life sciences companies.)  From “Crazy Idea” to Modern Medical Device  Emilio is also a Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalap (UAM-Iztapalapa) in Mexico City. He holds dual Spanish citizenship and speaks four languages (Spanish, English, French, and German) and holds a Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering from Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI). Yet even with such a storied background, Emilio found himself at first skeptical of the whole concept. When his partner first floated the idea, Emilio said “it’s never gonna work.”  Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the second leading cause of death worldwide. In the US, at least 800,000 people suffer a stroke each year, resulting in over 140,000 deaths. Worldwide, those numbers reach 15 million and 7 million, respectively. And these numbers ignore the lifelong disabilities affecting the survivors.  As such, the global implications of CEREFAST™ are profound, representing more than just a medical innovation; it signals a potential paradigm shift in emergency neurological care. In many regions, especially those with limited medical infrastructure, stroke patients often receive minimal treatment at the time of the incident and, as Emilio repeats, “time is brain.”  Navigating Global Markets with Linguistic and Cultural Expertise  And just as Emilio and his partner had to jump through interdisciplinary regulatory and engineering hoops to secure approval for human trials, the company’s go-to-market strategy was built upon a deeply nuanced cross-cultural understanding and attention to linguistic details. Emilio’s linguistic arsenal lends him a significant competitive advantage, allowing him to navigate complex international negotiations, build relationships, and understand subtle communication cues.  Except in China, one of Vacere’s primary target markets, where even English-speaking colleagues can be unreliable in their written translation and spoken interpreting. Emilio admits that he works with a professional language services company for dealings in China, adding that he more than occasionally finds himself translating or reviewing documents in one of his three fluent languages, time that could be better spent on the company’s core competencies.  “Of course we’re going to do this worldwide," Emilio says, starting with expansion into Europe and the start of a migraine study in Latin America next year. When approaching new markets and potential investors, he adds, follow a deliberate and thoughtful cultural playbook, strategically avoiding potentially divisive topics like politics and history, and instead focusing on universally engaging subjects that foster positive dialogue. "Innovation is a topic that everybody likes," he notes. "Everybody has their own definition, but everybody wants to talk about it."  The Multilingual Entrepreneur's Toolkit  For any entrepreneur looking to expand globally, Emilio suggests keeping these skills at the r

    22 min
  3. 4 DÉC.

    Machine Learning Improves Diagnostics - Show #137

    Catalina Vasquez is co-founder and COO of Nanostics Inc., a Canadian biotechnology company that develops and commercializes innovative diagnostic tests. Established in 2017, Nanostics leverages machine learning to generate biomarker-driven improvements to patient care. Its larger aim is to revolutionize personalized medicine through early and accurate disease detection.  Catalina and Wendy connected at the Redefining Early Stage of Investment (RESI) Conference in Boston, hosted by Life Science Nation. (Wendy recently interviewed Dennis Ford, founder and CEO of Life Sciences Nation, which specializes in fundraising for life sciences companies.)   At the heart of the company's origin story is Frank Sojonky, a visionary whose late-stage prostate cancer diagnosis proved a pivotal moment of transformation, both personally and professionally. His life’s work became an extraordinary commitment to advancing research to prevent other families from experiencing the same devastating experience.  Through strategic fundraising and a partnership with the Alberta Cancer Foundation, Sojonky's vision took root. His legacy became the cornerstone of what would evolve into ClarityDX Prostate (known as CDX Prostate in the US), a blood test more precise and reliable alternative than existing methods.  The Science Behind the Innovation  At its technological core, Nanostics represents the cutting edge of medical artificial intelligence. The company’s proprietary approach harnesses machine learning to integrate complex clinical data with standard and proprietary biomarkers. The result is a sophisticated algorithm that generates a precise risk score, predicting the presence of clinically significant prostate cancer with unprecedented accuracy. So the advantage of ClarityDx Prostate is that it is a software as a medical device. It's an algorithm.  What sets Nanostics apart is its ability to differentiate between aggressive prostate cancer and indolent forms of the disease, meaning cases that are asymptomatic or marked by slow progression. By providing a percentage-based risk assessment, the technology empowers both patients and physicians to make more informed decisions about potential biopsies, which come with “significant adverse effects,” even death. “For the family to find out later on that the patient did not have prostate cancer,” Catalina continues, “that's what we want to avoid.”  Global Validation Through Rigorous International Research  The company’s strategy included a comprehensive international validation strategy designed to recruit over 3,400 patients across multiple countries, including Canada, the US, and Europe. This ambitious approach involved collaborations with prestigious institutions like UCLA, Johns Hopkins University, University of Calgary, University of Alberta, and Thomayer University in Europe.  As soon as the company launched its clinical trials, the COVID-19 pandemic happened, temporarily halting patient recruitment at multiple sites. Catalina and her team were unfazed, however, and she says:  In reality, after COVID abated it was actually quite easy to recruit for this study because patients really, really wanted to help. So out of a hundred patients, 97-98 of the patients would agree to participate in the study. Because of that, the recruitment was super quick. We were able to recruit 1500 patients in less than a year.  There is a worldwide need for improved prostate cancer screening. The company’s recruitment strategy originated in English only, but quickly expanded to attract participants from South America and the Middle East, concurrent with a search for more diverse candidates domestically. Marketing in different regions requires a nuanced understanding of cultural differences in healthcare.  As such, the company doesn't simply deploy a one-size-fits-all solution but carefully adapts its technology and messaging to specific regional contexts:  In Colombia, where men often pursue biopsies out of extreme c

    17 min
  4. 20 NOV.

    Biotech’s Global Reach - Show #136

    Akeem Gardner is the CEO of Canadian biotech startup Canurta, a Canadian-based biotech company that specializes in extracting and enriching rare molecules found in nature and developing them into botanical therapeutics to help patients who are suffering from major neurodegenerative and inflammatory diseases.  More specifically, botanical drugs rely on a variety of technologies to gather and upcycle plant waste, and Canurta has created processes for creating purified standards and molecules that can eventually go to market:  “But what many people don't know is that the FDA actually gives you a botanical drug development guidance of how you could handcraft or properly formulate molecules from plants to get specific ingredients that target specific mechanisms that can help patients with the neuroprotection that they need to extend their lifespan but also live more healthy lives across a longer lifespan.”  Akeem and Wendy connected at the Redefining Early Stage of Investment (RESI) Conference in Boston, hosted by Life Science Nation. (Wendy recently interviewed Dennis Ford, founder and CEO of Life Sciences Nation, which specializes in fundraising for life sciences companies.)   In this episode, Akeem describes how his company leverages global connections and diverse perspectives to drive growth and innovation, especially for its most advanced program, dedicated to the treatment of ALS, or Lou Gehrig's disease.  Building International Partnerships  Akeem has made it a priority to cultivate international partnerships, recognizing the need for a global patient pool. To facilitate these global connections, he tapped into resources available to Canadian companies: federal and provincial governments subsidize attendance at industry events and make introductions to key organizations. "They create spaces for Canadian companies, so that I just have to get on a flight, get to where the opportunity is, or the event is, and then they help us with matchmaking and making introductions to the organizations that we need to meet," he explains.  Akeem's own diverse background also contributes to his global mindset. Having studied law in the UK before founding Canurta, he is comfortable navigating different cultures and languages, “always so excited about how people are living in different places in the world," he adds.  Leveraging Language and Culture  Akeem encourages his team to embrace existing technologies to mitigate the barriers that language and culture sometimes creates. He lauds the practical uses of generative AI and Google Translate, but only for translating signs or navigating public transportation in foreign countries. Clinical trials, regulatory documents, and sensitive information require professional translation, however, and Akeem relies on his experienced team for translation management so that he can focus on building relationships with key opinion leaders and patients.  He has learned along the way that fostering that focus in other areas of the company is also important. For example, managing cash flow rather than chasing every opportunity that presents itself is key to long-term success, especially during difficult economic times when capital is scarce.  Another lesson Akeem has learned is to trust his own instincts and his team’s capabilities, rather than relying solely on advice from outside experts. "Everyone has an opinion, but they're not always experts in the day-to-day of what you're doing," he said. Staying grounded in the realities will help you navigate the complexities of biotech development with confidence.  The Power of Diverse Perspectives  His background as a non-traditional biotech founder has also taught him the value of embracing diverse perspectives. With a background in law and agriculture, he initially grappled with imposter syndrome, feeling that he lacked the scientific credentials of his peers.  Since, however, he has come to see his unique perspective as a strength: "I used to have a lot of

    27 min
  5. 13 NOV.

    Taking a Technical Business Global - Show #135

    In this episode, we hear from Tom Gallagher, CEO of Diversified Automation and a former Penn State classmate. Who'd have thought we'd reconnect all these years later via a podcast? Listen for Tom's real-world insights and career advice shaped by his global business experience.  Tom recently stepped into the role of CEO at Diversified Automation following its acquisition by Leadec, a German powerhouse in the automotive and manufacturing sectors. Their newfound, shared vision leverages Leadec’s international scale to develop opportunities for innovative and advanced automation in manufacturing and package handling. The companies have worked with Mercedes-Benz, Ford, Chevy, Amazon, DHL, FedEx, UPS, and more.  Tom regrets not having learned German, though he couldn’t have predicted the country’s influence on his career at the outset. He explains how government-mandated work safety and life balance requirements mean German citizens can only work so many hours a day. During one visit, he and his associates were not allowed back in the building after an evening meal!  His global experience yielded other surprising customs:  When traveling for business internationally, your hosts may expect you to dine and socialize outside the office.    In Germany, people like to walk for fresh air and exercise before and after dinner. His colleagues often pick a restaurant 15 to 20 minutes away to enjoy the time together.  Breakfasts can vary widely worldwide! Some European breakfasts feature an array of meats and cheeses, completely unlike typical American fare. Singapore's charming "Toast" shops offer avocado toast and matcha tea, showcasing the city-state's unique blend of Eastern and Western influences.  Like many in global business, Tom grappled with common concerns: How do you pick the right partners in unfamiliar territories? How can you anticipate trade limitations varying wildly from country to country? He recounts instances where equipment from China was barred entry into Korea and Vietnam, causing unexpected delays. In every case, a good and knowledgeable partner will help to avoid these issues.  Similarly, Tom's experiences underscore the value of expertise in translation, interpreting, and communication across language barriers. He found bilingual professionals with relevant industry knowledge invaluable for technical discussions and high-stakes negotiations. Their nuanced understanding of language and subject matter far outperformed general translators or AI solutions, especially in technically complex fields.  His final, best advice:  “If you have the opportunity to do international work, do not hesitate to say ‘YES!’” You will learn so much through travel, the interactions with local people, the experience of seeing how people live, and exposure to different cultures. Don’t worry about failing,” he adds. “You may. That’s OK. You will learn from it.”  Links:   Website: https://diversified-automation.com/  https://usa.leadec-services.com/  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/tom-gallagher-5b52934/    Connect with Wendy - https://www.linkedin.com/in/wendypease/  Music: Fiddle-De-Dee by Shane Ivers - https://www.silvermansound.com

    35 min
  6. 6 NOV.

    Global Fundraising in Life Sciences - Show #134

    Dennis Ford is founder and CEO of Life Science Nation, a sourcing platform for market intelligence and prospect pipeline development for life sciences companies.   An expert in the art of international fundraising, he is also the author of The Life Science Executive’s Fundraising Manifesto. In this episode, Dennis shares real-world insight into how fundraising in life sciences has evolved, and why you’ve got to “go global” to succeed in today’s competitive marketplace.  The Four Pillars of Life Science  Put simply, the life sciences industry can be broken down into the “four Ds”: Drugs, Devices, Diagnostics, and Digital Health. Each category has its own timeline and development path – from the lengthy 15-20 year process for drugs to the relatively quick development cycle for digital health solutions. Typically, startup companies need to target 600 to 800 potential investors to run an effective 9-18 month fundraising campaign. This number isn’t arbitrary – Dennis has seen even established health tech funds vetting 800 companies just to make three investments in a year.  Similarly, the global life sciences market can be divided into three main regions:  Asia Pacific (including China, Japan, Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, and Australia)  Europe and the UK  North America (U.S. and Canada)  While there is activity in other regions like Africa and South America, these three markets represent the primary playing field for life sciences innovation and investment.  This new reality means going global isn’t an option, it’s a necessity. Dennis explains: “There just aren’t enough investors in a particular region to allow them to play that numbers game.” Even in rich ecosystems like Boston/Cambridge or Silicon Valley, staying local severely limits opportunities.    The Language Myth  One common concern about going global is the language barrier. Dennis easily counters that notion as an obstacle, explaining that English typically serves as the universal language in the field, particularly among academic and research institutions. Investors, licensing partners, and other stakeholders are often comfortable communicating in English, “and I have not seen in my conferences or any of my trips that me not speaking the native language is a deal killer,” he adds.  Interestingly, while language should never stop you from expanding globally, Dennis discovered an unexpected cultural challenge: the persistence required in following up with potential investors. Entrepreneurs from certain cultures are hesitant to make multiple attempts to reconnect, viewing it as inappropriate or “spammy.” Dennis emphasized that success often comes after numerous attempts – sometimes even on the twentieth contact.  He describes in detail how syndicated investments typically work, with a lead investor taking primary responsibility for oversight and management of the company through regular meetings and milestones. Even with a diverse group of investors from different countries (e.g., Chinese, European, and American investors), the lead investor – often chosen based on geography or similar criteria – handles the day-to-day management while other investors participate at key milestones and funding calls. To facilitate these international connections, Life Science Nation holds RESI (Redefining Early Stage Investment) conferences every few months, providing regular engagement beyond one’s local region.  Once a company secures international funding, Dennis advises companies to source investors from different regions because they have “footprints” in a particular region; more than just capital, diversity provides valuable regional expertise, connections to distributors, and insights into local markets when it’s time to commercialize.    True Stories Translate  Ultimately, what matters most to investors? While scientific validity is crucial, Dennis explains, investors are equally – if not more – interested in the human story behind the science. He shares a powerful story o

    49 min
  7. 23 OCT.

    Exporting 5th Generation Farm Soybeans - Show #133

    Robert (“Bob”) Sinner is President of SB&B Foods, the largest grower of “identity preserved (IP), non-GMO food-grade” soybeans in North Dakota. In this episode, Bob tells us how his family’s 5th generation farm identified a need for soybeans in Asia and how he pursued and won that business.  Bob’s father George served as governor of North Dakota from 1985 to 1992. During his tenure, George Sinner resolutely tried to attract Japanese investment into the state, which inspired Bob to help US companies export into Japan to develop relationships and accelerate the creation of new opportunities.  To start, Bob embarked upon a trade mission to Japan, alongside a hired interpreter. Once there, he found mature markets looking for a consistent and reliable supply of soy beans, the agricultural product needed to produce uniform product like tofu and soy milk.  At Rapport International, we encourage our clients to employ interpreters as “cultural conduits” – native-speaking interpreters are valuable sources of in-country information. In that vein, upon his return, Bob enlisted the help of North Dakota State University professor Dr. Sam Chang, originally from Taiwan, who had previous experience working with soybeans.  Together with a visiting Taiwanese trade team, the group conducted sensory testing, a scientific method for evaluating a food's characteristics – taste, texture, odor, and appearance, for example – to determine which product was of the highest quality. After their visit, the Taiwanese group donated the sensory testing equipment to the N. Dakota State University, which is still in use today!  SB&B is now operating in 16 countries, most of them within Asia because of the high per capita consumption of soybeans. Its customers manufacture over 25 different foods – including the Japanese “natto,” a healthy, fermented food that helps with heart and brain functioning.  Bob says their success is due simply to always paying attention to what the customers want and catering to those wants. The best marketing, he adds, is accomplished by:  Being yourself  Staying honest  Treating people like you want to be treated  Knowing your products  Understanding local culture  Building trusted relationships  His biggest, ongoing challenge involves shipping containers. Most containers coming into the US are 40 feet long and carry bulky yet lightweight consumer products into metropolitan areas.  Shipping heavy agricultural products from a rural area to Asia, where they prefer smaller containers, presents a twofold problem. First, containers are parked in US metro areas and require transport to rural areas. Second, the smaller containers Asian buyers want are closer to 20 feet long, half the size of standard containers, because they unload within smaller and tighter spaces. Bob continues to work with US and foreign officials to find solutions.  His best advice to new exporters:  Understand the market  Operate under a set of core values that include integrity, honesty, fairness, and trust  Be patient yet persistent in building trust  Keep educating yourself  Reap the rewards!  Listen to the full episode to learn more.    Links Email: Rsinner@SB-B.com  Website: https://sb-b.com/   LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/in/bob-sinner-a058322a     Connect with Wendy - https://www.linkedin.com/in/wendypease/  Music: Fiddle-De-Dee by Shane Ivers - https://www.silvermansound.com

    35 min
  8. 9 OCT.

    Community and Innovation in Global AgTech - Show #132

    Andrew Jason is Director of Ecosystems at Grand Farm in Fargo, North Dakota, which describes itself as “a collaborative network of growers, corporations, startups, educators, researchers, government, and investors working together to solve problems in agriculture through AgTech and innovation.” Gone are the days when farming was synonymous with the image of a forlorn couple, pitchfork in hand, à la Grant Wood's American Gothic. In this episode, Jason explains how AI and innovation has inundated the farming industry as much as it has every other, spurring advancements in international agriculture, especially when it comes to sustainability, data collection, and the use of drones and robotics to increase efficiency and production.  Farming is also near and dear to the host, Wendy Pease, whose father was a professor of international agriculture at Penn State in the 1970s. Then, “high tech” meant setting up a computer to monitor her father’s potato research storage facility at Black Moshannon State Park in Pennsylvania. If the temperature dropped, for example, the computer called him at home to alert him. Late one night, Wendy sleepily received a phone call from an old-fashioned computer voice saying: “There is a power outage at the Potato Storage area,” which she found amazing!  Grand Farm sees vast potential in connecting global communities to share ideas and technologies, with the aim of advancing agriculture production. Of late, Andrew has seen a lot of development in AgTech out of Brazil, Ukraine, Europe, Australia, and Japan. In fact, Grand Farm recently announced a partnership with Fukaya City, Japan, whose Deep Valley Initiative is an AgTech thought leader. The collaboration marks a major step toward an international approach to innovation in agriculture.   Every partnership comes with its challenges, and Andrew shares the ones he’s discovered that are particular to international connections:  Cultural balancing act: Integrating local cultural needs with Grand Farm's global vision proved tricky. It's a common tension in multinational ventures, yet it can be managed by enabling cross-functional teams to work together.  Navigating time zones: Communication across time differences requires flexibility. Andrew often connects with Japanese partners around 10 p.m. Fargo time, after his kids are in bed. While they've explored asynchronous options like video messages and chat, sometimes a real-time conversation is necessary.  Patience in partnership building: The Japanese collaboration took years to finalize. While there's often pressure for quick results in the US, many cultures prioritize building relationships and trust over time.  Bridging language gaps: In-country contacts helped set up interpreters to facilitate communication. Andrew notes the importance of employing professional interpreters and translators, especially in Japan and other Asian countries.  Finding support: It can be hard to know where to start. The North Dakota Trade Office provided invaluable advice and international introductions. Andrew recommends tapping into your local trade experts for guidance and other free resources.  Learn more about Grand Farm and their initiatives by listening to the full episode. And click here to donate to this worthy organization.    Links:  https://grandfarm.com/calendar/  Website: https://grandfarm.com/  LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/grand-farm/    Connect with Wendy - https://www.linkedin.com/in/wendypease/  Connect with Jason - https://www.linkedin.com/in/andrew-jason-09755161/  Music: Fiddle-De-Dee by Shane Ivers - https://www.silvermansound.com

    31 min

Notes et avis

5
sur 5
5 notes

À propos

The podcast for global marketers to hear experts talk about opportunities and challenges in increasing multilingual lead gen and revenue. Explore the highs and lows and then delve into best practices for strategies, technologies, processes and quality for translation, transcreation, localization and more.

Pour écouter des épisodes au contenu explicite, connectez‑vous.

Recevez les dernières actualités sur cette émission

Connectez‑vous ou inscrivez‑vous pour suivre des émissions, enregistrer des épisodes et recevoir les dernières actualités.

Choisissez un pays ou une région

Afrique, Moyen‑Orient et Inde

Asie‑Pacifique

Europe

Amérique latine et Caraïbes

États‑Unis et Canada