Health Topics – Johns Hopkins Medicine Podcasts

Johns Hopkins Medicine
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Health Topics – Johns Hopkins Medicine Podcasts

These podcast are about Health

  1. 2月3日

    What can a precancerous condition teach us about clearing mutations? Elizabeth Tracey reports

    A precancerous condition of the bone marrow called myelofibrosis is usually treated with bone marrow transplantation. Now a new study shows that looking at the mutations that people with the condition have in their own bone marrow and then assessing them after the transplant can predict how successful it might be. Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center director William Nelson has more. Nelson: What this group did was to look at folks, there were 24 of them, who had myelofibrosis who were going to undergo the allogeneic bone marrow transplant. They knew they had new mutations, new gene defects, and they used that as a measure of whether the disease was still present. They looked 30 days later,100 days later and 180 days later. Were the mutations still present? At 100 days 63% of the ones with JAK 2 mutations and even higher levels of the ones the other mutations the mutation was gone.  :30 Nelson says such monitoring of mutations is also a part of clinical assessments of cancer treatments and it likely to become more common. At Johns Hopkins, I’m Elizabeth Tracey.

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  2. 1月26日

    When prostate cancer returns a nuclear medicine scan can help, Elizabeth Tracey reports

    Prostate specific membrane antigen or PSMA PET scanning is very accurate at detecting and visualizing prostate cancer throughout the body. Now a study using this type of scan on men whose disease recurred shows its efficacy in this case also. Kimmel Cancer Center director William Nelson at Johns Hopkins describes the findings. Nelson: This is a nuclear medicine kind of scan that detects prostate specific membrane antigens on the surface of most prostate cancer cells. What this particular study was focusing on was someone who's been diagnosed with prostate cancer, underwent a radical prostatectomy or radiation therapy and that at some point in the future had their prostate specific antigen rising again. That means there's prostate cancer afoot somewhere. When they use this scan they can find where the cancer at least for the majority of it seems to be in 84%.                    :32 Nelson says using this technique may be limited by availability. At Johns Hopkins, I’m Elizabeth Tracey.

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  3. 1月26日

    Can a new tool help determine which cancer treatments might help you? Elizabeth Tracey reports

    For many people with cancer drugs called immune checkpoint inhibitors have proven to be lifesavers. Yet as with all drugs they come with side effects, and if you aren’t a person who will benefit from them, it would be good to give them a miss. Now a new tool called Scorpio seems to help identify who might benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors. William Nelson, director of the Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, explains. Nelson: A machine learning tool that they developed they call Scorpio, built and tested initially with more than 9700 cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, 21 different cancer types. They looked at two different sort of validation sets. In each case the Scorpio tool outperformed FDA approved predictive tools for immune checkpoint inhibition. They also then worked a large clinical trial for which there were data available and then they also outperformed those.     :28 Nelson says this is a very active area of research so he expects even better tools to be available soon. At Johns Hopkins, I’m Elizabeth Tracey.

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  4. 1月26日

    Elizabeth Tracey reports

    In spite of the outgoing Surgeon General’s assertions, some people aren’t buying a relationship between alcohol consumption and cancer. Kimmel Cancer Center director William Nelson at Johns Hopkins says there are lines of research that would definitely help. Nelson: It's just very complicated. I think breast cancer is where I'd say for the moment it's been it's probably the most convincing for breast cancer. And there are some mechanisms related to alcohol intake, how alcohol itself is metabolized, what happens, is it the metabolites circulating around in the body? Also what alcohol does to the permeability of the intestines, to fragments of bacteria in the microbiome and these kinds of things. So I hope that this stimulates more mechanistic studies and I'll bet you we can make more sense out of it when we have mechanisms.      :32 Nelson says such studies are underway. At Johns Hopkins, I’m Elizabeth Tracey.

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  5. 1月26日

    What does the science tell us about alcohol consumption and cancer risk? Elizabeth Tracey reports

    Outgoing Surgeon General Vivek Murthy says alcohol packaged for consumption should bear a warning label about increased risk for cancer. Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center director William Nelson says that recommendation is based on an assumption. Nelson:  There is not a safe level of alcohol consumption. Some of the data does suggest that that's probably true, other data are not quite as convincing in that space. But I think his warning is that particularly for some diseases like breast cancer, where alcohol intake has been more correlated with breast cancer risk, that there may not be a safe level of alcohol consumption. And so he's suggesting that that would be a warning he would provide. I think that's going to be the new landscape for how do we further reduce cancer risk.   :31 Nelson notes that when cigarette packaging was required to bear a warning about cancer smoking rates began a long decline, followed by reduced rates of lung cancer, and says that may be the strategy in the case of alcohol consumption as well. At Johns Hopkins, I’m Elizabeth Tracey.

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  6. 1月26日

    Should you give up alcohol to reduce your cancer risk? Elizabeth Tracey reports

    Alcohol for consumption should come with a warning label about cancer risk, outgoing Surgeon General Vivek Murthy asserts. William Nelson, director of the Kimmel Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, says this is an issue that’s surrounded by complexity. Nelson: The issue of alcohol's effects on health have been extensively studied. There's been a tremendous attempt to try and figure out what even low levels of alcohol consumption might reflect. One of the things you can start to wonder is if there's someone who consumes a single drink every day or every other day, does that person have two dozen other habits which are generally health promoting as compared to someone who's a teetotaler, or someone who drinks very heavily. And it's difficult to get at that.:29 Nelson says he’s focused on what he calls the three legged stool: too many calories in, not enough calories expended, and storing those calories as fat, which is increasingly linked to cancer risk, as well as cigarette smoking cessation. At Johns Hopkins, I’m Elizabeth Tracey.

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  7. 1月12日

    How might AI improve interpretation of free DNA levels in the blood? Elizabeth Tracey reports

    Free DNA in   the blood portends increasing frailty and possibly an increased risk to develop Alzheimer’s disease, two long term studies of older adults by Peter Abadir, a geriatrics expert at Johns Hopkins, and colleagues have shown. Abadir says as we more fully embrace AI, such a measure may be even more powerful. Abadir: AI algorithms can analyze large data sets to identify patterns and predict outcomes which can improve that early detection of disease like dementia and frailty. To start putting everything in one path and look at the overall picture you need a very highly sophisticated system. So for example AI can go through medical records and imaging, genetic information to identify individuals at risk and recommend personalized treatment in that moment in that visit.   :30 Such ‘just in time’ analysis is possible with AI technology, Abadir says, and helps render large amounts of data into a framework to benefit an individual. At Johns Hopkins, I’m Elizabeth Tracey.

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  8. 1月12日

    Higher levels of your own DNA circulating in your blood may be a problem, Elizabeth Tracey reports

    DNA fragments found circulating in an older person’s blood are associated with frailty and Alzheimer’s disease, studies by Peter Abadir, a geriatrics expert at Johns Hopkins, and colleagues have shown. These long term studies of several hundred older adults also found that the more DNA was found, the more quickly things deteriorated. Abadir: Higher genomic DNA fragments was also linked to steeper decline. So everybody as we age we walk slower but the higher the levels at baseline were associated with deeper decline in both cognitive function and increased frailty over the eight years of the study. What matters most to our older adults, they don't care whether this is genomic or mitochondria, whether it's floating in the serum or it's inside the mitochondria, but what does it mean. Our research is just opening new possibilities for early detection and intervention strategies for dementia and frailty.         :33 Additional studies will look at when DNA amounts increase during the lifespan. At Johns Hopkins, I’m Elizabeth Tracey.

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  9. 1月12日

    How much does increased levels of DNA in the blood increase dementia risk? Elizabeth Tracey reports

    Increased cell death, increased levels of DNA in the blood, increased inflammation, and increased risk for Alzheimer’s disease. That appears to be one scenario to explain findings by Johns Hopkins geriatrics expert Peter Abadir on the relationship between circulating cell free DNA and cognitive decline. Abadir: We looked at 631 community dwelling older adults. We looked at genomic DNA fragments and we tried to examine if the levels of the genomic DNA fragments is linked to cognitive and physical function. And our findings show that higher levels of the circulating cell free genomic DNA fragments were associated with lower global cognition and slower gait speeds. Higher levels of genomic DNA fragments increased the odds of developing dementia by 27%.            :32 Abadir says measuring circulating cell free DNA may warn of increased risk for older people. At Johns Hopkins, I’m Elizabeth Tracey.

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  10. 1月12日

    Why does increased cell death in the body increase inflammation? Elizabeth Tracey reports

    Cell death in your body happens all the time, every day, and when it does DNA is released into your blood. It may be your genetic DNA or it may be from your mitochondria, and it is giving clues to your aging and health. That’s according to research by geriatrics expert Peter Abadir at Johns Hopkins. Abadir: Look at the genomic DNA fragments and how it is linked to both dementia and cognitive and physical function. Genomic DNA is just direct proxy of how many cells die in the body. So the higher the loss of cells in your body the higher the level of genomic DNA fragments. So you can see how that's relevant many of the diseases of aging like sarcopenia,like frailty, because the more you lose of your muscles you get higher genomic DNA fragments in the body.  :31 Circulating DNA can raise inflammation in your body by provoking your immune system to respond, Abadir notes. At Johns Hopkins, I’m Elizabeth Tracey.

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These podcast are about Health

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  • 创作者
    Johns Hopkins Medicine
  • 活跃年份
    2019年 - 2025年
  • 单集
    11
  • 分级
    儿童适宜
  • 版权
    © The Johns Hopkins University, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, and Johns Hopkins Health System. All rights reserved.
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    Health Topics – Johns Hopkins Medicine Podcasts

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