History 102 with WhatifAltHist's Rudyard Lynch and Austin Padgett

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History 102 with WhatifAltHist's Rudyard Lynch and Austin Padgett

Rudyard Lynch, creator of the enormously popular YouTube channel WhatifAltHist joins Austin Padgett every week to offer a deeper understanding of critical moments in history. Together they identify patterns in order to predict the future and understand the dynamics that result in civilizations rising and falling. We cover WW1, WW2, Classical Greece, Medieval Islam, the rise of Communism, and more. History 102 is a part of the Turpentine podcast network. Learn more: www.turpentine.co

  1. Explaining the French Revolution

    HACE 1 DÍA

    Explaining the French Revolution

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett talk about the French Revolution and the fascinating parallels between 18th-century French social dynamics and today's political landscape. From bureaucratic upheaval to radical terror, journey through the chaos that transformed France and birthed modern political divisions. Learn how a centralized monarchy crumbled into revolutionary fervor, spawning new ideas of nationalism, secularism, and total war that would reshape Europe. -- 📰 Be notified early when Turpentine's drops new publication: https://www.turpentine.co/exclusiveaccess -- SPONSOR: INCOGNI | GIVEWELL Take your personal data back with Incogni! Use code ECON102 at the link below and get 60% off an annual plan: https://incogni.com/econ102 GiveWell spends 50,000 hours every year doing deep-dives into different charitable programs to try to find the ways to do the most good for your dollar. GiveWell has now spent over 17 years researching charitable organizations and only directs funding to a few of the HIGHEST-IMPACT opportunities they’ve found. Visit https://www.givewell.org to find out more or make a donation. Select PODCAST and enter Econ 102 at checkout to make sure they know you heard about them from us. -- RECOMMENDED PODCAST: 🎙️ Unpack Pricing - Dive into the dark arts of SaaS pricing with Metronome CEO Scott Woody and tech leaders. Learn how strategic pricing drives explosive revenue growth in today's biggest companies like Snowflake, Cockroach Labs, Dropbox and more. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1765716600 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/38DK3W1Fq1xxQalhDSueFg -- FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @LudwigNverMises (Austin) @TurpentineMedia -- TIMESTAMPS: (00:15) Intro and Personal Anecdotes (04:13) Introduction to the French Revolution and Secular Cycles (08:40) Open and Closed Societies (15:47) Sponsor Message 1 (17:33) Sponsor Message 2 (18:44) The French Monarchy and its Attempt to Protect Freedom (25:50) The French Enlightenment and Modernity (30:52) Causes of the French Revolution (37:00) The Internal Conflicts and Instability of the Revolution (46:50) The Reign of Terror and the Jacobins (52:40) The Napoleonic Wars and their Impact on Europe (1:00:00) The Left and Right in French Politics (1:03:40) Counterfactual History: What if the Fronde had succeeded? (1:04:20) The French Army and National Identity (1:07:12) Outro BOOK RECOMMENDATIONS: "Fire in the Minds of Men" by James Hadley Billington "The Old Regime and the French Revolution" by Alexis Henri C M Clerel Tocqueville

    1 h y 7 min
  2. Explaining the English Civil War

    20 NOV

    Explaining the English Civil War

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett explore pivotal historical moments about the English Civil War. They masterfully weave together religious conflict, economic transformation, and cultural dynamics to explain how this crucial conflict shaped modern capitalism, the Industrial Revolution, and even contemporary progressive politics. Their engaging conversation style makes complex history accessible and relevant. -- 📰 Be notified early when Turpentine's drops new publication: https://www.turpentine.co/exclusiveaccess -- SPONSOR: INCOGNI | GIVEWELL | NOTION Take your personal data back with Incogni! Use code ECON102 at the link below and get 60% off an annual plan: https://incogni.com/econ102 GiveWell spends 50,000 hours every year doing deep-dives into different charitable programs to try to find the ways to do the most good for your dollar. GiveWell has now spent over 17 years researching charitable organizations and only directs funding to a few of the HIGHEST-IMPACT opportunities they’ve found. Visit https://www.givewell.org to find out more or make a donation. Select PODCAST and enter Econ 102 at checkout to make sure they know you heard about them from us. Notion offers powerful workflow and automation templates, perfect for streamlining processes and laying the groundwork for AI-driven automation. With Notion AI, you can search across thousands of documents from various platforms, generating highly relevant analysis and content tailored just for you - try it for free at notion.com/cognitiverevolution. -- RECOMMENDED PODCAST: 🎙️ Unpack Pricing - Dive into the dark arts of SaaS pricing with Metronome CEO Scott Woody and tech leaders. Learn how strategic pricing drives explosive revenue growth in today's biggest companies like Snowflake, Cockroach Labs, Dropbox and more. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1765716600 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/38DK3W1Fq1xxQalhDSueFg -- FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @LudwigNverMises (Austin) @TurpentineMedia -- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Introduction and Significance of the English Civil War (03:15) The Importance of Engaging with Politics (04:43) The English Civil War and its Long-Term Effects (07:21) Context: The 16th Century and the Seeds of Conflict (08:09) Economic and Religious Factors (12:32) Underlying Issues and Symbolism in Conflict (14:13) Sponsor: Incogni | Givewell (17:22) The English Civil War: A Seesaw Conflict (20:26) Social Conservatism and the Secular Cycle (21:33) The Secular Cycle and its Parallels to Modernity (24:10) Escaping Malthusian Traps (27:14) The Agricultural Revolution and Property Rights (29:08) Trade Restrictions and the Industrial Revolution (30:18) The Anglo Diaspora (31:00) The Cousin's War and Genetic Factors (33:13) Sponsor: Notion (34:27) Cultural Homogeneity and Genetic Markers (36:00) The Role of Monopolies and Religious Divisions (41:20) The Spark of the English Civil War (44:50) The Course of the War (48:07) The Rise of Cromwell and the Interregnum (51:18) Cromwell's Rule and Religious Tolerance (53:00) The Conquest of Ireland and the British Navy (57:10) Anglo-Dutch Wars (1:00:00) The Role of Cambridge and Saxony (1:01:20) Puritanism and Modern Progressivism (1:02:40) Puritanism and Modern Social Justice (1:03:50) The Death of Cromwell and the Restoration (1:07:00) The Glorious Revolution and England's Long Period of Stability (1:08:01) Conclusion and Book Recommendations -- BOOK RECOMMENDATIONS: "History of Western Warfare" (Volume 2) by JFC Fuller "History of the English Speaking Peoples" (Volume 2) by Winston Churchill "The Age of Reason Begins" by Will Durant "Protestants: The Faith That Made the Modern World" by Alec Ryrie "Albion's Seed" by David Hackett Fischer

    1 h y 12 min
  3. Explaining the Protestant Reformation

    15 NOV

    Explaining the Protestant Reformation

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett talk about the Protestant Reformation, masterfully drawing parallels between historical information technology revolutions (like the printing press) and our current internet age, exploring how such advances fundamentally alter how societies process information and relate to authority. They offer fresh perspectives on well-worn historical territory, suggesting for instance that the Reformation wasn't just about religious doctrine, but represented a quantum leap in human agency and individualism that helped birth the modern world. -- 📰 Be notified early when Turpentine's drops new publication: https://www.turpentine.co/exclusiveaccess -- SPONSOR: GIVEWELL | NOTION GiveWell spends 50,000 hours every year doing deep-dives into different charitable programs to try to find the ways to do the most good for your dollar. GiveWell has now spent over 17 years researching charitable organizations and only directs funding to a few of the HIGHEST-IMPACT opportunities they’ve found. Visit https://www.givewell.org to find out more or make a donation. Select PODCAST and enter Econ 102 at checkout to make sure they know you heard about them from us. Notion offers powerful workflow and automation templates, perfect for streamlining processes and laying the groundwork for AI-driven automation. With Notion AI, you can search across thousands of documents from various platforms, generating highly relevant analysis and content tailored just for you - try it for free at notion.com/cognitiverevolution. -- RECOMMENDED PODCAST: 🎙️ Unpack Pricing - Dive into the dark arts of SaaS pricing with Metronome CEO Scott Woody and tech leaders. Learn how strategic pricing drives explosive revenue growth in today's biggest companies like Snowflake, Cockroach Labs, Dropbox and more. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1765716600 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/38DK3W1Fq1xxQalhDSueFg -- FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @LudwigNverMises (Austin) @TurpentineMedia -- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Intro (01:10) History as psychological/biological process (01:50) Importance of psychological shifts in Reformation (02:10) Two modern parallels to Reformation (02:50) Warhammer Fantasy analogy (03:10) Catholic Church's medieval dominance (05:39) Carl Jung's analysis of Catholicism (10:11) Information technology breakthrough comparison (10:35) Gutenberg's printing press invention (11:24) Media control in 20th century (12:29) Sponsors: GiveWell | Notion (15:20) Catholic Church's role in literacy (18:26) Catholic Church as science investor (19:00) Discussion of Cathars and early heresies (20:01) Impact of Black Death (21:30) Italian Renaissance discussion (31:30) Martin Luther's background (35:40) Luther's 95 Theses (43:40) Introduction of Calvinism (46:06) Calvinism and totalitarianism (49:52) Spanish attempts to destroy Protestantism (51:20) Germanic and English Protestant adoption (52:34) Modern elite's Protestant/French Revolution roots (54:40) Harvard's Calvinist origins (56:02) Left's appropriation of Protestant ideas (57:30) Modern rejection of rational inquiry (58:41) Elite perspectives on population control (1:00:07) Book recommendations begin (101:09) Show outro and network information -- BOOKS RECOMMENDED: "The Reformation" by Will Durant" "Protestants: The Faith That Made the Modern World" by Alec Ryrie "Doubt" by Alec Ryrie "A Secular Age" by Charles Taylor "Rise of the West" by William H. McNeill

    1 h y 1 min
  4. Explaining 17th Century Western Europe

    8 NOV

    Explaining 17th Century Western Europe

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch is joined by business development executive and agriculture technology industry entrepreneur Austin Padgett and explore 17th century Western Europe's pivotal transformation. They examine how the Protestant-Catholic divide, parallel to modern political polarization, shaped warfare, science, and economics. The conversation reveals how the Dutch and English success in breaking monopolies and embracing agricultural innovation set the stage for the Industrial Revolution and modern capitalism. , RECOMMENDED PODCAST: 🎙️ Unpack Pricing - Dive into the dark arts of SaaS pricing with Metronome CEO Scott Woody and tech leaders. Learn how strategic pricing drives explosive revenue growth in today's biggest companies like Snowflake, Cockroach Labs, Dropbox and more. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1765716600 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/38DK3W1Fq1xxQalhDSueFg -- SPONSOR: GIVEWELL GiveWell spends 50,000 hours every year doing deep-dives into different charitable programs to try to find the ways to do the most good for your dollar. GiveWell has now spent over 17 years researching charitable organizations and only directs funding to a few of the HIGHEST-IMPACT opportunities they’ve found. Visit https://www.givewell.org to find out more or make a donation. Select PODCAST and enter Econ 102 at checkout to make sure they know you heard about them from us. FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @TurpentineMedia -- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Intro (01:27) The 17th Century: On the Edge of Modernity (03:52) The Pike and Shot Era & Military Transitions (06:58) Mercenaries and Defensive Warfare (09:50) The French Revolution and Mass Conscription (10:40) Libertarian Perspective & The Shifting Political Compass (13:40) North Europe's Victory Over South Europe (17:26) Economic Factors and the Weakening of Monarchies (20:08) The Elizabethan Golden Age and the Secular Cycle (22:41) The Protestant Reformation and its Impact (26:47) Lessons from the 17th Century (28:04) The Thirty Years War and its Impact on Europe (30:00) Spain's Economic Failures as a Lesson (35:30) England and the Netherlands' Breakthroughs (36:24) The Scientific, Agricultural, and Social Revolutions (44:48) The Political Context of the 17th Century (49:51) The Enlightenment and the Thirty Years War's Legacy (1:00:54) Louis XIV's Reign and the Cultural High Point of France (1:02:08) Conclusion and U.S. Political Implications (1:02:50) Book Recommendations (1:03:46) The Importance of Agriculture (1:04:19) Wrap -- BOOK RECOMMENDATIONS: "The Global Crisis" by Geoffrey Parker "The Military Revolution" by Geoffrey Parker "The Age of Reason Begins" by Will Durant "The Age of Louis XIV"by Will Durant

    1 h y 7 min
  5. 17th Century Eastern Europe

    11 OCT

    17th Century Eastern Europe

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg dive deep into the fascinating yet often overlooked realm of 17th century Eastern Europe. Join Rudyard and Erik as they bring this pivotal era to life: unravel the rise and fall of Poland-Lithuania, Russia's emergence as a great power, and Sweden's surprising dominance, and discover how Cossacks, Ottoman Turks, and visionary leaders shaped the region's destiny. With a blend of scholarly insight and engaging storytelling, Rudyard uncovers the absurdities, triumphs, and tragedies that defined this transformative century 🔥 Apply to join over 400 founders and Execs in the Turpentine Network: https://www.turpentinenetwork.co/ - SPONSOR: GIVEWELL GiveWell spends 50,000 hours every year doing deep-dives into different charitable programs to try to find the ways to do the most good for your dollar. GiveWell has now spent over 17 years researching charitable organizations and only directs funding to a few of the HIGHEST-IMPACT opportunities they’ve found. Visit https://www.givewell.org to find out more or make a donation. Select PODCAST and enter Econ 102 at checkout to make sure they know you heard about them from us. - RECOMMENDED PODCAST: 🎙️ Unpack Pricing - Dive into the dark arts of SaaS pricing with Metronome CEO Scott Woody and tech leaders. Learn how strategic pricing drives explosive revenue growth in today's biggest companies like Snowflake, Cockroach Labs, Dropbox and more. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1765716600 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/38DK3W1Fq1xxQalhDSueFg - FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @SamoBurja (Samo) @TurpentineMedia - TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Intro (01:39) Rudyard's Personal Connection to 17th Century Eastern Europe (03:15) The Three Great Frontiers of Western Civilization (06:18) Eastern Europe as a Frontier (08:18) Serfdom and the Role of the Church in Eastern Europe (13:44) Sponsor: Givewell (17:56) The Time of Troubles in Russia (22:10) The Rise and Fall of Poland-Lithuania (28:51) The Cossacks and the Deluge (34:41) The Rise of the Romanovs and the Conquest of Siberia (42:11) Sweden and the Rise of Gustavus Adolphus (49:56) The Turkish Empire and the Siege of Vienna (56:41) The Khanate of Crimea and the Saratov Line (59:56) Peter the Great, Charles XII, and the Great Northern War (1:04:41) Conclusion and Book Recommendations - BOOK RECOMMENDATIONS: "Europe's Steppe Frontier: 1500-1800" by William H. McNeill "The Rise of the West" by William H. McNeill "Poland: A History" by Adam Zamoyski "Russia: A History" by Olli Vares "The Age of Reason Begins" by Will Durant "The Age of Louis XIV" by Will Durant

    1 h y 7 min
  6. Long Ripples in History

    27 SEPT

    Long Ripples in History

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch is joined again by Bismarck Analysis's Samo Burja (podcast host: Live Players) for a mind-bending discussion and deep dive into the concept of "long ripples" — how ideas and events from the distant past continue to shape our present and future in unexpected ways. From Plato's influence on modern political movements to the unforeseen consequences of the Industrial Revolution, this conversation challenges our understanding of historical cause and effect. Are we truly progressing, or are we caught in cycles we fail to recognize? Can we learn from the past, or are we doomed to repeat it in new, technologically-amplified ways? This episode is a rollercoaster ride through time, technology, and human nature, forcing us to reconsider our place in the grand sweep of history.  -- 🎙️ Dealcraft: Insights from Great Negotiators is the brand new weekly podcast that features interviews with world’s greatest dealmakers and diplomats, including Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, Blackstone CEO Steve Schwarzman, and music industry super-lawyer John Branca, on their most challenging negotiations. Each episode, host Jim Sebenius (Harvard Business School professor and renowned negotiation expert) relates fascinating deal stories and distills useful insights for listeners to apply in their toughest deals and disputes. Apple: https://link.chtbl.com/3CG3TbHY?sid=Turpentine -- 🔥 Apply to join over 400 founders and Execs in the Turpentine Network: https://www.turpentinenetwork.co/ -- SPONSORS: Fundrise | WorkOS | Dealcraft 💡 Level up your portfolio with access to pre-IPO companies via the Fundrise Innovation Fund. Access a $125M+ fund of cutting edge tech companies including AI frontrunners, now available to individual investors. Start your journey at Fundrise.com/upstream. 💻 Building an enterprise-ready SaaS app? WorkOS has got you covered with easy-to-integrate APIs for SAML, SCIM, and more. Join top startups like Vercel, Perplexity, Jasper & Webflow in powering your app with WorkOS. Enjoy a free tier for up to 1M users! Start now at https://bit.ly/WorkOS-Turpentine-Network This show is produced by Turpentine: a network of podcasts, newsletters, and more, covering technology, business, and culture — all from the perspective of industry insiders and experts. We’re launching new shows every week, and we’re looking for industry-leading sponsors — if you think that might be you and your company, email us at erik@turpentine.co. -- FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @SamoBurja (Samo) @TurpentineMedia -- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Intro (00:15) Exploring Plato's Influence (05:10) Historical Ripples and Convergent Evolution (06:45) The Fall of Civilizations (12:43) Comparing Civilizational Cycles (17:42) The Future of Human Civilization (23:30) Sponsor: Dealcraft | Fundrise (29:02) AI and Genetic Engineering: Potential and Pitfalls (33:30) Pandemic Era Reflections (34:04) Genetic Engineering and Society (34:49) Sponsor: WorkOS (35:43) 19th Century Misconceptions (38:23) Cycles of Societal Transformation (40:54) Intellectual Decay and Historical Rewriting (43:13) Anthropology and Cultural Studies (45:34) Decline of Western Institutions (52:12) Space Exploration and Technological Decline (1:00:15) Hypernormalization and Social Reality (1:01:39) Wrap BOOKS MENTIONED: What Is To Be Done? by Vladimir Lenin Homo Deus by Yuval Noah Harari's Fitzpatrick's War by Theodore Judson

    1 h y 5 min
  7. Industrial Revolution

    20 SEPT

    Industrial Revolution

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg explore the origins, impacts, and global spread of the Industrial Revolution, from 18th century Britain to modern challenges. Unleashing progress or Pandora's box? This episode presents a unique perspective, framing the Industrial Revolution as "the magic of kings" - a transformative force that granted humanity godlike powers while leaving our fundamental nature unchanged. 🔥 Apply to join over 400 founders and Execs in the Turpentine Network: https://www.turpentinenetwork.co/ - RECOMMENDED PODCASTS: 🎙️ This Won't Last - Eavesdrop on Keith Rabois, Kevin Ryan, Logan Bartlett, and Zach Weinberg's monthly backchannel. They unpack their hottest takes on the future of tech, business, venture, investing, and politics. Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1765665937 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2HwSNeVLL1MXy0RjFPyOSz YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@ThisWontLastpodcast -- SPONSOR: FUNDRISE | WorkOS 💡 Level up your portfolio with access to pre-IPO companies via the Fundrise Innovation Fund. Access a $125M+ fund of cutting edge tech companies including AI frontrunners, now available to individual investors. Start your journey at Fundrise.com/upstream. 💻 Building an enterprise-ready SaaS app? WorkOS has got you covered with easy-to-integrate APIs for SAML, SCIM, and more. Join top startups like Vercel, Perplexity, Jasper & Webflow in powering your app with WorkOS. Enjoy a free tier for up to 1M users! Start now at https://bit.ly/WorkOS-Turpentine-Network This show is produced by Turpentine: a network of podcasts, newsletters, and more, covering technology, business, and culture — all from the perspective of industry insiders and experts. We’re launching new shows every week, and we’re looking for industry-leading sponsors — if you think that might be you and your company, email us at erik@turpentine.co. - FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @SamoBurja (Samo) @TurpentineMedia - TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Introduction (00:23) Change of topic to Industrial Revolution (01:16) Magic of kings vs magic of priests (03:23) Pre-industrial vs post-industrial life (06:16) The Unabomber's critique of industrial society (09:58) Oversocialization and leftism (15:55) Sponsor: Fundrise | WorkOS (16:58) Historical origins of the Industrial Revolution (21:23) Agricultural Revolution and its impacts (25:58) Different models of industrialization (30:23) Industrialization and European colonialism (34:58) Post-industrial societies and their challenges (38:23) Global spread of industrialization (42:58) Positives and negatives of the Industrial Revolution (47:01) Recommended books on the Industrial Revolution (48:48) Wrap BOOK RECOMMENDATIONS: "Why Nations Fail" by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson  "Tragedy and Hope" by Carroll Quigley "Bloodlands" by Timothy Snyder "Enlightenment Now" by Steven Pinker

    52 min
  8. Civilizational Differences

    13 SEPT

    Civilizational Differences

    In this episode of History 102, Rudyard Lynch and Erik Torenberg are joined by Bismarck Analysis's Samo Burja (podcast host: Live Players) to uncover the hidden threads connecting ancient Babylon to Silicon Valley. Did you know that 2,500 years ago, people complained about information overload just like we do today? Or that some civilizations saw 70% of their population enslaved? Rudyard and Samo peel back the layers of history, revealing: The shocking similarities between ancient Athens and the Taliban Why California might be birthing new religions as we speak How deforestation toppled empires (and why it matters now) From psychedelic Greek philosophers to the eerie parallels between Polish-Lithuanian and Cambodian history, this episode is a mind-bending tour of humanity's greatest triumphs and strangest quirks. 🔥 Apply to join over 400 founders and Execs in the Turpentine Network: https://www.turpentinenetwork.co/ - RECOMMENDED PODCASTS: 🎙️ This Won't Last - Eavesdrop on Keith Rabois, Kevin Ryan, Logan Bartlett, and Zach Weinberg's monthly backchannel. They unpack their hottest takes on the future of tech, business, venture, investing, and politics. Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1765665937 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/2HwSNeVLL1MXy0RjFPyOSz YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@ThisWontLastpodcast -- SPONSOR: FUNDRISE | WorkOS 💡 Level up your portfolio with access to pre-IPO companies via the Fundrise Innovation Fund. Access a $125M+ fund of cutting edge tech companies including AI frontrunners, now available to individual investors. Start your journey at Fundrise.com/upstream. 💻 Building an enterprise-ready SaaS app? WorkOS has got you covered with easy-to-integrate APIs for SAML, SCIM, and more. Join top startups like Vercel, Perplexity, Jasper & Webflow in powering your app with WorkOS. Enjoy a free tier for up to 1M users! Start now at https://bit.ly/WorkOS-Turpentine-Network This show is produced by Turpentine: a network of podcasts, newsletters, and more, covering technology, business, and culture — all from the perspective of industry insiders and experts. We’re launching new shows every week, and we’re looking for industry-leading sponsors — if you think that might be you and your company, email us at erik@turpentine.co. - FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @eriktorenberg (Erik) @SamoBurja (Samo) @TurpentineMedia - TIMESTAMPS: (00:15) Intro (00:56) Differences Between Civilizations (02:21) Non-Abrahamic Societies and Linear Time (04:11) Egalitarian Impulses Across Civilizations (07:04) Classical Civilization vs Modern West (09:25) Literacy in Ancient Rome (12:31) Greek Philosophy and Religion (14:23) Political Cycles in Ancient Greece (16:07) The American Founding Fathers and Political Theory (18:56) Sponsors: Fundrise | WorkOS (19:44) Pre-modern Feminism in Ancient Civilizations (21:37) Cyclical Progression of Political Forms (24:15) Thomas Jefferson's Views on Revolution (25:12) Babylonian Empire and Civilizational Trajectories (27:40) Immigration and Cultural Clashes in Ancient Civilizations (29:33) Environmental Degradation in Ancient Mediterranean (32:12) Archaeology in Ancient Babylon (34:41) Social Breakdown in Ancient Civilizations (36:42) Modern China as a Hybrid Civilization (38:54) California's Unique Cultural Landscape (42:20) Emerging Religions in Modern America (46:57) Religion's Impact on Society and Nature (48:26) Regional Differences Within America (50:43) Obscure Civilizations: The Nuragic Civilization (52:21) Higher and Lower Civilizations (53:06) The Khmer Civilization and Southeast Asian History (55:05) Wrap

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Rudyard Lynch, creator of the enormously popular YouTube channel WhatifAltHist joins Austin Padgett every week to offer a deeper understanding of critical moments in history. Together they identify patterns in order to predict the future and understand the dynamics that result in civilizations rising and falling. We cover WW1, WW2, Classical Greece, Medieval Islam, the rise of Communism, and more. History 102 is a part of the Turpentine podcast network. Learn more: www.turpentine.co

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