History 102 with WhatifAltHist's Rudyard Lynch and Austin Padgett

Turpentine
History 102 with WhatifAltHist's Rudyard Lynch and Austin Padgett

Rudyard Lynch, creator of the enormously popular YouTube channel WhatifAltHist joins Austin Padgett every week to offer a deeper understanding of critical moments in history. Together they identify patterns in order to predict the future and understand the dynamics that result in civilizations rising and falling. We cover WW1, WW2, Classical Greece, Medieval Islam, the rise of Communism, and more. History 102 is a part of the Turpentine podcast network. Learn more: www.turpentine.co

  1. Explaining the Bronze Age Collapse

    -1 J

    Explaining the Bronze Age Collapse

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett explore how an interconnected world of chariot-riding elites, complex trade networks, and temple bureaucracies imploded within a single generation. From mysterious Sea Peoples to the rise of iron weapons, they unpack how this collapse birthed a new heroic age that gave us the Greeks, Jews, and Persians. -- 📰 Be notified early when Turpentine's drops new publication: https://www.turpentine.co/exclusiveaccess -- SPONSOR: NETSUITE | SHOPIFY | NOTION | ORACLE More than 40,000 businesses have already upgraded to NetSuite by Oracle, the #1 cloud financial system bringing accounting, financial management, inventory, HR, into ONE proven platform. If you're looking for an ERP platform, get a one-of-a-kind flexible financing program on NetSuite: https://netsuite.com/zen - Download your free CFO's guide to AI and machine learning. Shopify is the world's leading e-commerce platform, offering a market-leading checkout system Shoppay and exclusive AI apps. Nobody does selling better than Shopify. Get a $1 per month trial at https://shopify.com/momentofzen Notion offers powerful workflow and automation templates, perfect for streamlining processes and laying the groundwork for AI-driven automation. With Notion AI, you can search across thousands of documents from various platforms, generating highly relevant analysis and content tailored just for you - try it for free at https://notion.com/upstreampod Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI): Oracle's next-generation cloud platform delivers blazing-fast AI and ML performance with 50% less for compute and 80% less for outbound networking compared to other cloud providers. OCI powers industry leaders like Vodafone and Thomson Reuters with secure infrastructure and application development capabilities. New U.S. customers can get their cloud bill cut in half by switching to OCI before March 31, 2024 at https://oracle.com/cognitive -- RECOMMENDED PODCAST: Check out Modern Relationships, where Erik Torenberg interviews tech power couples and leading thinkers to explore how ambitious people actually make partnerships work. Founders Fund's Delian Asparouhov and researcher Nadia Asparouhova kick off the series with an unfiltered conversation about their relationship evolution. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1786227593 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5hJzs0gDg6lRT6r10mdpVg YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@ModernRelationshipsPod -- FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @LudwigNverMises (Austin) @TurpentineMedia HIGHLIGHTS: Scale of the Collapse (1200 BC) Happened within a 20-year period Wiped out most civilizations except Egypt and Mesopotamia Affected regions from India to Greece Destroyed highly complex, interconnected societies Pre-Collapse Civilization Advanced trade networks (tin from Britain/Afghanistan, amber from Poland) Complex diplomatic relationships between kingdoms Sophisticated bureaucracies and palace cultures Major powers included Hittites, Mycenaeans, Egyptians, Babylonians Key Contributing Factors Military technology shift from chariots to iron weapons Complex interconnected systems becoming vulnerable Social inequality and oppressive temple-based bureaucracies Climate change (cooling period) The mysterious "Sea Peoples" invasion Post-Collapse Impact Emergence of new civilizations (Greeks, Jews, Phoenicians) Shift from centralized to localized power structures Birth of new cultural and religious systems Changed military and social organization fundamentally Historical Context Comparable to Maya collapse in some aspects Marked the end of the first major civilizational cycle Led to the "Heroic Age" remembered in Greek mythology Created opportunity for new social systems to emerge

    1 h 34 min
  2. Explaining Ancient Israel

    8 JANV.

    Explaining Ancient Israel

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett explore how ancient Israel, despite its small size, revolutionized human thought through monotheism. They discuss how Jewish identity emerged from the intersection of various civilizations, developed through cycles of conquest and resistance, and ultimately shaped major world religions - all while drawing thought-provoking parallels to other historical patterns and modern phenomena. -- 📰 Be notified early when Turpentine's drops new publication: https://www.turpentine.co/exclusiveaccess -- SPONSOR: NETSUITE | ORACLE More than 40,000 businesses have already upgraded to NetSuite by Oracle, the #1 cloud financial system bringing accounting, financial management, inventory, HR, into ONE proven platform. If you're looking for an ERP platform, get a one-of-a-kind flexible financing program on NetSuite: https://netsuite.com/zen - Download your free CFO's guide to AI and machine learning Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI): Oracle's next-generation cloud platform delivers blazing-fast AI and ML performance with 50% less for compute and 80% less for outbound networking compared to other cloud providers. OCI powers industry leaders like Vodafone and Thomson Reuters with secure infrastructure and application development capabilities. New U.S. customers can get their cloud bill cut in half by switching to OCI before March 31, 2024 at https://oracle.com/cognitive -- RECOMMENDED PODCAST: Check out Modern Relationships, where Erik Torenberg interviews tech power couples and leading thinkers to explore how ambitious people actually make partnerships work. Founders Fund's Delian Asparouhov and researcher Nadia Asparouhova kick off the series with an unfiltered conversation about their relationship evolution. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1786227593 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5hJzs0gDg6lRT6r10mdpVg YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@ModernRelationshipsPod -- FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @LudwigNverMises (Austin) @TurpentineMedia HIGHLIGHTS: Small Groups, Big Impact Ancient Israel, though only the size of New Jersey, made one of history's most significant breakthroughs with monotheism Their influence persists despite their relatively small population (around 15 million people today) Geographic and Cultural Position Israel was situated at a crucial crossroads between Europe, Asia, and Africa This position exposed them to multiple civilizations' influences (Egyptian, Babylonian, Persian, Greek) Their frontier position allowed them to synthesize different religious and philosophical ideas Historical Development Emerged during/after the Bronze Age collapse Experienced cycles of independence and conquest under various empires The Babylonian exile was particularly formative for Jewish identity and religious practice Religious Innovation Breakthrough to monotheism was a major departure from surrounding polytheistic cultures Developed strong moral codes and social structures through the Torah Prophet tradition developed as a way to maintain social cohesion and moral standards Cultural Resilience Developed strategies for maintaining identity under foreign rule Used suffering and setbacks as opportunities for introspection and adaptation Created lasting institutional and cultural practices that enabled survival in diaspora Historical Impact Influenced development of both Christianity and Islam Established foundations for modern Western religious thought Demonstrated how small groups can significantly influence world history Created enduring religious and philosophical frameworks Social Evolution Shifted from tribal society to kingdom to dispersed cultural group Developed sophisticated legal and ethical systems Created mechanisms for preserving identity without territorial control

    1 h 38 min
  3. Explaining Medieval Asia

    30/12/2024

    Explaining Medieval Asia

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett examine the medieval decline of Asia, analyzing how regions that were once the world's centers of culture, economics, and technology—particularly China, India, and the Islamic world—gradually lost their dominance between 1000-1500 AD.  -- 📰 Be notified early when Turpentine's drops new publication: https://www.turpentine.co/exclusiveaccess -- SPONSOR: GIVEWELL | SELECTQUOTE GiveWell spends 50,000 hours every year doing deep-dives into different charitable programs to try to find the ways to do the most good for your dollar. GiveWell has now spent over 17 years researching charitable organizations and only directs funding to a few of the HIGHEST-IMPACT opportunities they’ve found. Visit https://www.givewell.org to find out more or make a donation. Select PODCAST and enter Econ 102 at checkout to make sure they know you heard about them from us. Finding the right life insurance shouldn't be another task you put off. SelectQuote compares top-rated policies to get you the best coverage at the right price. Even in our AI-driven world, protecting your family's future remains essential. Get your personalized quote at https://selectquote.com/cognitive -- RECOMMENDED PODCAST: Check out Modern Relationships, where Erik Torenberg interviews tech power couples and leading thinkers to explore how ambitious people actually make partnerships work. Founders Fund's Delian Asparouhov and researcher Nadia Asparouhova kick off the series with an unfiltered conversation about their relationship evolution. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1786227593 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5hJzs0gDg6lRT6r10mdpVg YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@ModernRelationshipsPod -- FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @LudwigNverMises (Austin) @TurpentineMedia HIGHLIGHTS: Asia as the world's center of power (1000 AD): Asia was the world's center of power: culturally, economically, and technologically Four major civilizations discussed: Europe, Middle East, India, and China European cities couldn't compare to Asian capitals like Cordoba, Baghdad, or Hangzhou China's Transformation: Song Dynasty was world's wealthiest but lost military advantage An Lushan Rebellion (8th century) marked crucial turning point Bureaucratic control increased under Confucian influence Missed industrial revolution opportunity despite having necessary preconditions Declined due to bureaucratic stultification and resistance to change Islamic World's Evolution: Golden age around 1000 AD with advanced science and learning Decline began after Abbasid Caliphate's fall Loss of Mediterranean control (especially Sicily) to Europeans Population decrease in key regions Mameluke rule in Egypt led to significant urban decline Transformation from secular, capitalist society to more conservative one Indian Developments: Early cultural "fossilization" compared to other regions Caste system became more rigid Religious focus intensified over military/practical concerns Muslim conquests significantly impacted the region Limited historical records make precise study difficult Impact of Mongol Invasions: Devastated multiple regions, especially Central Asia Killed approximately 30 million in northern China Destroyed major urban centers that never recovered Changed social structures in conquered territories Led to increased social conservatism across Asia Decline of Innovation and Creativity (By 1600): Asia consolidated into "Gunpowder Empires" Ming Dynasty in China Mughals in India Ottomans in Middle East Despite apparent strength, innovation and creativity had declined European powers gained technological and military advantages

    1 h 7 min
  4. Explaining South-East Asian Kingdoms

    22/12/2024

    Explaining South-East Asian Kingdoms

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett talk about Southeast Asia: where ancient slave empires meet modern tech hubs. From Angkor's temples to Singapore's skylines, discover how this crossroads between India and China shaped global trade while maintaining its uniquely fluid cultural identity. -- 📰 Be notified early when Turpentine's drops new publication: https://www.turpentine.co/exclusiveaccess -- SPONSOR: GIVEWELL | SELECTQUOTE GiveWell spends 50,000 hours every year doing deep-dives into different charitable programs to try to find the ways to do the most good for your dollar. GiveWell has now spent over 17 years researching charitable organizations and only directs funding to a few of the HIGHEST-IMPACT opportunities they’ve found. Visit https://www.givewell.org to find out more or make a donation. Select PODCAST and enter Econ 102 at checkout to make sure they know you heard about them from us. Finding the right life insurance shouldn't be another task you put off. SelectQuote compares top-rated policies to get you the best coverage at the right price. Even in our AI-driven world, protecting your family's future remains essential. Get your personalized quote at https://selectquote.com/cognitive -- RECOMMENDED PODCAST: Check out Modern Relationships, where Erik Torenberg interviews tech power couples and leading thinkers to explore how ambitious people actually make partnerships work. Founders Fund's Delian Asparouhov and researcher Nadia Asparouhova kick off the series with an unfiltered conversation about their relationship evolution. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1786227593 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5hJzs0gDg6lRT6r10mdpVg YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@ModernRelationshipsPod -- FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @LudwigNverMises (Austin) @TurpentineMedia HIGHLIGHTS: Geographic & Demographic Context Southeast Asia historically had low population density compared to India and China The region is vast: Indonesia alone stretches the distance from London to Kyrgyzstan Much of current Southeast Asia is essentially the mountaintops of a previously larger landmass before sea levels rose Cultural Development & Trade Developed between two major civilizations: India and China Served as crucial link in global trade, especially luxury goods for Chinese market Experienced four major civilizational waves: Indian, Chinese, Islamic, and Western Key Historical States Khmer Empire (Cambodia) built Angkor Wat, operated as slave state Vietnam repeatedly resisted Chinese domination (27 invasions over 1000 years) Thailand (Siam) strategically adopted Western technology Burma formed through conquest and integration of multiple ethnic groups Colonial Period Portuguese established first European presence through fort system Dutch took control from Portuguese, focused on extractive commerce British controlled Burma and Malaysia Spanish colonized Philippines (remained until American takeover) Thailand uniquely remained independent Modern Development Post-WWII Japanese occupation ended European colonial control Rapid industrialization in recent decades Different development paths (Thailand's steady growth vs Philippines' struggles) Cultural Insights Mountain vs valley people dynamics shaped society Strong influence of Buddhist monasteries on economic development Religious conversion (especially Christianity and Islam) played role in resistance movements Emphasis on collective rather than individual identity Contemporary Relevance Region experiencing some of world's fastest economic growth Dealing with rapid societal changes and modernization Tension between traditional values and Western influences Growing strategic importance in international relations

    1 h 26 min
  5. Explaining the Silk Road

    15/12/2024

    Explaining the Silk Road

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett explores how the Silk Road shaped global civilization through expansive trade networks, cultural exchange, and power dynamics between Europe, the Middle East, India, and China. -- 📰 Be notified early when Turpentine's drops new publication: https://www.turpentine.co/exclusiveaccess -- SPONSOR: INCOGNI | SELECTQUOTE Take your personal data back with Incogni! Use code ECON102 at the link below and get 60% off an annual plan: https://incogni.com/econ102 Finding the right life insurance shouldn't be another task you put off. SelectQuote compares top-rated policies to get you the best coverage at the right price. Even in our AI-driven world, protecting your family's future remains essential. Get your personalized quote at https://selectquote.com/cognitive -- RECOMMENDED PODCAST: Check out Modern Relationships, where Erik Torenberg interviews tech power couples and leading thinkers to explore how ambitious people actually make partnerships work. Founders Fund's Delian Asparouhov and researcher Nadia Asparouhova kick off the series with an unfiltered conversation about their relationship evolution. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1786227593 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5hJzs0gDg6lRT6r10mdpVg YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@ModernRelationshipsPod -- FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @LudwigNverMises (Austin) @TurpentineMedia HIGHLIGHTS: From Authoritarianism to Trade Routes: Setting the Stage Fascinating discussion of different types of authoritarian states Historical shifts in gender and violence Sets up context for Silk Road discussion China's First Contact: The Quest for Blood-Sweating Horses Dramatic story of first Chinese explorer to discover other civilizations Tale of escape from Hunnish bride Discovery of "white ghosts" in Western China Disease, Death, and Trade: The Dark Side of Connection How plagues reshaped civilizations American near-miss with Bubonic Plague in 1898 How trade routes spread devastating diseases The Maritime Silk Road: An Ocean of Wealth Sri Lanka's role as forced stopover for traders Persian merchants dominating Indian Ocean trade Southeast Asian kingdoms built on luxury goods Rise and Fall of Trade Empires Portuguese conquest of Indian Ocean trade How 400-man crews took over the world's richest trade system Decline of Russia from wealth to backwater The Mongol Factor: Building an Empire on Skulls How Mongols killed 100 million in pre-industrial world Creation of Pax Mongolica Legacy of destruction in Central Asia Final decline of the Silk Road system BOOK RECOMMENDATIONS: "The Sea and Civilization" by Lincoln Paine "Strange Parallels" by Victor Lieberman "Rome and Persia: The Seven Hundred Year Rivalry" by Adrian Goldsworthy

    1 h 19 min
  6. Ancient Europe

    09/12/2024

    Ancient Europe

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett explore the fascinating world of Ancient Europe, from the mysterious megalith builders to the warring Celtic tribes. Listen as they uncover how waves of migration, technological advances, and cultural shifts shaped the continent. Learn how archaeology, genetics, and mythology reveal stories of ancient battles, complex trade networks, and forgotten civilizations that laid the foundation for modern European society. -- 📰 Be notified early when Turpentine's drops new publication: https://www.turpentine.co/exclusiveaccess -- SPONSOR: INCOGNI | SELECTQUOTE Take your personal data back with Incogni! Use code ECON102 at the link below and get 60% off an annual plan: https://incogni.com/econ102 Finding the right life insurance shouldn't be another task you put off. SelectQuote compares top-rated policies to get you the best coverage at the right price. Even in our AI-driven world, protecting your family's future remains essential. Get your personalized quote at https://selectquote.com/cognitive -- RECOMMENDED PODCAST: 🎙️ Unpack Pricing - Dive into the dark arts of SaaS pricing with Metronome CEO Scott Woody and tech leaders. Learn how strategic pricing drives explosive revenue growth in today's biggest companies like Snowflake, Cockroach Labs, Dropbox and more. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1765716600 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/38DK3W1Fq1xxQalhDSueFg -- FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @LudwigNverMises (Austin) @TurpentineMedia -- TIMESTAMPS: (00:00) Intro (01:19) Mesopotamians and indigenous Europeans (06:20) Negative psychological pins from the 20th century (10:51) Hunter gatherer confederacy and the spread of agriculture (14:57) Hunter gatherers vs farmers lifestyle (19:45) Threats to modern populations: Supply chain issues, disease, war (20:18) Population fluctuations in ancient Europe (24:28) Social contracts vs theocracies (32:44) Ancient Europe during the last ice age (40:11) Genetic differences across Europe (46:25) The transition from bronze age to iron age culture (53:15) Europe in 500 BC and the dominance of the Celts (56:00) The Celtic military strategy and its limitations (1:00:09) The Roman conquest of Gaul and the German migrations (1:06:55) The Baltic Origins of Homer's Tales (1:11:42) The Roman Empire and the Germanic peoples (14:56) The Slavic expansion into Eastern Europe (17:11) The importance of paternity protection in societal cohesion (1:18:07) Book recommendations BOOK RECOMMENDATIONS: "Ancestral Journeys" by Jean Monko "Who We Are and How We Got Here" by David Reich

    1 h 21 min
  7. Medieval Britain

    04/12/2024

    Medieval Britain

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett do a fascinating deep dive into Medieval Britain. They explore how a tiny population in northwest Europe shaped the modern world. From the fall of Roman Britain to the Norman Conquest, they unpack how the English created their cultural identity, legal code, and political system – innovations that still influence us today. Through Viking invasions, peasant revolts, and epic battles, they reveal how England emerged as one of history's most consequential nations despite its modest size. -- 📰 Be notified early when Turpentine's drops new publication: https://www.turpentine.co/exclusiveaccess -- SPONSOR: INCOGNI | GIVEWELL Take your personal data back with Incogni! Use code ECON102 at the link below and get 60% off an annual plan: https://incogni.com/econ102 GiveWell spends 50,000 hours every year doing deep-dives into different charitable programs to try to find the ways to do the most good for your dollar. GiveWell has now spent over 17 years researching charitable organizations and only directs funding to a few of the HIGHEST-IMPACT opportunities they’ve found. Visit https://www.givewell.org to find out more or make a donation. Select PODCAST and enter Econ 102 at checkout to make sure they know you heard about them from us. -- RECOMMENDED PODCAST: 🎙️ Unpack Pricing - Dive into the dark arts of SaaS pricing with Metronome CEO Scott Woody and tech leaders. Learn how strategic pricing drives explosive revenue growth in today's biggest companies like Snowflake, Cockroach Labs, Dropbox and more. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1765716600 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/38DK3W1Fq1xxQalhDSueFg -- FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @LudwigNverMises (Austin) @TurpentineMedia -- TIMESTAMPS: (00:16) Introduction: Three Models of History & Medieval England's Significance (05:10) Fall of Roman Britain & The Anglo-Saxon Invasions (13:56) King Arthur and the Anglo-Saxon Myth (20:00) Anglo-Saxon Conquest: Genetics & Language (22:40) Christianity's Role in Medieval Britain (30:50) Viking Invasions and the Unification of England (44:50) The Norman Conquest & the Rise of Feudalism (1:01:40) The Hundred Years War: England vs. France (1:09:50) The Wars of the Roses & the Tudor Monarchy (1:10:55) Technological and Economic Advancements in Medieval Britain

    1 h 21 min
  8. Explaining the French Revolution

    26/11/2024

    Explaining the French Revolution

    In this episode of History 102, 'WhatIfAltHist' creator Rudyard Lynch and co-host Austin Padgett talk about the French Revolution and the fascinating parallels between 18th-century French social dynamics and today's political landscape. From bureaucratic upheaval to radical terror, journey through the chaos that transformed France and birthed modern political divisions. Learn how a centralized monarchy crumbled into revolutionary fervor, spawning new ideas of nationalism, secularism, and total war that would reshape Europe. -- 📰 Be notified early when Turpentine's drops new publication: https://www.turpentine.co/exclusiveaccess -- SPONSOR: INCOGNI | GIVEWELL Take your personal data back with Incogni! Use code ECON102 at the link below and get 60% off an annual plan: https://incogni.com/econ102 GiveWell spends 50,000 hours every year doing deep-dives into different charitable programs to try to find the ways to do the most good for your dollar. GiveWell has now spent over 17 years researching charitable organizations and only directs funding to a few of the HIGHEST-IMPACT opportunities they’ve found. Visit https://www.givewell.org to find out more or make a donation. Select PODCAST and enter Econ 102 at checkout to make sure they know you heard about them from us. -- RECOMMENDED PODCAST: 🎙️ Unpack Pricing - Dive into the dark arts of SaaS pricing with Metronome CEO Scott Woody and tech leaders. Learn how strategic pricing drives explosive revenue growth in today's biggest companies like Snowflake, Cockroach Labs, Dropbox and more. Apple: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/id1765716600 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/38DK3W1Fq1xxQalhDSueFg -- FOLLOW ON X: @whatifalthist (Rudyard) @LudwigNverMises (Austin) @TurpentineMedia -- TIMESTAMPS: (00:15) Intro and Personal Anecdotes (04:13) Introduction to the French Revolution and Secular Cycles (08:40) Open and Closed Societies (15:47) Sponsor Message 1 (17:33) Sponsor Message 2 (18:44) The French Monarchy and its Attempt to Protect Freedom (25:50) The French Enlightenment and Modernity (30:52) Causes of the French Revolution (37:00) The Internal Conflicts and Instability of the Revolution (46:50) The Reign of Terror and the Jacobins (52:40) The Napoleonic Wars and their Impact on Europe (1:00:00) The Left and Right in French Politics (1:03:40) Counterfactual History: What if the Fronde had succeeded? (1:04:20) The French Army and National Identity (1:07:12) Outro BOOK RECOMMENDATIONS: "Fire in the Minds of Men" by James Hadley Billington "The Old Regime and the French Revolution" by Alexis Henri C M Clerel Tocqueville

    1 h 7 min
Tout afficher (43)

À propos

Rudyard Lynch, creator of the enormously popular YouTube channel WhatifAltHist joins Austin Padgett every week to offer a deeper understanding of critical moments in history. Together they identify patterns in order to predict the future and understand the dynamics that result in civilizations rising and falling. We cover WW1, WW2, Classical Greece, Medieval Islam, the rise of Communism, and more. History 102 is a part of the Turpentine podcast network. Learn more: www.turpentine.co

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