Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT)
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Transport Phenomena in the Biosphere

The term “biosphere” is the place on the Earth’s surface where life dwells. Since its inception in 1875, this concept launched one of the most ambitious interdisciplinary collaborative efforts in science as it forged partnerships between atmospheric sciences, biology, chemistry, climate, earth sciences, ecology, engineering, geology, geography, hydrology, mathematics, and physics.This course covers fundamentals and principles of air and water movement within the biosphere. It elaborates on key applications spanning subsurface water movement, the soil-plant system, xylem-phloem water movement, overland flow, the hyporheic zone and adjacent stream flow, and air flow in the lower atmosphere. The common theme weaving all the lectures is that fluid flow exerts significant controls on the form and function of the biosphere. The talks were recorded during the MICMoR Summer School “Transport Phenomena and the Limits of Life in the Biosphere”, held at KIT/IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, from 9th-18th August 2017. (picture: Gabriel Katul, Duke University)

  1. 05/02/2018 · VÍDEO

    06: Capturing all relevant scales of biosphere-atmosphere exchange - Measurements and computations, 11.08.2017

    06 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:26 Motivation 0:07:51 The spectral gap 0:12:18 Ecosystem-Atmosphere Interactions 0:20:41 Historical overview of the energy balance closure problem 0:25:29 Hypotheses for potential reasons of the energy balance closure problem 0:27:49 Research approach and methods 0:31:56 Wavelet analysis 0:36:06 Large-eddy simulation 0:42:13 Scale-crossing field compaigns 0:42:19 BOREAS 0:44:12 TRENO preAlpine Observatory 0:45:17 ScaleX 0:47:18 TERENO lower Rhine/Eifel Observatory 0:48:09 Yatir forest in Israel 0:48:46 Selected results 0:48:47 Flow distortion error of sonic anemometers 0:53:45 Boreas Cande-Lake runs 0:58:11 Evaluation of energy balance closure parameterizations 1:01:42 Meso-skaligen Transport (3D) 1:15:25 Parameters for closure model 1:22:27 Partitioning of the total flux 1:31:34 Conclusions

    1h35min

  2. 30/01/2018 · VÍDEO

    16: Fish behaviour in response to hydrodynamic stimuli, 17.08.2017

    16 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:22 Acknowledgement 0:02:00 Introduction 0:09:35 The drag function D 0:13:04 Methods 0:17:47 Flow field (ADV measurements) 0:20:53 Space used vs Space sampled 0:22:22 Hydrodynamic preference curves 0:23:38 Specialized Behaviours Zones (SBZ) 0:26:25 Results 0:29:55 Results: How do other hydrodynamic metrics perform? 0:33:11 Drag Functions vs Mean Velocities 0:35:30 Conclusions 0:37:27 What about downstream migration? 0:38:43 Acknowledgement 0:39:39 Introduction 0:45:27 Methods 0:52:19 Methods: Numerical simulations 0:55:09 Methods: Behavioural analysis definitions 0:56:59 Results: Eels trajectories in the upstream part of the site 1:01:21 Discussion 1:07:18 Conclusions 1:09:15 References

    1h10min

  3. 30/01/2018 · VÍDEO

    15: Eco-Hydraulics and life in moving fluids, 17.08.2017

    15 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:30 Lectures outline 0:04:00 Lecture 1.1 – An introduction to Eco–Hydraulics and fish locomotion 0:04:05 What is Eco–Hydraulics? 0:05:43 Fish–migration 0:07:12 Hydraulic barriers and threats 0:16:04 The big picture 0:19:00 Fish locomotion 0:31:56 Fish sensing 0:45:36 Sight (slightly off topic) 0:47:30 References 0:48:10 Lecture 1.2 – Swimming and living in hydrodynamiclly–complex environments 0:48:33 The big picture 0:49:02 Hydrodynamically–complex environments 0:50:05 Turbulence in open channel flows 1:08:04 Swimming in turbulent flows 1:32:27 Other energy–saving strategies 1:38:07 Summary 1:38:43 Refrences

    1h39min

  4. 30/01/2018 · VÍDEO

    12: Plant water movement in xylem and phloem: A new perspective, 16.08.2017

    12 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:44 Why study plants? 0:02:09 Agricultural production 0:03:54 Plant vascular transport 0:05:58 Drought kills trees 0:06:56 Question: Why do plants need (so much) water? 0:08:02 Exchange of water for CO2 0:08:27 Cost of CO2 Diffusion and Fick's law 0:14:32 Transport Processes: Diffusion and advection 0:16:08 The Advection-Diffusion equation 0:19:10 Wood microstructure 0:21:25 Question: What pressures are needed to drive flow? 0:25:23 Pressure-drop/Flow rate 0:28:10 Transport Processes: The Navier-Stokes Equation 0:36:29 The Stokes equation Hagen-Poiseuille law 0:38:20 Analogy between electric and fluidic systems 0:39:53 Sugar transport 0:42:12 What powers sugar transport? 0:45:01 Taking the blood pressure of plants 0:51:07 The Münch mechanism Osmotic pressure pump 0:52:53 The leaf is an osmotic pump 0:54:57 Synthetic Phloem: Experiments by Münch (1927)

    56min

  5. 30/01/2018 · VÍDEO

    07: Turbulent Structure in Plant Canopies, 11.08.2017

    07 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:50 Reminder-where did we get to on Wednesday? 0:03:23 Time-Trace of velocity fluctuations-sweeps and ejections 0:05:40 Ejection/sweep ratios (neutral conditions) 0:08:43 Large-eddy simulation of canopy flows 0:09:34 ISL and Canopy Layer Velocity Profiles 0:10:53 Inflexion point in the velocity profile at canopy top is inevitable 0:14:47 The Mixing Layer Hypothesis 0:39:36 Summarizing the Mixing Layer Hypothesis 0:51:16 ABL-scale instabilities 0:57:57 Canopy instability process in strong shear (below downdrafts) 1:11:34 Summary of Canopy-ABL coupling in neutral to convective conditions 1:24:00 Final Comment

    1h25min

  6. 30/01/2018 · VÍDEO

    09: Society as a Complex System - Can we find a safe and just operating space for humanity?, 12.08.2017

    09 | 0:00:00 Start 0:00:45 What are the Sustainable Development Goals? 0:02:12 Biophysical Planetary Boundaries – Staying in the Holocene 0:04:11 Social Planetary Boundaries – can we live within the doughnut? 0:04:50 These biophysical and social boundaries are fundamentally different 0:06:09 What is a complex system? 0:08:05 Emergence 0:11:47 Self organization – Attractors 0:14:51 Complexity versus Chaos 0:18:25 History of the world in two graphs: 1, Population and technology 0:20:15 History of the world in two graphs: 2, Population and wealth 0:21:02 Attractors in the Human-Earth system 0:22:38 The Malthusian trap-a social attractor for most of human history 0:26:45 Escaping the Malthusian Trap 0:28:37 In the Post-industrial World, a minimal description of the Human-Earth System must include societal dynamics 0:30:27 We will try to construct a systems description 0:30:59 Population: the Fertility-mortality balance and its link with wealth 0:34:20 The Key Feedback from Mortality to Fertility 0:38:23 Fertility-mortality balance-the effect of urban living 0:39:47 Generation of wealth 0:41:10 Generation of wealth-economic output 0:44:17 Social State 0:52:51 Transitioning between Natural State and Open Access Order 0:57:53 Not a new Idea 0:59:02 Social State 1:00:39 Biospheric State 1:01:27 Tracing the links and feedbacks between the four state variables 1:02:17 Population 1:03:49 Economic output 1:05:09 Societal State 1:07:50 State of the Biosphere 1:13:32 Emergence and Coarse graining 1:14:50 Effect of climate change on suitability of land for growing crops 1:20:20 Syrian Civil War 1:24:39 The known Unknowns 1:25:40 We can examine the system description 1:27:30 Can the trajectory of the human-earth system be understood...? 1:28:27 some first conclusions 1:30:33 can understanding the human-earth system as a complex system help?

    1h32min

  7. 30/01/2018 · VÍDEO

    05: Models and predictions: Basic ingredients, dimensionless numbers, predictions versus predictability - and what can go wrong, 10.08.2017

    05 | 0:00:00 start 0:02:19 Structure of Talk 0:02:54 Introduction 0:09:08 The purpose of models 0:15:55 Basic ingredients of models 0:19:26 Predictability and determinism 0:22:43 Nonlinear effects (Deterministic chaos) 0:27:46 Verification of models –– ''non–verifiable'' models 0:30:07 Verification of models –– no-analog communities 0:32:19 Computing models –– alternatives to general relativity 0:35:37 Computing models –– heuristic vs. physically based models 0:40:31 Extrapolation of models 0:44:28 Constituents of Climate Models 0:45:27 Climate Models: Basic variables 0:46:41 Climate Models: System of equations 0:47:23 Climate Models: Initial and boundary conditions 0:47:55 Climate Models: Straightforward solutions of the equations 0:51:25 Model zoo: Increasing complexity of models 0:53:18 Climate Models: Practical problems 0:55:52 Forecast: Changing boundary conditions 0:56:54 Forecast: Changing boundary conditions 0:57:56 Summary

    59min

  8. 29/01/2018 · VÍDEO

    14: Physical limits on plant size and their organs, 16.08.2017

    14 | 0:00:00 Start 0:01:52 Literature 0:01:55 Centennial of On Growth and Form by D'Arcy Thompson 0:02:44 Question: Why no wheels in nature? 0:03:31 Example: Why no wheels? 0:04:37 Question: What drives evolution in biological systems? 0:04:54 Energetics of Evolution 0:06:50 Example: Size of living organisms 0:07:29 Bacterial size limited by feeding strategy 0:11:12 Sugar transport 0:11:45 The leaf is an osmotic pump 0:12:42 First mathematical model 0:14:24 Later mathematical model 0:15:14 Phloem models are complex 0:15:54 Resistor model for phloem flow speed 0:18:09 Optimal design of an osmotic pump 0:22:04 Physical limits to leaf size 0:22:59 Theophrastus, 350 BC 0:26:22 The global spectrum of plant form and function 0:27:55 Resistor model for phloem flow speed 0:28:56 limits to leaf size 0:30:29 Upper limits to leaf size 0:31:07 Lower limits to leaf size 0:35:09 Can we engineer plants that produce more sugar? 0:36:09 Drawing ''blood'' from a plant 0:36:41 Plants treat fluorescein as sugar! 0:38:04 Confocal Microscope – Photobleaching 0:38:58 Microfluid model 0:39:58 Plant sugar concentration 0:41:23 Sugar flow in plants 0:42:38 Sugar mass flow 0:42:56 Plants are optimized for efficient transport 0:43:54 Crop plants have highest concentration 0:44:40 iPhloem 2017

    45min
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Sobre

The term “biosphere” is the place on the Earth’s surface where life dwells. Since its inception in 1875, this concept launched one of the most ambitious interdisciplinary collaborative efforts in science as it forged partnerships between atmospheric sciences, biology, chemistry, climate, earth sciences, ecology, engineering, geology, geography, hydrology, mathematics, and physics.This course covers fundamentals and principles of air and water movement within the biosphere. It elaborates on key applications spanning subsurface water movement, the soil-plant system, xylem-phloem water movement, overland flow, the hyporheic zone and adjacent stream flow, and air flow in the lower atmosphere. The common theme weaving all the lectures is that fluid flow exerts significant controls on the form and function of the biosphere. The talks were recorded during the MICMoR Summer School “Transport Phenomena and the Limits of Life in the Biosphere”, held at KIT/IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, from 9th-18th August 2017. (picture: Gabriel Katul, Duke University)

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