Why do we struggle most when it matters most? In this episode of TEDMED Now, Kelly Thomas explores how pressure affects the brain, drawing on Sian Leah Beilock’s research on performance under stress. The episode reframes choking not as a lack of ability, but as a response to unfamiliar conditions. It also highlights how practicing under pressure can help us perform more effectively when the stakes are high. Key Moments When Pressure Takes Over (00:00) The Brain Under Pressure (01:20) From Flow to Overthinking (04:30) Training for Pressure (07:30) Rethinking Resilience (10:30) Quotes “Choking isn’t a failure of ability. It’s a mismatch.” “Resilient brains don’t avoid pressure. They learn how to operate inside it.” “Pressure is part of being human. But so is the capacity to adapt.” Resources Mentioned Below are links to the books, articles, and resources mentioned during the conversation. Beilock, S. L., & Carr, T. H. (2001). On the fragility of skilled performance: What governs choking under pressure? Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130(4), 701–725. PMID: 11757876.https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11757876/ Beilock, S. L., Carr, T. H., MacMahon, C., & Starkes, J. L. (2002). When paying attention becomes counterproductive: Impact of divided versus skill-focused attention on novice and experienced performance of sensorimotor skills. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 8(1), 6–16. PMID: 12009178. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12009178/ Arnsten, A. F. T. (2009). Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(6), 410–422. PMID: 19455173. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19455173/ Shields, G. S., Sazma, M. A., & Yonelinas, A. P. (2016). The effects of acute stress on core executive functions: A meta-analysis and comparison with cortisol. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 68, 651–668. PMID: 27371161. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27371161/ Ramirez, G., & Beilock, S. L. (2011). Writing about testing worries boosts exam performance in the classroom. Science, 331(6014), 211–213. PMID: 21233387. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21233387/ SIAN BEILOCK, PhD, is the president of Dartmouth College and a renowned cognitive scientist. Her research explores the science behind why people “choke” under pressure and how we can perform our best in stressful situations, whether it’s a big test, a public speech, or a championship game. By using a variety of research methods, from test performance to brain scans, she studies how our thoughts and reasoning skills change when we are under stress. KELLY THOMAS, PhD, is Director of Scientific Content at TEDMED, where she curates and translates breakthrough ideas at the intersection of science, medicine, and human potential. As host of TEDMED Now, she explores resilience, behavior change, and the ways evidence-based science can shape longer, healthier, more meaningful lives. Connect with the Guests SIAN BEILOCK Website: https://sianbeilock.com/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/presbeilock/ X: https://www.instagram.com/presbeilock/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/sianleahbeilock/KELLY THOMAS TEDMED: https://www.tedmed.com/person/kelly-thomas/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/kelly-thomas-ph-d-416b356/ Join the Conversation We'd love to hear your thoughts on this episode! Comment, or send us an email at conversations@tedmed.com. Follow our social media channels @tedmedcommunity on Instagram/Threads and @tedmed on X and LinkedIn for updates.