The Binary Agora

albariberamartinez

The Binary Agora is an open space that serves as a meeting ground for legal tech discussions.

  1. 2 hrs ago

    #40 Having All Your Eggs in One Basket: The Situation of the Cloud Computing Market w/ Max von Thun

    In this episode, I sat down with Max von Thun, Director at Open Markets Institute Europe, to discuss the situation of the cloud computing market. He set forth in very few words why we should care about this market and what the main problems are in the market's current configuration. I hope you enjoy the episode!Throughout the episode, we mentioned some developments that have taken place surrounding the cloud market. Click on them directly below: - 00:08, The EC's qualitative designations under the DMA against Amazon and Microsoft and its additional market investigation on the adequacy of capturing cloud: https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/commission-launches-market-investigations-cloud-computing-services-under-digital-markets-act-2025-11-18_en. - 03:11, Amazon's, Microsoft's, and Google's dominance in the cloud market: https://www.statista.com/chart/18819/worldwide-market-share-of-leading-cloud-infrastructure-service-providers/?srsltid=AfmBOorFbl4QKnpM7sqK5L7LsFSx9wa7pSbd_YWZRw0CC2S7ubAPdhFC. - 04:11, The CMA's cloud services market investigation: https://www.gov.uk/cma-cases/cloud-services-market-investigation. - 04:39, Cloud outages created by dependence on a few players: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/oct/20/amazon-web-services-aws-outage-hits-dozens-websites-apps. - 06:50, Amazon spun its cloud business off the computing resources used from its e-commerce website: https://www.wired.com/story/why-hard-escape-amazons-long-reach/. - 07:34, The European Commission's work on cloud: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/cloud-and-ai-development-act. - 07:38, The Dutch competition authority's market study into cloud services: https://www.acm.nl/en/publications/market-study-cloud-services. - 07:40, The French competition authority's market study into cloud computing: https://www.autoritedelaconcurrence.fr/en/press-release/cloud-computing-autorite-de-la-concurrence-issues-its-market-study-competition-cloud. - 08:22, The Data Act: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/2854/oj/eng. - 11:23, The European Commission's approval of the Google/Wiz merger: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_333.- 12:53, Google's partnerships surrounding its cloud business: https://newsroom.accenture.com/news/2026/accenture-edge-and-google-cloud-bring-scalable-agentic-ai-solutions-to-mid-market-companies. - 15:42, The US' Antitrust Subcommittee's reports touching on the cloud market: http://democrats-judiciary.house.gov/issues/digital-markets-investigation. - 16:13, Anecdotal evidence by which users are more prone towards Amazon's proprietary cloud: https://yalelawjournal.org/pdf/e.710.Khan.805_zuvfyyeh.pdf. - 16:45, Open Markets Institute paper on cloud: https://www.openmarketsinstitute.org/publications/levelling-the-playing-field-for-cloud-services-omi-welcomes-eu-move-to-bring-amazon-and-microsoft-under-dma-gatekeeper-rules. - 21:30: The European Commission's DMA review: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_914.- 22:05, The European Commission's Meta case, where it imposed interim measures: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1276.- 22:28, The need for structural remedies, as set out by Open Markets Institute: https://www.openmarketsinstitute.org/publications/the-structural-directive-vindicating-the-high-purpose-of-the-antitrust-laws.Key moments00:00 Introduction to Cloud Market Regulation02:29 Understanding Hyperscales and Market Dynamics10:03 The Role of the European Commission12:25 Implications of the DMA on Cloud Services18:47 Future of Cloud Regulation and EnforcementTo learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com.

  2. 8 July

    #39 A Gatekeeper's Opening Gambit: Antitrust and DMA Compliance w/ Oliver Bethell

    In this episode, Oliver Bethell from Google discusses the future of search in the age of AI, European regulatory approaches, including the DMA, and the balance between innovation and privacy. We explore how AI is transforming search behaviour and the path forward for fair competition.Throughout the episode, Oli and I touched upon many different developments and facts surrounding Google's business. Click on them below to access them directly: - 06:57, The European Commission's case under Article 102 TFEU relating to Google's integration of AI Overviews and its processing of web publisher content: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/da/ip_25_2964. - 10:07, Google's AI licensing pilot: https://www.pymnts.com/news/artificial-intelligence/2026/google-tells-news-publishers-to-share-content-for-ai-training-or-lose-fees/. - 10:09, Google's deal with 200 news publishers: https://blog.google/company-news/outreach-and-initiatives/google-news-initiative/google-news-showcase/. - 10:14, Google's Extended News Program and Previews Program: https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/around-the-globe/google-europe/more-data-about-news-results-eu/. - 12:12, The European Commission's DMA review report: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_914. - 13:06, The consensus around productivity gains generated by genAI: https://www.oecd.org/en/blogs/2025/07/unlocking-productivity-with-generative-ai-evidence-from-experimental-studies.html. - 13:13, GenAI is estimated to add up to €1.2 trillion to the European Union's GDP over the next decade: https://blog.google/company-news/inside-google/around-the-globe/google-europe/building-europes-ai-future-together/. - 13:43, ChatGPT's rapid uptake in user adoption when it was launched: https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/. - 17:42, The European Commission's 6(11) preliminary measures on access to search data: https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/dma100209-consultation-proposed-measures-google-search-data-sharing_en. - 17:49, Privacy experts contesting the Commission's approach under the 6(11) specification proceedings: https://ecipe.org/insights/dma-proceedings-against-google/. - 18:16, Gatekeepers raising privacy as an issue that is set at odds with the DMA's application: https://agenceurope.eu/en/bulletin/article/13902/8/expert-warns-apple-and-google-are-citing-privacy-and-security-risks-in-their-lobbying-against-dma. Key moments00:00 Introduction to AI and Search Transformation01:50 The Future of Search: Evolving User Expectations07:24 Regulatory Landscape: The Role of the DMA12:43 AI and Competition: Balancing Innovation and Regulation18:29 Privacy Concerns in the Age of AI22:38 Conclusion: Navigating the Future of Digital MarketsTo learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com.She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128.________The Binary Agora is on social media, where we upload and comment on dedicated content only for our subscribers. Stay tuned there, as well.- LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/thebinaryagora/posts/?feedView=all- BlueSky: https://bsky.app/profile/thebinaryagora.bsky.social- TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@thebinaryagora- Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thebinaryagora/

  3. 26 June

    #38 Competing in the Very Domain Through Which We Recognise Minds w/ Dr. Valerio Capraro

    In this episode, I interviewed Valerio Capraro about the concept of LLMorphism, its implications on human cognition, and the societal impacts of AI language models. We explored how AI influences our self-perception and the importance of epistemic literacy.To read through Valerio's newly introduced notion of LLMorphism, see here: https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.05419. In the episode, Valerio mentioned a couple of other works and trends applying to the LLMorphism theory. Click on them below to access them directly: - 03:20, His work on 'Epistemological Fault Lines Between Human and Artificial Intelligence', co-authored with Walter Quattrociocchi and Matjaz Perc: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2512.19466. - 08:22, Scholars discussing mecanomorphism back in the 1940s: https://doi.org/10.1080/03081079.2014.883743. - 09:26, The perspective of Taylorism on replaceable humans: https://www.emerald.com/jmh/article-pdf/30/2/141/9579783/jmh-04-2024-305.pdf. Key moments00:00 Introduction to LLMorphism and AI's Impact on Human Cognition01:47 Understanding LLMorphism: The Cognitive Bias of Machines04:52 The Consequences of LLMorphism on Human Identity07:17 Historical Context: Technology and Self-Understanding08:33 The Threat of Replaceability in the Workforce10:39 Social Implications: Power Dynamics and Human Perception11:51 Navigating LLMorphism: The Role of Understanding and LiteracyTo learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com.She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128.________The Binary Agora is on social media, where we upload and comment on dedicated content only for our subscribers. Stay tuned there, as well.- LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/thebinaryagora/posts/?feedView=all- BlueSky: https://bsky.app/profile/thebinaryagora.bsky.social- TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@thebinaryagora- Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thebinaryagora/

  4. 20 June

    #37 The Munich Court's Ruling on AI Overviews on the Lips of Publishers w/ Fayrouze Masmi-Dazi

    In this episode, we explore the landmark Munich court ruling on AI liability, its implications for Google and content publishers, and the broader regulatory landscape for AI in Europe. Fayrouze Masmi-Dazi shares expert insights on legal distinctions between search engines and hosting platforms and future challenges in AI regulation. The video exhaustively reviews and comments on the Munich Regional Court's ruling relating to Google Overviews, which you'll find here: https://les-italy.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/42-O-14139-24-Endurteil-en-GB.pdf. Aside from the judgment, we also touched upon several developments surrounding the topic. Click directly on them below: - 04:10, The French competition authority's intervention in relation to Google's agreements with news publishers: https://www.autoritedelaconcurrence.fr/en/article/related-rights-autorite-fines-google-eu250-million. - 05:14, The European Commission's investigation on AI Overviews under Article 102 TFEU: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/da/ip_25_2964. - 05:16, The CMA's measures relating to publisher content on AI Overviews: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cma-secures-fairer-deal-for-publishers-and-improves-google-search-services-in-uk. - 06:24, The Court of Justice's ruling in relation to the liability of information services (Case C-190/24 Coyote System): https://infocuria.curia.europa.eu/tabs/affair?sort=AFF_NUM-DESC&searchTerm=%22C-190%2F24%22&publishedId=C-190%2F24. - 16:20, Google's announcement of the Privacy Sandbox: https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/chrome/building-a-more-private-web/. - 16:25, The CMA's investigation into Google's Privacy Sandbox: https://www.gov.uk/cma-cases/investigation-into-googles-privacy-sandbox-browser-changes. Key moments 00:00 Introduction to AI Liability and the Munich Ruling 03:18 Significance of the Ruling for AI and Publishers 07:40 Distinction Between AI Overview and Traditional Search Engines 12:39 Legal Implications of Untrue Statements and Liability 17:14 Impact on Publishers and Future Litigation 21:00 Regulatory Framework for AI in Europe To learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com. She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128. ________ The Binary Agora is on social media, where we upload and comment on dedicated content only for our subscribers. Stay tuned there, as well. - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/thebinaryagora/posts/?feedView=all - BlueSky: https://bsky.app/profile/thebinaryagora.bsky.social - TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@thebinaryagora- Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thebinaryagora/

  5. 18 June

    #36 Regulators Must Go Outside of their Regulatory Silos w/ Sebastião Barros Vale

    In this episode, I host Sebastião to discuss the complex interplay between the GDPR, DMA, and AI regulation within the EU. He explores how regulators can cooperate across silos, the challenges of enforcement, and the future of cross-regulatory guidelines. To watch our brief tit-for-tat at CPDP, access the video here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7fEXSUEILU. Throughout the conversation, we covered different aspects of the digital rulebook requiring coordination: - 00:17, The European Commission's specification proceedings relating to Google's AI features: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_202. - 01:48, The EDPB's and EC's Draft Joint Guidelines on the interplay between the DMA and the GDPR: https://www.edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/documents/public-consultations/2025/joint-guidelines-interplay-between-digital_en. - 04:49, The EDPB set to issue Joint Guidelines on the interface between competition law and the GDPR: https://competition-policy.ec.europa.eu/about/news/commission-services-and-edpb-will-start-joint-work-guidance-interplay-between-eu-competition-law-and-2026-04-28_en. - 04:53, The EDPB's work with the EC on Joint Guidelines relating to the AI Act and its interplay with the GDPR: https://www.edpb.europa.eu/system/files/2026-01/edpb_edps_jointopinion_202601_proposal_ai-omnibus_en.pdf. - 05:06, The EDPB's Joint Guidelines with the EDPS on the Anti-Money Laundering Act: https://www.edps.europa.eu/data-protection/our-work/our-work-by-type/edps-edpb-joint-opinions_en. - 07:23, The EDPB's efforts in issuing Joint Guidelines relating to the DSA/GDPR interface with the EC: https://www.edpb.europa.eu/system/files/2025-09/edpb_guidelines_202503_interplay-dsa-gdpr_v1_en.pdf. - 07:48, The EDPB's collaboration with the European Board for Digital Services in the DSA context: https://www.edpb.europa.eu/news/news/2025/interplay-between-dsa-and-gdpr-edpb-adopts-guidelines_en. - 08:30, The Court of Justice's ruling relating to the principle of sincere cooperation (Case C-252/21, Meta Platforms Inc and Others v Bundeskartellamt): https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:62021CJ0252. - 11:51, The EC's analysis of the Google/Fitbit merger: https://ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases1/202120/m9660_3314_3.pdf. - 11:58, The EDPB's statement on the Google/Fitbit merger: https://www.edpb.europa.eu/sites/default/files/files/file1/edpb_statement_2020_privacyimplicationsofmergers_en.pdf. - 12:04, Commissioner Vestager's statement that the EDPB could not intervene in the Google/Fitbit merger due to the lack of a legal basis: https://subscriber.politicopro.com/article/2020/02/vestager-privacy-regulators-wont-be-involved-in-google-fitbit-review-3976959. - 12:17, The EDPS' call for a horizontal legal basis that provides the possibility to exchange confidential information between authorities: https://www.edps.europa.eu/system/files/2022-11/2022-11-11-opinion-on-european-media-freedom-act_en.pdf. - 12:54, The stakeholder contributions to the Digital Fitness Check: https://data.europa.eu/en/news-events/news/eu-digital-omnibus-update-simplifying-europes-digital-rulebook. - 16:00, The European Commission's specification proceedings under Article 6(11) DMA against Google: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_202. - 17:34, The Court of Justice's recent case law on the principle of ne bis in idem (Case C-117/20, bpost SA v Autorité belge de la concurrence): https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:62020CJ0117. - 20:22, The EDPB's work in fleshing out the notion of anonymisation: https://www.edpb.europa.eu/our-work-tools/our-documents/topic/anonymization_en. Key moments 00:00 Introduction to Data Protection and DMA 01:20 Interplay Between GDPR and DMA 08:12 Consultation and Cooperation Among Regulators 15:03 Enforcement Fragmentation Risks 22:38 AI Integration with DMA and GDPR

  6. 13 June

    #35 The DMA's AI Reckoning, Two Years On

    Join me in a brief talk around the analysis of AI within the DMA framework, where I build on my previous research surrounding whether an AI CPS must be added or how to meter AI technologies into the ex ante regulation. To celebrate the 1000th download of my paper 'Generative AI in Check: Gatekeeper Power and Policy Under the DMA', I invite you to read it on SSRN here: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=5025742. Throughout the talk, I touch upon different developments that guide the EC's analysis of AI under the DMA. Click and go directly to them through the links below: - 04:03, The European Commission proposes draft implementation measures in relation to interoperability with Android OS features necessary to power AI: https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/developer-portal/interoperability_en. - 04:39, The European Commission proposes draft implementation measures to narrow down compliance with Article 6(11) DMA on search data: https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/dma100209-consultation-proposed-measures-google-search-data-sharing_en. - 07:38, Meta's decision to scrape data from its Facebook and Instagram services to feed it into its LLM: https://about.fb.com/news/2025/04/making-ai-work-harder-for-europeans/. - 08:06, My opinion on such conduct as applied to Article 5(2) DMA: https://legalblogs.wolterskluwer.com/competition-blog/the-higher-regional-court-cologne-barks-up-the-wrong-data-tree-the-courts-interpretation-of-article-52b-dma-in-the-meta-ai-case/. - 08:22, The Higher Regional Court of Cologne's dismissal of an interim injunction in the case (available in German): https://nrwe.justiz.nrw.de/olgs/koeln/j2025/15_UKl_2_25_Urteil_20250523.html. - 12:10, The Regional Court of Munich granted the requested preliminary injunction and prohibited Google from disseminating statements about publishers in AI-generated summaries: https://www.gesetze-bayern.de/Content/Document/Y-300-Z-BECKRS-B-2026-N-11860?hl=true. - 17:14, For more information on Amazon's Rufus and its interaction with the DMA, see my comment on their compliance workshop here: https://legalblogs.wolterskluwer.com/competition-blog/amazons-second-dma-compliance-workshop-the-power-of-no-where-the-balance-should-land/. - 17:25, The European Commission's Amazon Buy Box case: https://competition-cases.ec.europa.eu/cases/AT.40462. - 18:59, My analysis on gatekeeper designation and the use of delineation: https://doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhae011. Key moments 00:00 Introduction to DMA and AI Integration 02:15 Policy Options for AI Enforcement 04:10 Transformations in Market Dynamics 06:30 AI Features and Gatekeeper Services 08:40 Challenges of Data Regulation 10:23 The Evolution of Search with AI 15:38 Regulatory Implications of AI Overviews 19:34 Future of AI and DMA Enforcement To learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com. She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128. ________ The Binary Agora is on social media, where we upload and comment on dedicated content only for our subscribers. Stay tuned there, as well. - LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/thebinaryagora/posts/?feedView=all - BlueSky: https://bsky.app/profile/thebinaryagora.bsky.social - TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@thebinaryagora- Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thebinaryagora/

  7. 9 June

    #34 A Belief in Big Solutions: The Commission's Tech Sovereignty Package w/ Dr. Anselm Küsters

    This interview with Dr. Anselm Küsters explores the EU's Tech Sovereignty Package, focusing on sovereignty as a capacity to act and the role of open source in fostering resilience and competition in Europe's digital infrastructure. The Tech Sovereignty Package we discuss throughout the conversation can be found here: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_26_1187. During the conversation, Anselm and I also raised several developments and sources that can be useful to understand the EU's broader sovereignty strategy. Click on them below to go to them directly: - 00:23, The Draghi report: https://commission.europa.eu/topics/competitiveness/draghi-report_en. - 01:08, Dr Küsters' work on sovereignty as a precondition for openness: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351046050_The_Fight_for_Digital_Sovereignty_What_It_Is_and_Why_It_Matters_Especially_for_the_EU. - 01:34, Dr. Küsters' initial assessment of the Tech Sovereignty Package, co-authored with Phillip Eckhardt and Dr. Matthias Kullas: https://www.cep.eu/eu-topics/details/eu-tech-sovereignty-package.html. - 01:52, The German approach towards sovereignty: https://www.bmftr.bund.de/SharedDocs/Publikationen/DE/FS/1086286_Rahmenprogramm_FITS2030_en.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=6. - 01:55, An analysis of Carl Schmitt's definition of sovereignty: https://lup.lub.lu.se/search/files/90975147/CarlSchmittsDefinitionofSovereignty.pdf. - 04:05, The EU's 2020 Data Strategy: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/strategy-data. - 06:23, Reporting on the EC's potential issuing of equivalence decisions to US hyperscalers: https://www.euractiv.com/news/commissions-sovereign-cloud-plan-doesnt-push-us-hyperscalers-out/. - 07:49, Dr. Küsters' work on 'Coping with the Digital Trilemma? Trade-Offs and Risks in EU Digital Policy', co-authored with Cecilia Emma Sottilotta: https://doi.org/10.1002/epa2.70023. - 10:41, W.B. Gallie on 'Essentially Contested Concepts': https://www.jstor.org/stable/4544562. - 12:28, Dr. Küsters' Small is Beautiful 2.0 book (available in German): https://www.herder.de/geschichte-politik/shop/p4/93614-small-is-beautiful-20-klappenbroschur/. - 13:46, A summary in English of the Small is Beautiful 2.0 printed publication: https://commongroundeurope.eu/blog/small-is-beautiful-2-0-how-digital-decentralisation-can-strengthen-democracy/. - 13:50, Dr. Küsters' weekly Substack, The Small Signal: https://anselmkuesters.substack.com/. - 15:08, The EU's Digital Wallet: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-building-blocks/sites/spaces/EUDIGITALIDENTITYWALLET/pages/694487738/EU+Digital+Identity+Wallet+Home. - 17:36, Research on open source demonstrating that it reduces security risks: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3736426.3736467. - 17:48, Linus's Law, coined by Eric S. Raymond in his book The Cathedral and the Bazaar, means that if a codebase is visible to a large community of developers and users, problems will be identified and fixed quickly. - 18:27, Feasibility study on funding needed for open source maintenance: https://eu-stf.openforumeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/EU-STF-Feasibility-Study_final.pdf. - 18:33, The European Competitiveness Fund: https://commission.europa.eu/publications/european-competitiveness-fund_en. Key moments 00:00 Introduction to EU's Tech Sovereignty Package 03:54 Understanding Sovereignty in the Digital Sphere 07:41 The Four Tiers of Sovereignty 10:24 Trade-offs in EU Digital Policy 13:12 Open Source and Democratic Resilience 16:27 The Importance of Open Source for Competitiveness To learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com. She also writes, from time to time, in her newsletter, the DMA Agora, about the latest developments surrounding the European regulation: https://www.linkedin.com/build-relation/newsletter-follow?entityUrn=7344021393451184128.

  8. 8 June

    #33 The Origin Story Behind the CMA's Conduct Requirements w/ Tim Cowen

    This episode features Tim Cowen, discussing the impact of AI Overviews on market competition and news publishers. Tim presents the legal complaints and expertise he has rendered to competition authorities and agencies surrounding market suppression tactics, which can potentially be analysed as competition harms. The episode was recorded before the CMA issued its conduct requirements relating to Google's AI Overviews under the DMCCA, see here: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6a1f0098b95db968c8f3bdb9/Publisher_CR_final_decision.pdf. Throughout the conversation, Tim touched upon different tenets of enforcement that have been taking place surrounding Google's position in search. Click on them directly below: - 01:35, Google's introduction of Bard in 2023: https://blog.google/innovation-and-ai/technology/ai/bard-google-ai-search-updates/. - 01:49, The French competition authority intervenes by fining Google relating to the use of publisher content: https://www.autoritedelaconcurrence.fr/en/article/related-rights-autorite-fines-google-eu250-million. - 02:48, The European Commission's Google Shopping decision: https://competition-cases.ec.europa.eu/cases/AT.39740. - 03:07, The Court of Justice's ruling in Android Auto (actioned by Enel's service, JuicePass): https://infocuria.curia.europa.eu/tabs/document?source=document&docid=295687&doclang=en. - 08:53, Judge Mehta decides that AI is a separate product from search: https://www.npr.org/2025/09/19/nx-s1-5538073/google-search-antitrust-data-privacy. - 10:19, The European Commission triggered a non-compliance procedure against Google's site reputation abuse policy: https://digital-markets-act.ec.europa.eu/commission-opens-investigation-potential-digital-markets-act-breach-google-demoting-media-publishers-2025-11-13_en. - 11:23, Bauer Media announces major digital restructure with respect to Heat and Grazia magazines: https://digiday.com/media/bauer-media-group-slashes-publishing-headcount-in-company-wide-restructure/. - 12:41, The Daily Mail reported a +70% decline in click-through rates due to the introduction of AI Overviews: https://digiday.com/media/daily-mail-says-google-ai-overviews-have-killed-click-throughs/. - 13:36, Pew Research Center research on AI Overviews: https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/07/22/google-users-are-less-likely-to-click-on-links-when-an-ai-summary-appears-in-the-results/. - 13:36, Enders Analysis research on AI Overviews: https://www.endersanalysis.com/reports/publishers-invisibility-problem-organic-traffic-under-pressure. - 13:36, MIT research on AI Overviews: https://www.mitsloanme.com/article/how-googles-near-accurate-ai-overviews-fuel-misinformation/. - 13:49, Google announces that it will roll out more AI Overviews: https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/search-io-2026/. - 14:15, SparkToro reporting on the zero-click world: https://sparktoro.com/blog/in-a-zero-click-world-traffic-is-a-terrible-goal/. - 16:41, Judge Mehta rules AI Overviews conduct as out of scope: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/google-decision-demonstrates-need-to-overhaul-competition-policy-for-ai-era/. - 26:15, Impact of AI on jobs in the UK: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/assessment-of-ai-capabilities-and-the-impact-on-the-uk-labour-market/assessment-of-ai-capabilities-and-the-impact-on-the-uk-labour-market. Key moments00:00 Introduction to AI Overviews and Competition Law01:22 The Complaint Against Google: Background and Context10:49 Google's Defense and the Impact on Publishers16:28 Global Regulatory Landscape and the Role of Authorities23:19 Proposed Remedies and the Future of CompetitionTo learn more about Dr. Alba Ribera Martínez and her research, we invite you to visit her website: https://www.albariberamartinez.com.

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