632nm

Misha Shalaginov, Michael Dubrovsky, Xinghui Yin
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Technical interviews with the greatest scientists in the world.

  1. 3. FEB.

    How Visual Experience Rewires the Brain | Mark Bear on Neuroplasticity

    How does experience rewire the brain—and why is vision the ideal system for understanding neuroplasticity? In this episode, we speak with Mark Bear, MIT neuroscientist and a pioneer in the study of experience-dependent plasticity. Bear explains how the visual cortex became a model system for uncovering the synaptic mechanisms that allow the brain to change, adapt, and learn, especially during early development. We explore how visual experience shapes neural circuits, why the brain undergoes critical periods of heightened plasticity, and what classic experiments in visual deprivation revealed about how connections are strengthened or lost. Bear walks us through the discovery of binocular vision in the cortex, the role of inhibition in closing critical periods, and how these ideas reshaped our understanding of learning and memory. The conversation also covers modern views of cortical plasticity, including perceptual learning, visual recognition memory, and how the brain distinguishes familiar from novel stimuli. Bear discusses how insights from vision extend to broader questions about brain development, neurological disorders such as amblyopia, and whether adult plasticity can be reopened. Whether you’re interested in neuroscience, brain development, neuroplasticity, learning and memory, or the biology of vision, this episode offers a clear and authoritative look at how experience shapes the brain at the level of neural circuits and synapses. Follow us for more technical interviews with the world’s greatest scientists: Twitter: https://x.com/632nmPodcastInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/632nmpodcast?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=ZDNlZDc0MzIxNw==LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/632nm/about/Substack: https://632nmpodcast.substack.com/ Follow our hosts!Mikhail Shalaginov: https://x.com/MYShalaginovMichael Dubrovsky: https://x.com/MikeDubrovskyXinghui Yin: https://x.com/XinghuiYin Subscribe:Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/632nm/id1751170269Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4aVH9vT5qp5UUUvQ6Uf6ORWebsite: https://www.632nm.com Timestamps:00:00 - Intro00:54 - Neuroplasticity in the Visual Cortex05:45 - Critical Periods for Neuroplasticity16:50 - Brain Development in Blind People19:25 - Hallucinations and Sensory Deprivation25:36 - How Mark’s Vision Disorder Led Him to a Career in Neuroscience31:35 - Intro to the Visual System35:52 - Visual System Processing40:52 - Pop Science Neuroplasticity45:00 - Memory Enhancing Pharmaceuticals50:18 - Other Ways of Modifying the Visual Cortex1:14:50 - Declarative vs Procedural Memory1:22:36 - Neural Networks and Memory Degradation1:25:16 - Neuron Transplants and Neurogenesis1:28:58 - Brain-Machine Interfaces1:33:46 - Most Prominent Issues in the Field1:40:47 - Fragile X Syndrome1:51:10 - Advice for Young Scientists #neuroplasticity #neuroscience #hubermanlab #braindevelopment #brainplasticity

    1 Std. 56 Min.

  2. 20. JAN.

    Snell's Law, Metasurfaces, and Metalenses | Federico Capasso

    How can flat surfaces shape light as powerfully as bulky lenses? In this episode, we speak with Federico Capasso, Harvard physicist and pioneer of metasurfaces, metalenses, and nanophotonics. Capasso traces the path from his work at Bell Labs on quantum cascade lasers to the invention of metasurface optics, showing how a practical challenge—collimating light without traditional lenses—sparked a new way to control light. We explore the physics behind metasurfaces and generalized Snell’s law, explaining how subwavelength structures enable precise control of wavefronts, phase, and polarization beyond what conventional diffractive optics or Fresnel lenses allow. Capasso clarifies common misconceptions, contrasts metasurfaces with diffraction gratings and phased arrays, and emphasizes the importance of physical intuition and simplicity. The conversation covers metalenses, polarization optics, holography, and how these ideas moved from theory to large-scale manufacturing in semiconductor foundries, ultimately appearing in consumer devices like smartphones. Capasso also reflects on commercialization, the legacy of Bell Labs, and the blurred boundary between basic science and real-world technology. Whether you’re interested in metasurfaces, metalenses, nanophotonics, optics, or the process behind breakthrough discoveries, this episode offers a clear and insightful look at how modern optical physics becomes transformative technology. Follow us for more technical interviews with the world’s greatest scientists:Twitter: https://x.com/632nmPodcastInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/632nmpodcast?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=ZDNlZDc0MzIxNw==LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/632nm/about/Substack: https://632nmpodcast.substack.com/ Follow our hosts!Mikhail Shalaginov: https://x.com/MYShalaginovMichael Dubrovsky: https://x.com/MikeDubrovskyXinghui Yin: https://x.com/XinghuiYin Subscribe:Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/632nm/id1751170269Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4aVH9vT5qp5UUUvQ6Uf6ORWebsite: [https://www.632nm.com](https://www.632nm.com/) Timestamps:00:00 - Intro01:53 - Transition from Bell Labs to Harvard09:45 - Generalized Snell's Law21:25 - Facing the Diffractive Optics Community31:07 - Benefits of Well-Rounded Education45:16 - Metalenses55:55 - Can AI do Physics?1:07:39 - Industry vs Academia1:11:44 - Nanophotonics1:14:44 - What Allowed for the First Metalenses?1:17:38 - 632nm and Other Lasers1:20:47 - Quantum applications of Metalenses1:30:14 - Quantum Entanglement Redefines Spacetime1:43:22 - Stokes Parameters1:48:28 - Limits of Metasurface Pixel Size1:55:20 - Advice for Young Scientists2:01:45 - Critique of the H Index #metasurface #metalenses #quantumphysics #materialscience #optics  #photonics

    2 Std. 13 Min.

  3. 6. JAN.

    Graphene, Nanotubes, and Quantum Hall Physics | Philip Kim

    How do electrons behave when they’re confined to a single layer, and why do entirely new laws of physics emerge when dimensions shrink? Papers discussed in this episode:Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature04235Tunable Fractional Quantum Hall Phases in Bilayer Graphene: https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.2112Room-Temperature Quantum Hall Effect in Graphene: https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0702408 In this episode, we speak with Philip Kim, Harvard physicist and a leading experimentalist in low-dimensional quantum materials. Kim traces the experimental path from high-temperature superconductors and charge-density waves to carbon nanotubes and the earliest graphene devices, revealing how advances in nanofabrication and quantum transport opened the door to modern 2D materials physics. We dive deep into the Hall effect and quantum Hall effect, from their 19th-century origins to the discovery of quantized and fractional conductance, and explain why these effects were found experimentally before they were fully understood theoretically. Kim shares behind-the-scenes stories of early graphene experiments, mechanical exfoliation, Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations, and what it was like to be scooped by the work that launched graphene into the spotlight. Along the way, we explore how disorder, dimensionality, and magnetic fields shape electronic behavior; why carbon nanotubes paved the way for graphene; and how many of the most important discoveries in condensed matter physics arise from intuition, timing, and new experimental tools. Whether you’re interested in graphene, quantum transport, the quantum Hall effect, nanofabrication, superconductors, or the real stories behind breakthrough discoveries, this conversation offers a rare, technically rich look at how modern quantum materials research actually unfolds. Follow us for more technical interviews with the world’s greatest scientists:Twitter: https://x.com/632nmPodcastInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/632nmpodcast?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=ZDNlZDc0MzIxNw==LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/632nm/about/Substack: https://632nmpodcast.substack.com/ Follow our hosts!Mikhail Shalaginov: https://x.com/MYShalaginovMichael Dubrovsky: https://x.com/MikeDubrovskyXinghui Yin: https://x.com/XinghuiYin Subscribe:Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/632nm/id1751170269Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4aVH9vT5qp5UUUvQ6Uf6ORWebsite: [https://www.632nm.com](https://www.632nm.com/) Timestamps:00:00 - Intro01:15 - How Philip Began Studying Graphene20:06 - Old Methods of Creating Graphene32:33 - Hall Effect and Quantum Hall Effect48:29 - Philip's Work at Columbia52:33 - Philip's First Experiments with Graphene1:06:43 - Did Philip Get Scooped from a Discovery?1:09:40 - The Power of Scotch Tape1:24:57 - High Temperature Quantum Hall Effect1:30:18 - Fractional Quantum Hall Effect1:41:17 - Collaboration with Particle Physicists1:54:13 - Single Layer Graphene1:59:44 - Next Gen Electronics with 2D Materials2:03:23 - Graphene Twisting2:14:48 - Superconductivity in Other Materials2:20:06 - Anyons2:30:00 - Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing2:36:05 - Can AI and Big Data Help Physicists?2:40:47 - What Would Philip Do with Unlimited Resources?2:43:44 - Optimizing the Education System #graphene #quantumphysics #materialscience #halleffect #electromagnetism

    2 Std. 47 Min.

  4. 23.12.2025

    Quantum Matter, Super-conductors, and Black Holes | Subir Sachdev on the SYK Model

    What makes high-temperature superconductors and “strange metals” some of the most perplexing systems in modern physics? In this episode, we speak with Dr. Subir Sachdev: Harvard physicist and one of the leading architects of today’s understanding of quantum matter. Sachdev explains why strange metals refuse to behave like ordinary conductors, how quantum entanglement reshapes the landscape of many-body physics, and why the quest to understand cuprate superconductors continues to push both theory and experiment to their limits. We explore the physics of the cuprate phase diagram, the collapse of quasiparticles, and the role of quantum criticality in creating universal, linear-in-temperature behavior. Sachdev walks us through the origins of the SYK model, its surprising connections to black-hole thermodynamics and holography, and how new lattice-based models may finally bridge the gap between solvable theory and real materials. Whether you’re curious about superconductivity, quantum criticality, black-hole analogies, emergent gauge fields, or the deep physics behind strongly correlated electrons, this conversation offers a rare, accessible look at how frontier theoretical work is redefining our picture of quantum matter—from the lab bench to the edge of spacetime. Follow us for more technical interviews with the world’s greatest scientists: Twitter: https://x.com/632nmPodcastInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/632nmpodcast?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=ZDNlZDc0MzIxNw==LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/632nm/about/Substack: https://632nmpodcast.substack.com/ Follow our hosts! Mikhail Shalaginov: https://x.com/MYShalaginovMichael Dubrovsky: https://x.com/MikeDubrovskyXinghui Yin: https://x.com/XinghuiYin Subscribe:Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/632nm/id1751170269Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4aVH9vT5qp5UUUvQ6Uf6ORWebsite: https://www.632nm.com Timestamps:01:22 - Subir’s Path to Condensed Matter Physics06:24 - Challenges in Discovering Cuprates09:53 - History of Superconductivity20:07 - Subir's PhD work27:09 - Development of the SYK model41:09 - Strange Metals56:43 - Derivation of SYK Model1:03:53 - Signatures of Strange Metals1:09:58 - How Quantum Mechanics Affects Black Holes1:17:10 - What Brought Subir to Black Holes?1:19:43 - Black Hole Connections to SYK1:29:28 - ADS CFT Correspondence1:37:04 - Can Quantum Computers Help Advance the SYK Model?1:40:17 - Is AI Useful for Theoretical Physics?1:46:40 - How does Quantum Criticality Play into Superconductivity?1:49:11 - Derivation Quantum Criticality1:52:49 -  What is Holography?1:55:07 - Holography2:00:19 - Green’s Function2:08:46 - Green’s equation slides2:13:23 - Yukawa Model vs SYK2:17:30 - Can AI Brute Force Physics Discoveries?2:23:51 - What Would Subir Do With Unlimited Funding?2:36:33 - Dissecting the Hype of Superconductivity2:31:15 - Raising the Next Generation of Great Physicists #theoreticalphysics #quantummaterials #astrophysics #superconductivity #superconductor #blackhole #quantumphysics #quantummechanics

    2 Std. 35 Min.

  5. 09.12.2025

    How to Build Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computers | Austin Fowler on Surface Codes + TQEC

    Would we get a quantum computer sooner if everything was open source? In this episode, we speak with Austin Fowler, one of the architects of quantum error correction and a pioneer of the surface code used in today’s leading quantum computers. Fowler helped lay the groundwork for scalable, fault-tolerant computation at Google Quantum AI, before leaving to advocate for a more open and collaborative model of research. He explains why building a useful quantum computer will require millions of reliable qubits, why no known algorithm yet clearly outperforms classical computation, and why the field’s current competitive funding model may be slowing progress instead of accelerating it. From the engineering challenges of superconducting qubits to the economics of global research, Fowler offers a candid, inside look at the state of quantum technology. We explore the history and promise of quantum error correction, the software bottlenecks that still stand in the way, and how an open-source, international approach — modeled on CERN or the International Space Station — could transform the field. Along the way, Fowler reflects on his time at Google, the importance of collaboration, and what it will really take to make quantum computing practical. Whether you’re interested in quantum hardware, physics, computer science, or research policy, this conversation reveals the technical, ethical, and economic realities behind one of today’s most ambitious scientific pursuits. Follow us for more technical interviews with the world’s greatest scientists: Twitter: https://x.com/632nmPodcastInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/632nmpodcast?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=ZDNlZDc0MzIxNw==LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/632nm/about/Substack: https://632nmpodcast.substack.com/ Follow our hosts!Michael Dubrovsky: https://x.com/MikeDubrovskyMisha Shalaginov: https://x.com/MYShalaginovXinghui Yin: https://x.com/XinghuiYin Subscribe:Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/632nm/id1751170269Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4aVH9vT5qp5UUUvQ6Uf6ORWebsite: [https://www.632nm.com](https://www.632nm.com/) Timestamps:00:00 - Intro01:40 - Austin’s Longevity in Quantum02:31 - What’s the Goal of Quantum Computing?05:01 - Creating Fault-Tolerant Qubits06:55 - Advantages of 2D Surface Code08:47 - Austin’s Journey into Quantum16:32 - Working at Google20:14 - Alternatives to Surface Codes22:18 - Should Quantum Computing Be Open Source?25:20 - Quantum Computing is Eating Itself30:52 - Open Source as a Mission35:46 - Advice for People Getting into TQEC39:03 - Bit Flips vs Phase Flips45:43 - History of Surface Codes49:05 - From Surface Code to Fault Tolerance57:19 - What Software do Quantum Computers Need?1:00:17 - Quantum vs Classical Error Correction1:05:57 - Manufacturing Superconducting Qubits1:12:02 - Noise Models in Software1:21:21 - How do NISQ Experiments help us Build Better Computers?1:24:01 - State of the Art Topological QEC1:31:38 - How did the TQEC Community Begin?1:34:46 - Future of TQEC1:36:03 - Quantum AI1:37:58 - Advice for Young Scientists1:41:35 - Underrated Quantum Research1:47:21 - What are the Most Important Upcoming Developments?

    1 Std. 50 Min.

  6. 26.11.2025

    Why Syncing Atomic Clocks is Virtually Impossible | Judah Levine on UTC

    Why is syncing atomic clocks still one of the hardest problems in physics and engineering? In this episode, we speak with Judah Levine—legendary NIST physicist and one of the key architects of modern timekeeping—about the invisible systems that hold the digital world together. Levine explains why synchronizing atomic clocks across the planet is far more complex than the clocks themselves, and why seemingly simple ideas like “round-trip delay” break down in real-world media such as fiber optics and the internet. We explore how UTC is built from hundreds of atomic clocks, the difference between keeping time and *transferring* time, and the surprising challenges introduced by asymmetric delays, chromatic dispersion, and environmental noise. Levine walks us through the evolution of cesium clocks, the rise of optical clocks, and the technologies that make GPS, finance, power grids, and global communication possible. Along the way, we discuss the history of time synchronization, from railroad schedules to radio frequencies to modern satellite systems; the ongoing debate over leap seconds; and why the future of precision timing depends not just on better clocks, but on better *engineering* to deliver those clocks’ performance to the real world. Whether you’re curious about atomic clocks, relativity, fiber optics, GPS, the structure of time itself, or the hidden physics behind everyday technology, this conversation offers a rare look at how science, engineering, and careful statistical thinking keep modern civilization in sync—down to the nanosecond. Follow us for more technical interviews with the world’s greatest scientists: Twitter: https://x.com/632nmPodcastInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/632nmpodcast?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=ZDNlZDc0MzIxNw==LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/632nm/about/Substack: https://632nmpodcast.substack.com/ Follow our hosts!Michael Dubrovsky: https://x.com/MikeDubrovskyMisha Shalaginov: https://x.com/MYShalaginovXinghui Yin: https://x.com/XinghuiYin Subscribe:Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/632nm/id1751170269Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4aVH9vT5qp5UUUvQ6Uf6ORWebsite: [https://www.632nm.com](https://www.632nm.com/) Timestamps:00:00 – Intro01:03 – What is UTC?05:50 – Timekeeping for Satellites07:08 – How Radio Created Better Clocks18:32 – From Astronomy to Atoms25:25 – Why are there 24 Hours in a Day?29:55 – Why Synchronizing Clocks is so Hard47:09 – How did Judah get into Clocks?53:29 – Is UTC Vulnerable to Hackers?1:06:41 – Cesium vs Optical Atomic Clocks1:11:23 – How Cesium Clocks Work1:23:35 – Why Cesium Clocks are Imperfect1:26:17 – Judah’s 3 Year Experiment1:29:30 – Statistics with Clocks1:33:40 – Is Time Real?1:36:29 – Is the Universe Slowing Down?1:40:29 – Atomic Time and General Relativity1:42:17 – What’s Left for Atomic Clocks?1:54:34 – What would Judah do with Unlimited Funding?1:58:57 – Judah's Past in Programming2:02:55 – Advice for Young Scientists

    2 Std. 4 Min.

  7. 04.11.2025

    Can We Predict History Like the Weather? | Peter Turchin on Cliodynamics

    Why do civilizations rise, prosper, and then collapse? Here's what the math tells us. In this episode, we sit down with Peter Turchin, complexity scientist and founder of the field of cliodynamics, which uses data and mathematical models to study the long-term cycles of history. Turchin explains his theory of elite overproduction, how societies generate too many ambitious, educated elites competing for too few positions, and why this dynamic reliably leads to polarization, inequality, and political turmoil. We explore how his structural-demographic theory maps the recurring “boom and bust” rhythms that have shaped civilizations from ancient Rome to modern America, the role of military competition in driving cooperation and social complexity, and how new tools—from AI-assisted historical databases to ancient DNA and LiDAR—are transforming the study of the past. Whether you’re drawn to history, sociology, complexity science, or the fate of modern democracies, this conversation reveals how Turchin’s quantitative approach offers a new way to understand—and maybe even forecast—the forces that make societies rise and fall. Follow us for more technical interviews with the world’s greatest scientists: Twitter: https://x.com/632nmPodcastInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/632nmpodcast?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=ZDNlZDc0MzIxNw==LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/632nm/about/Substack: https://632nmpodcast.substack.com/ Follow our hosts!Michael Dubrovsky: https://x.com/MikeDubrovskyMisha Shalaginov: https://x.com/MYShalaginovXinghui Yin: https://x.com/XinghuiYin Subscribe:Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/632nm/id1751170269Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4aVH9vT5qp5UUUvQ6Uf6ORWebsite: https://www.632nm.com Timestamps: 00:00 - Intro01:48 - Overproduction of Elites10:56 - Did Models Predict the Rise of Trump?20:43 - Is Russian History Repeating in the US?26:48 - How Competition Stabilizes Societies32:14 - What Data Goes into Cliodynamic Models?38:13 - How New Technologies Shaped Archaeology43:28 - Can Historians Build Mathematical Intuitions?47:59 - What Questions can be Answered with Cliodynamics?52:23 - Does the NYC Mayoral Race Fit into Turchin's Theory?56:37 - Is Fear of China Bringing Us Together?58:29 - Do Historians Reject Turchin’s Work?1:00:03 - Trends in Civilizations and Outliers1:03:29 - Calvary and the Evolution of Societies1:10:03 - Is Evolution via Natural Selection a Suitable Analog for History?1:15:16 - Could Turchin's Ideas Be Misinterpreted Dangerously?

    1 Std. 18 Min.

  8. 21.10.2025

    Why Do Quantum Computers Make So Many Mistakes? | Mikhail Lukin on Quantum Error Correction

    You can’t copy a qubit. So how do quantum computers remember anything? In this episode, we sit down with Mikhail Lukin, Harvard physicist and co-director of the Harvard Quantum Initiative, whose lab is building quantum computers from arrays of individually trapped atoms. Lukin explains the paradox of quantum error correction—how you can safeguard quantum information even though it can’t be copied or measured directly—and why this breakthrough may be the key to making large-scale quantum computers possible. We dive into the strange logic of superposition, entanglement, and “small cat states,” explore what makes quantum evolution inherently analog, and learn how Lukin’s team uses optical tweezers and Rydberg interactions to engineer stable, reconfigurable qubits—atoms literally held and moved by light. Whether you’re fascinated by quantum mechanics, computing, Schrödinger’s cat, or the future of information, this conversation reveals how physicists are turning the weirdness of quantum physics into working technology—and why building a fault-tolerant quantum computer is one of the hardest and most exciting challenges in science today. Follow us for more technical interviews with the world’s greatest scientists:Twitter: https://x.com/632nmPodcastInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/632nmpodcast?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet&igsh=ZDNlZDc0MzIxNw==LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/632nm/about/Substack: https://632nmpodcast.substack.com/ Follow our hosts!Michael Dubrovsky: https://x.com/MikeDubrovskyMisha Shalaginov: https://x.com/MYShalaginovXinghui Yin: https://x.com/XinghuiYin Subscribe:Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/632nm/id1751170269Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/4aVH9vT5qp5UUUvQ6Uf6ORWebsite: https://www.632nm.com Timestamps:00:00 - Intro01:32 - Fundamentals of Quantum Computers04:09 - Transistors vs Quantum Gates10:07 - What is Quantum Error Correction?14:23 - State of the Art QEC22:19 - Quantum Research Before Lukin27:35 - Lukin’s Breakout Work31:10 - From Quantum Optics to Quantum Computing36:59 - Working with Neutral Atoms48:17 - Funding Quantum Computers50:00 - Transverse Gate Operations58:22 - Is Quantum Computing All Hype? #quantumcomputing #quantumerrorcorrection #mikhaillukin #qubits  #schrodingerscat  #entanglement #superposition #quantumphysics

    1 Std. 1 Min.
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Technical interviews with the greatest scientists in the world.

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  • Erstellt von
    Misha Shalaginov, Michael Dubrovsky, Xinghui Yin
  • Jahre aktiv
    2024 - 2026
  • Folgen
    44
  • Bewertung
    Unbedenklich
  • Copyright
    © 2026 Misha Shalaginov, Michael Dubrovsky, Xinghui Yin
  • Sendungswebsite
    632nm

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