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  1. לפני 6 שע׳

    第2840期:Riding in a driverless taxi

    Hey, what's up guys, MKBHD here, still in Las Vegas, and I've seen a lot of self-driving tech so far here at CES, like if you walk through any of the halls with cars in them, there's tons of like open room concepts and things like that, but they feel kind of useless, you know, like as long as they're still in a concept phase, they don't really feel real yet.大家好，我是 MKBHD，现在还在拉斯维加斯。在今年的 CES 展会上，我已经看到了很多自动驾驶技术。走进任何一个汽车展厅，都能看到各种“开放空间”式的概念车，设计很炫，但感觉都没什么实际用途。你懂的，只要还停留在概念阶段，就让人觉得离现实还挺远的。 So then I got an email from a company called Yandex, you may know them as a Russian tech company, and they said, hey, come check out our autonomous car at CES.然后我收到一封来自一家叫 Yandex 的公司的邮件——你可能知道，这是一家俄罗斯科技公司。他们说：“嘿，来看看我们在 CES 上的无人驾驶汽车吧！” I'm kind of thinking, okay, well, I've seen a lot of autonomous concepts and things like that, how could this be much different? But then they said, listen, we have a fully autonomous driverless car hitting the streets of Las Vegas with all the other regular cars right now, you can go for a ride, you in? So I'm super in, let's do it.我当时心想，好吧，我已经看过那么多自动驾驶概念了，这还能有多不一样？但他们接着说：“听好了，我们的车已经在拉斯维加斯的街头，与普通车辆一起行驶，你可以亲自坐上去试一试。要不要来？”我当然要啊，立刻答应了！ So the car itself is a retrofitted Prius, on top is radar, lidar, and camera array for the car to map out its surroundings.这辆车本身是一辆经过改装的丰田 Prius（普锐斯），车顶上安装了雷达、激光雷达和摄像头阵列，用来扫描和绘制周围的环境地图。 I think as someone who's used the autopilot from a Tesla, it helps me to not be as nervous in the backseat, but it's still crazy not having anyone in the driver's seat at all as the car navigates the streets.我以前开过特斯拉的自动驾驶，所以坐在后座的时候没那么紧张，但眼前这辆车完全没有司机、自己在街上行驶，还是让人觉得很不可思议。 There's a safety engineer in the passenger seat, which had a kill switch next to him for if anything happened to go wrong or it needed to be interrupted, but we did about a 15 minute loop around real streets, real drivers, real people, and everything went smoothly and it was kind of still trippy the whole time.副驾驶坐着一位安全工程师，旁边有个紧急关闭开关，如果出现问题可以立刻介入。我们在真实街道上行驶了大约15分钟，周围都是正常行驶的车辆和行人，一切顺利，但整个过程还是让人觉得有点“魔幻”。 This really feels like the future, I gotta say. It might not be this crazy self-driving interior that everyone else is talking about, but this tech part is cool to me.我得说，这真有种“未来已至”的感觉。虽然它没有其他厂商展示的那种炫酷自动驾驶内饰，但技术本身就已经够让我兴奋了。 The details are that this is a small area in Las Vegas that was already mapped by this company, so it was a predetermined route and the car knew where it was going to go, but everything else, road conditions, the other cars, the pedestrians, the traffic lights, the turns, speed changes, all of that was decisions made by the car, but all that makes sense for a taxi.具体来说，这辆车运行的区域是 Yandex 事先绘制好的拉斯维加斯一小片区域，路线是预设的，车知道自己要去哪。但像路况、其他车辆、行人、红绿灯、转弯、加减速这些，全都是车自己实时判断的。对无人驾驶出租车来说，这样的模式其实挺合理的。 I mean you map the town or city you want to be in, you have predetermined routes for pickup and drop off, and then the taxis are driverless and they just go from there.比如说，你先把城市或镇区地图建好，设定好接送点的路线，然后这些出租车就可以无人驾驶运行了。 And the even cooler, nerdier part is these iPad Pros you're seeing, that's a visualization of what the sensors on top of the car are seeing in real time.更酷、更“极客”的部分是，车里这些 iPad Pro 上显示的，就是车顶传感器实时捕捉到的周围环境画面。 So the radar, lidar, and cameras are all combining to identify what is other cars on the road, what's pedestrians, what is a stationary object, and seeing things up to 250 meters away in every direction.雷达、激光雷达和摄像头的数据融合在一起，用来识别道路上的其他车辆、行人以及静止物体。它可以在四个方向上探测到最远250米外的情况。 So things 6, 7 cars away were on the iPad that I couldn't even see in real life out the windows.我在 iPad 上能看到六七辆车之外的物体，而从车窗外肉眼是完全看不到的。 So there are some red paths, and when we start driving you're going to see some green paths. And basically what I'm seeing here is, it's evaluating what's currently happening on the road and what's about to happen.屏幕上有一些红色路径和绿色路径。开车时你会看到绿色路径代表可行方向。简单来说，车在实时评估当前路况和即将发生的情况。 Red paths, no good. Green paths, good. And it takes the green path, and it has a predetermined destination, we're on a left turning lane, so you can see way up ahead where it wants to go, and it's just going to follow where it can.红色路径代表不可行，绿色路径代表可行。车辆会自动选择绿色路径行驶。现在我们在左转车道上，可以看到系统已经标出了它想去的方向，车辆会顺着可行的路线前进。 Based on the cars around us, you can't really merge right now, so those paths are red, but it has a green path, and it has a bunch of other possible paths to take if it wants to switch it up. But right now, it's all green.根据周围车辆的情况，现在无法并线，所以那些方向是红色的。但它仍然有一条绿色路线可走，而且系统还规划了备用路线以防需要变道。此刻，一切都是绿的。 And the best part is the reaction from other people on the road was pretty great.最有趣的是，路上其他人的反应相当精彩。 There's people pulling out their phones to record the driverless car, people kind of stare a little bit at stoplights when they realize what's going on, and apparently Las Vegas cops think it's pretty funny too.有人掏出手机拍摄无人驾驶车，也有人在红灯时发现没有司机后，盯着看个不停。听说连拉斯维加斯的警察都觉得挺有意思。 But overall, the 15 minutes we spent in this car were a lot of fun, I learned a lot just looking at these iPads and what they were seeing as the car drove around, and this gave me sort of an optimism for the future of self-driving tech.总的来说，那15分钟真的很有趣。我通过这些 iPad 看到车在“看什么”，也学到了不少，让我对自动驾驶技术的未来充满信心。 So that's pretty much it, I figured I would share my experience.这就是我今天的经历，想和大家分享一下。 Would you let yourself get driven in a driverless taxi like this? Maybe share this video with other people you think would be interested, and I'll leave some links below with some more information so you can look it up if you want to see that too. Either way, thanks for watching, see you guys in the next one.你愿意坐上这样一辆无人驾驶出租车吗？可以把这个视频分享给感兴趣的朋友。我会在下方附上更多相关信息的链接，想了解的可以去看看。不管怎样，感谢观看，我们下期再见。

    4 דק׳

  2. אתמול

    第2839期:One euro homes

    Imagine you're the mayor of a small, rural town. Over the years the houses have become empty as people move to the city for employment. An earthquake 50 years ago caused terrible damage and forced more families to leave their homes.想象一下，你是一座偏远小镇的市长。多年来，随着人们为了工作迁往城市，镇上的房屋逐渐空置。而且在五十年前，一场地震造成了严重破坏，迫使更多家庭离开家园。 And you find yourself facing the possibility of living in a ghost town but in a most beautiful area. We look at the strategy that one local council used to reverse their decline. So where are we, Jackie? On the Italian island of Sicily in a small town called Sambuca.于是你发现自己正面临着一个可能——生活在一座风景优美却濒临“鬼城”的地方。我们来看一个地方政府是如何扭转这种衰退的。那么，我们现在在哪儿呢，杰基？在意大利西西里岛，一个名叫桑布卡（Sambuca）的小镇。 Sounds great. So what was Sambuca like in the past then? Very different, Richard. It was a bustling town of about 9,000 people.听起来不错。那么，桑布卡过去是什么样的呢？完全不一样，理查德。那时它是一个热闹的城镇，约有九千名居民。 It was, well, and still is, on the top of a hill. And it's in a nature reserve about an hour's drive from the capital. Right, OK.它坐落在一座山顶上，现在依然如此。小镇位于一个自然保护区内，距离首都大约一个小时车程。好的，明白了。 So what happened? Basically, Richard, farming practices changed. And following the industrialisation of the agricultural sector, farm workers simply left. So they didn't need so many farm workers.那么后来发生了什么？基本上，理查德，是农业方式发生了变化。随着农业产业化的发展，农场工人不再被需要，因此纷纷离开了。 They all left to the city to find jobs then. Yeah, I mean, there's just no human labour needed in the fields anymore. And that left the mayor and his deputy needing to decide what to do.他们都去了城市找工作。是的，因为农田里再也不需要人工劳作了。于是市长和副市长不得不面对一个问题——该怎么办。 Exactly, with only about 5,000 people now. So what they decided to do was to sell the homes that the council owned because they wanted people to buy the homes and do them up, live in them and then provide a community once more. Actually, they had an interesting marketing strategy.没错，如今镇上只剩约五千人。所以他们决定出售镇政府名下的房屋，希望吸引人们购买、修缮、居住，从而重建一个社区。事实上，他们采用了一种非常有趣的营销策略。 They wanted to sell the houses, but they also wanted to attract media attention. So they decided to advertise the homes for €1 each. €1.他们不仅想卖房子，还想吸引媒体关注。于是，他们决定以每套1欧元的价格对外宣传这些房屋。1欧元！ So you can imagine, right, huge reaction and interest from around the world. And just a few weeks after the announcement, the council received almost 100,000 emails. Right, OK, but I still can't believe all these houses were for sale for just €1.你可以想象，来自世界各地的反响有多大。公告发布仅几周后，镇政府就收到了近十万封电子邮件。好的，但我还是难以相信这些房子真的只卖1欧元。 They'd all be gone now, surely. Actually, it was an auction. The houses did indeed start at €1, Richard, but of course if there was competition, the price went up.这些房子现在肯定早就卖光了吧？其实并不是——那是一场拍卖。房价确实从1欧元起拍，理查德，但当然，如果有人竞争，价格就会上涨。 So was it a success then? Was it a successful initiative? Well, five months after the scheme was advertised, the mayor announced the sale of the first 16 houses. The cheapest went for €1,000, so still very cheap. Very cheap.那么这个计划成功了吗？是一次成功的尝试吗？在计划公布五个月后，市长宣布首批16套房屋售出。最便宜的一套卖了1000欧元，依然非常便宜。非常便宜。 The most expensive for €25,000. So what's the latest then, Jackie? What's happening now? Well, I've had a look at the Sambuca council site, Richard, and it looks like there are another 44 houses up for sale right now and people are bidding for them. And some of them still only have €1 bids on and some of them have higher bids on.最贵的一套卖了2万5千欧元。那么，杰基，现在最新的情况如何？我看了桑布卡镇政府的网站，理查德，目前又有44套房屋在出售，正在接受竞标。其中一些仍然只有1欧元的出价，而有些已经更高了。 And do you know who's bought these houses? It's a whole mixture of people. Among the new owners are British, Russian, Chilean,Israelifamilies. Wow.你知道是谁买下这些房子的吗？买家可谓五花八门——包括英国人、俄罗斯人、智利人和以色列家庭。哇！ So then from a business perspective then, it sounds like it's been quite successful. Yeah, I mean the mayor, he said we did not expect it to be so successful. What, selling houses for €1? Yeah, but I mean it's still a remote area of Europe, Richard, and the houses still need to be worked on.从商业角度来看，这似乎相当成功。是的，市长也说他们没想到会这么成功。卖1欧元的房子还能这么火？没错，但毕竟这里仍是欧洲的偏远地区，这些房子还需要修缮。 These aren't houses you can just move into. They need to be rehabilitated. So this sounds great for the mayor, but what about the locals? What do they think about this? Well, interesting question, Richard.这些房子不是买来就能直接入住的，必须整修。因此，这对市长来说听起来很好，但当地居民怎么看呢？这是个有趣的问题，理查德。 Many have feared that Sambuca will fall into decline, like many towns in southern Italy. So if the scheme prevents that from happening, I think they're willing to accept their new neighbours. It's certainly an interesting survival strategy.许多人担心桑布卡会像意大利南部的其他小镇一样继续衰落。因此，如果这个计划能阻止那种命运，他们愿意接受这些新邻居。这确实是一种有趣的生存策略。 We'll just have to wait and see what happens.我们只能拭目以待，看看结果如何。

    4 דק׳

  3. לפני יומיים

    第2838期:The vegan market

    In the UK, over 3 million people are vegetarian. That's 7% of the population. And in addition to that, a further 600,000 people, less than 2% of the population, are vegan.在英国，有超过三百万人是素食者，占全国人口的7%。除此之外，还有大约六十万人（不到2%）是纯素食者。 Yeah, now 600,000 is not a lot of people, but it's 4 more, 4 times more than in 2014. And half of these made the change just last year. In addition, a third of all Brits are reducing the amount of meat they eat.是的，六十万人并不是很多，但比2014年多了四倍。而且，其中一半人是在去年才改成纯素的。另外，三分之一的英国人正在减少他们吃肉的量。 Yes, and actually it's even predicted that vegans and vegetarians will make up a quarter of the British population by 2025. So, without doubt, this is a new and fast-growing area. We're looking at how UK companies are responding.没错，事实上，有预测认为到2025年，素食者和纯素食者将占英国人口的四分之一。因此，这无疑是一个新兴且增长迅速的领域。我们来看看英国的企业是如何应对的。 Now, Richard, tell us about Gregg's the Bakers. Yes, it's the largest bakery in the UK and this year in January they launched their first vegan sausage roll. As a result of that single sausage roll, profits leapt more than 50% to £40 million in the first six months of 2019.那么，理查德，请你谈谈英国最大的连锁面包店——Gregg’s。是的，它是英国最大的面包连锁店，今年一月他们推出了第一款纯素香肠卷。结果仅凭这一款产品，公司在2019年上半年的利润就激增了50%以上，达到四千万英镑。 I have to say, vegan and sausage roll, it sounds a bit strange to me, Richard. Yes, it does sound a bit strange, but it's obviously very tasty as it's now one of Gregg's five bestsellers. Wow! And for them, of course, veganism is great for business.我得说，纯素和香肠卷放在一起听起来有点怪，理查德。是啊，听起来确实有点奇怪，但显然味道很好，因为它现在是Gregg’s销量前五的产品之一。哇！对他们来说，纯素主义简直成了生意上的福音。 But the marketing strategy also meant an increase in their other products, so its shares have also doubled in value over the past year. Yes, because people are going in to buy the vegan sausage roll and buying other things at the same time. So Gregg's is a good example of a company embracing veganism and profiting from that.而且，这种市场策略也带动了他们其他产品的销量，所以过去一年公司股价翻了一倍。是的，因为顾客去买纯素香肠卷时，也顺便买了别的东西。所以Gregg’s是一个很好的例子，说明企业拥抱纯素潮流也能从中获利。 But it's not just the food industry, is it, that's riding the vegan wave? No, no. Another British company, Dr Martens, often called Doc Martens, isn't it? It's famous for its boots and shoes. Now they've been going in and out of fashion, what, since the 1960s? Don't tell me, Jackie, they've got a vegan boot.不过，乘着纯素潮流的不仅仅是食品业，对吧？没错，还有另一家英国公司——马汀博士（Dr. Martens），也叫Doc Martens，它以靴子和鞋子闻名。从上世纪六十年代起，它的鞋子时尚与否几经起伏。别告诉我，杰基，他们现在也出纯素靴子了？ Yes, the company launched a vegan range of boots. Now this was back in 2011, actually, but it was this year that profits surged by 70% and online sales also rose by two-thirds to £72.7 million. And this accounts for 16% of the total revenues for the company.是的，这家公司在2011年就推出了纯素系列靴子。不过，今年它的利润猛增了70%，线上销售额也增长了三分之二，达到7270万英镑，占公司总收入的16%。 Right, Jackie, what makes their boots vegan then? Well, you're not going to eat them, but they have replaced the leather uppers with a combination of polyester fabric and polyurethane. So you're basically telling me they're making plastic boots. It does seem a bit odd to exchange leather for plastic.好的，杰基，那他们的靴子怎么叫“纯素”呢？嗯，当然不是给人吃的，只是他们把皮革鞋面换成了聚酯纤维和聚氨酯的组合。也就是说，他们其实在做塑料靴子？是的，用塑料取代皮革确实有点奇怪。 I mean, they may not be made out of animals, but plastic is hardly an ecological alternative. Again, it's the marketing, isn't it? Yes, it's interesting that these companies use the term vegan. But of course, we're talking about clothes.我的意思是，虽然这些靴子不是动物制品，但塑料显然也谈不上环保。又是营销手法，对吧？是的，这些公司使用“纯素”这个词很有意思。但别忘了，我们讨论的是衣物，不是食物。 We're not talking about things that the customers are eating, is it? But it's the brand, isn't it, Richard? Because not that long ago, synthetic leather, it was considered fake. It was considered a product for people who couldn't afford the real thing. But now the brand, the marketing, it's making all the difference.我们不是在谈顾客吃的东西，对吧？但这关键在于品牌，不是吗，理查德？因为就在不久前，合成皮还被认为是“假货”，是买不起真皮的人才会买的产品。但如今，品牌与营销改变了一切。 Yes, anything animal-free and it's flying off the shelves. Yeah, yeah. My question is this, Richard.是的，只要打上“无动物成分”的标签，产品就会被抢购一空。没错，没错。不过理查德，我有个问题。 People become vegans for their health, for the animals and for the environment. But the reason companies are embracing the term and design vegan-labeled products, I think is a little bit more questionable. They're just after the cash, aren't they? Of course.人们选择纯素，是为了健康、动物和环境。但企业热衷推出纯素产品、打上“纯素”标签的动机，我觉得就值得怀疑了——他们只是为了赚钱，对吧？当然。 Because at the end of the day, if you want to be eco-friendly, ethical, more sustainable, you just need to consume fewer items. Yeah, buy less. But that's hardly something that businesses want to hear.毕竟，如果真想做到环保、道德、可持续，其实只需要少消费。是的，少买点东西。但这显然不是企业愿意听到的话。

    4 דק׳

  4. לפני 3 ימים

    第2837期:Michelin stars

    Very recently, a restaurant in Manchester, in the north-west of England, won the city's first Michelin star in 40 years. We talk about the Michelin Guide and the effect of winning one of its prestigious stars. Yes, because this restaurant, Mana it's called, opened less than a year ago.最近，位于英格兰西北部的曼彻斯特有一家餐厅获得了该市四十年来的第一颗米其林星。我们今天要谈的，就是米其林指南以及获得这一权威星级后的影响。是的，这家名为 Mana 的餐厅开业还不到一年。 And as soon as it was awarded the star, it became fully booked for months ahead, well into the next year. Yeah, and good news also for Manchester, Richard. Once a restaurant in a town gets given a star, it elevates not just the restaurant's profile but that of the city too.一旦获得米其林星级，这家餐厅立刻变得一位难求，订位排到了好几个月之后，甚至延续到下一年。是啊，Richard，这对曼彻斯特来说也是个好消息。因为一旦一座城市有餐厅获得米其林星，不仅餐厅的声誉得到提升，整个城市的形象也会随之提高。 I mean, quite simply, people want to come to a place which has a Michelin-starred restaurant. Yeah, so it all seems a very positive thing, doesn't it? The most Michelin-starred chef, who was French, he claimed that the stars were financially transformative. Yes, indeed, because I think he said with one Michelin star you can get about 20% more business.很简单，人们总是想去有米其林星级餐厅的地方。是啊，这听起来一切都很正面，不是吗？拥有最多米其林星星的那位法国厨师就曾说过，米其林星对餐厅的经济效益有“颠覆性的作用”。没错，他说获得一颗星后，生意可以增长大约20%。 Two stars, 40% more business, and with three stars you'll do twice as much business. That's 100% improvement. So you'd think then all restaurants would want to get at least star, but that is not necessarily the case.拿到两颗星，生意增长40%；而三颗星的餐厅，营业额可以翻倍，也就是提升100%。听起来每家餐厅都该梦想至少拿到一颗星，但事实并非如此。 Gaining a star, surely that can only be a positive thing. Actually some restaurants return their stars and don't actually want to be in the Guide. That sounds very odd.获得米其林星，照理说应该是件好事吧？但实际上，有些餐厅选择“退星”，甚至不想再出现在米其林指南里。这听起来相当奇怪。 Why would they do that? Two main reasons, right? One is undesirable customer expectations. Ah, OK. The customers expect too much, do they? Well, as soon as you become a Michelin-starred restaurant, then customers have... they expect a certain style of food and formal dining.他们为什么要这么做呢？主要有两个原因。第一个是顾客的期望变得“难以招架”。哦？是顾客期望太高了吗？没错，一旦餐厅获得米其林星，顾客便会期待一种特定风格的菜肴和正式的用餐体验。 So restaurants that, especially those that serve very, very good but perhaps more simple food, they start to get loads of complaints from customers. Ah, the pressure. The pressure's really on, isn't it? For example, there was one chef, she had a restaurant in a garden centre and she said it changed the atmosphere.于是，那些原本提供非常美味但较为简朴菜肴的餐厅，就会突然收到一堆顾客投诉。啊，这压力确实不小，对吧？例如有一位女厨师，她的餐厅开在一个花园中心里，她说获得星级后，整个餐厅的氛围都变了。 Instead of people coming in and being surprised how good the food was, they came expecting something very special and they complained, for example, that there wasn't tablecloths on the wooden tables. They didn't like the rustic feel, they wanted something posher, did they? Yeah. The other thing is that the chefs are overwhelmed by the response.以前，顾客走进来时往往惊喜于食物的美味；但现在，他们带着极高的期望而来，然后抱怨木桌上没有铺桌布。原本的乡村风格不再被欣赏，他们反而希望环境更华丽。是的。另一方面，厨师们也被这种反应压得喘不过气来。 You talked about that restaurant in Manchester, completely full up. And then the thing is, Richard, you've got this star. Any minute now, any day, without anybody knowing, a judge can come into your restaurant and decide whether or not you should keep that star or not.你刚提到曼彻斯特那家餐厅——订位已经排满。而问题在于，Richard，一旦你有了这颗星，任何时候、任何一天，米其林评审员都可能悄悄走进你的餐厅，决定你是否还能保住这颗星。 So the pressure on the chefs to maintain that star is enormous. And if you lose that star... If you lose a star, you can actually have fewer customers than before. People think it's gone downhill.因此，厨师们为了维持这颗星所承受的压力极大。而一旦失去了星级……顾客甚至可能比以前还少，因为人们会认为餐厅“变差了”。 Now, an example of this, a restaurant in Dublin, right, lost its star and as a result, profits declined by 76% and eventually the restaurant was forced to close. Oh dear. So it's a double-edged sword, really.比如，有一家位于都柏林的餐厅在失去米其林星后，利润下滑了76%，最终被迫关门。真糟糕。看来这真是一把双刃剑啊。 So perhaps, Richard, you won't be surprised to hear that in fact, a few years ago, a celebrated French chef wanted to lose one of his three stars. But surely that is the industry's highest accolade. That's the right, the top.所以，Richard，也许你不会惊讶地听到，其实几年前有一位著名的法国厨师，主动要求摘掉他三颗星中的一颗。可那可是厨师界的最高荣誉啊。没错，顶级的象征。 He said he wanted to be allowed to cook excellent food, but away from the frenzy of star ratings and the anxiety over Michelin's anonymous food judges, it just wasn't worth the stress. It's interesting then, isn't it, that becoming the best in the business is one thing, but maintaining that is even more demanding.他说，他只想专注于烹饪美食，而不想再被星级排名的狂热和对匿名米其林评审的焦虑所折磨。这种压力，根本不值得。真是有趣——成为业界最优秀的人是一回事，但要持续保持在那个位置，却更艰难。

    4 דק׳

  5. לפני 4 ימים

    第2836期:What insects can teach surgeons

    Sawflies are named after the saw-like organ used by the females to lay eggs in plants. The insects want to avoid killing the plants, which provide food for their larvae.锯蜂以它身上一种像锯子一样的器官命名，雌性锯蜂会用这个锯状器官在植物内部产卵。这种昆虫会尽量避免杀死植物，因为植物可以为它们的幼虫提供食物。 The researchers discovered that small serrations on the sawfly's teeth worked with larger protrusions to create a selective cutting action, allowing them to avoid cutting internal structures carrying water and nutrients. The team scaled up the mechanism and tested it on material mimicking human tissue.研究人员发现，锯蜂牙齿上较小的锯齿状突起和较大的突起物共同作用，从而创造出了一种具有选择性的切割动作，这种动作让锯蜂能够避免切断植物中含有水分和养分的内部结构。研究团队按比例放大了这一构造机制，然后在模拟了人体组织的材料上对其进行了测试。 Although more work is needed, they think there's potential for a surgical instrument based on this natural mechanism, which could instinctively avoid critical tissues whilst cutting.虽然尚有更多工作需要完成，但研究人员认为也许能够发明出一种基于这种自然机制的外科手术器械，这种器械可以在切割时本能地避开关键组织。

    1 דק׳

  6. לפני 5 ימים

    第2835期:The meat eaters

    When you hear the word 'carnivore', do you think of lions and bears and sharks, or humans? Steak for breakfast, chicken breasts for lunch and salmon and lamb for dinner. No veg and no carbs. This is just a typical day for someone on the carnivore diet. It's a meal plan that only allows meat, poultry, eggs, fish, seafood, dairy products and water. It's animal-based opposed to plant-based. But why are some people following this diet? And what do nutritionists think about it?当你听到“食肉者”这个词时，你会想到狮子、熊和鲨鱼，还是人类？早餐是牛排，午餐是鸡胸肉，晚餐是三文鱼和羊肉——没有蔬菜，也没有碳水化合物。这就是一个典型的“食肉饮食”者的一天。这种饮食方式只允许食用肉类、禽类、鸡蛋、鱼类、海鲜、乳制品和水——完全以动物性食物为主，与植物性饮食截然相反。但问题是，为什么会有人选择这种饮食方式？而营养学家对此又怎么看？ The carnivore diet is a type of ketogenic diet. Normally the body uses glucose from carbohydrates as energy, but when there's a lack of this, the liver breaks fat down into ketones. This essentially means the body can fuel itself using fat instead of sugar. Followers of the diet may experience weight loss, especially early on. One reason for this is that protein is highly satiating, so you consume fewer calories. On top of this, cutting out sugary snacks and fizzy drinks has significant health benefits, and when our carb intake is reduced, our stored water levels fall, again helping to reduce weight.食肉饮食其实是一种生酮饮食。通常，人体会利用来自碳水化合物的葡萄糖作为能量来源，但当缺乏碳水化合物时，肝脏就会将脂肪分解为酮体。这意味着身体可以用脂肪代替糖来提供能量。遵循这种饮食的人通常在初期会出现体重下降，这部分是因为蛋白质具有很强的饱腹感，从而减少总热量摄入。除此之外，戒掉含糖零食和碳酸饮料本身就有益健康，而当碳水摄入减少时，身体储存的水分也会随之减少，从而进一步帮助减重。 Nevertheless, the carnivore diet can't be described as 'balanced' by any stretch, according to health experts. In fact, the British Heart Foundation strongly opposes it, saying there is no scientific evidence that it helps weight loss in the long term, and it's lacking in essential nutrients. They say extreme diets which are low in fibre and high in fat can increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. Saturated fat increases levels of LDL cholesterol and processed meat is high in salt which can raise blood pressure. Fibre, they say, is necessary andcounteracts all these issues, but it can only be found in 'banned foods' of the carnivore diet – fruits, vegetables, seeds, legumes and wholegrains, for example.然而，健康专家指出，食肉饮食无论如何都不能称作“均衡”。事实上，英国心脏基金会（British Heart Foundation）强烈反对这种饮食方式，认为没有科学证据表明它能长期有效减重，而且缺乏必需营养素。他们警告说，这种高脂肪、低纤维的极端饮食可能增加心脏病发作和中风的风险。饱和脂肪会提高“坏胆固醇”（LDL）的水平，而加工肉类中含有大量盐分，会升高血压。专家还指出，膳食纤维对人体是必需的，它能抵消这些风险，但纤维主要存在于食肉饮食所“禁止”的食物中——例如水果、蔬菜、种子、豆类和全谷物。 On social media you'll find plenty of people showing off their muscles and claiming their brain is working better than ever after weeks of fat and eggs and butter. Influencer Paul Saladino was an advocate of the carnivore diet until he started experiencing some persistent unpleasant symptoms. Speaking on a health and fitness podcast, he recounted heart palpitations, muscle cramps and sleep disturbances. He researched the diet more and concluded it was detrimental to his health and probably "not a great thing for most humans".在社交媒体上，你会看到很多人炫耀自己的肌肉，并声称在连续几周只吃脂肪、鸡蛋和黄油之后，大脑运转比以往更好。网红Paul Saladino曾是食肉饮食的倡导者，但后来他开始出现一些持续的不适症状。在一次健康与健身播客中，他提到自己经历了心悸、肌肉痉挛和睡眠障碍。经过进一步研究后，他得出结论：这种饮食对健康有害，可能“并不适合大多数人”。 Most experts recommend balance, such as the Mediterranean diet, which is full of fruits, vegetables, wholegrains and seeds – it even includes meat, fish and eggs – but everything in moderation.大多数专家仍然推荐“均衡饮食”，比如地中海饮食。这种饮食富含水果、蔬菜、全谷物和种子，也包含肉类、鱼类和鸡蛋——但一切都讲究“适量”。

    3 דק׳

  7. לפני 6 ימים

    第2834期:Sponsorship

    Sporting events and organisations have long looked to sponsorship for a way of surviving. For many, without financial support of sponsors, they simply wouldn't be able to compete. We're talking about one particular area of concern in sponsorship.体育赛事和组织长期以来都依靠赞助来维持生存。对许多赛事而言，如果没有赞助商的资金支持，他们根本无法继续竞争。我们今天要谈的是赞助领域中的一个特别值得关注的问题。 Yeah, now we both remember, Richard, the dominance of tobacco companies sponsoring major events, especially things like Formula One. Yes, the Marlborough McLaren cars, for instance. Yeah.是的，Richard，我们都还记得，以前烟草公司主导了大型赛事的赞助，尤其是像一级方程式赛车这样的赛事。没错，比如万宝路赞助的迈凯伦车队。 Now, that's not allowed anymore. But there's a new industry taking over, isn't there? And that is gambling and betting. Betting companies take £14.4 billion from punters every year.如今，烟草赞助已经被禁止了。但现在有一个新的行业正在接手，不是吗？那就是博彩业。博彩公司每年从赌客那里获得高达144亿英镑的收入。 In the UK. Yes, that is equal to about £200 from every man, woman and child. It's a huge amount.在英国，这相当于全国每个男人、女人和孩子各贡献了约200英镑。这是一个庞大的数字。 Yeah. So why has this happened? How has it happened? And is it really such a bad thing? Well, I suppose it really, it goes back to 2005 and the government of the day then passed the Act and this dramatically relaxed many of the old restrictions. And as soon as they did that, the difference was just incredible.是啊，那为什么会出现这种情况？这是怎么发生的？真的有那么糟糕吗？嗯，我想这要追溯到2005年。当时的政府通过了一项法案，大幅放宽了旧有的限制。一旦法律放宽，整个行业的变化简直令人惊讶。 How has it happened? Well, simply because gambling-related TV and radio advertising was banned up until 2005. And then since then, advertising has increased significantly. Yes.它是怎么发展的？其实很简单——在2005年之前，博彩类的电视和广播广告是被禁止的。但从那以后，广告数量显著增加。没错。 By 2018, UK betting firms were spending £328 million on direct advertising alone. Yeah. And you're talking about adverts in the commercial breaks and sports programmes.到2018年，英国的博彩公司仅在直接广告上的支出就达到了3.28亿英镑。是的，那些广告主要出现在商业广告时段以及体育节目中。 But what we're really talking about is live footballs on the TV. Oh yes. I mean, you know I love football.但我们真正要谈的是电视上播放的足球直播。哦，是的，你知道我多么喜欢足球。 I watch the football match and there are adverts on betting before, during, after. It's just all betting. But Richard, you say about the adverts, OK, but it's not just the adverts, of course, it's what they're wearing.我看一场足球比赛，从赛前到中场再到赛后，全是博彩广告，几乎无处不在。但Richard，你刚才提到广告，其实不仅仅是广告问题，还有他们穿的球衣。 It's blasted across the players' shirts, isn't it? They're all sponsored by betting companies. I think half of the Premier League shirts will have a gambling company's logo on it. Clubs in the Premier League stand to earn about £350 million from their shirt sponsors.球衣上全都印着博彩公司的名字，不是吗？几乎所有球队都由博彩公司赞助。我记得英超大约有一半球队的球衣上印着博彩公司的标志。英超俱乐部从球衣赞助中能赚取大约3.5亿英镑。 And about £70 million of that comes from betting companies alone. Yeah. But not just the shirts, but all around the football pitch as well, the hoardings around the football pitch.其中大约7000万英镑来自博彩公司的赞助。是的。不仅是球衣，连球场四周的广告牌上也到处都是博彩公司的标志。 The publicity for these gambling companies is in your face, isn't it? It's everywhere. Hmm. Research has shown that gambling, it can make people's lives a misery.这些博彩公司的宣传无孔不入，几乎扑面而来。是啊，研究表明，赌博可能会让人的生活陷入痛苦。 Yes. And the problem nowadays is it's so easy. You know, in the old days, you used to have to go to the betting shop to place a bet.没错。现在的问题是赌博变得太容易了。以前你还得亲自去投注站下注。 Now it's all on the mobile phone and everybody has a mobile phone so everybody can gamble. It's so easy. But the adverts, we go back to the adverts that they have, there's this real feeling of excitement and they give the perception that gambling is a fundamental part of watching the sport.而现在，一切都能通过手机完成。每个人都有手机，因此每个人都能随时赌博，太方便了。至于广告，它们总是营造一种极度兴奋的氛围，让人误以为“看体育比赛”就该伴随“下注”——仿佛赌博是体育观赛不可或缺的一部分。 They're linking sport and watching the game so directly with gambling, it's like the two automatically go together. And actually, we've just heard that the club with the biggest shirt sponsorship deal in the Premier League, Manchester United, they're not renewing the contract for their current sponsor. Hmm.他们把体育和赌博联系得如此紧密，以至于让人觉得两者天生就该绑在一起。而事实上，我们刚刚听说英超拥有最大球衣赞助合约的俱乐部——曼联——决定不再续约现任赞助商。嗯。 Well, let's hope that their new sponsor is not going to be a betting company.希望他们的新赞助商不要再是博彩公司吧。

    4 דק׳

  8. 10 בנוב׳

    第2833期:Rat populations rise in cities

    The British Pest Control Association says its members have recorded an increase in complaints about rat activity around the UK. Cleankill, a company that operates in the south of England, says it's seen a 20% rise in call-outs about rats in the last two years, and climate change may be playing a role.英国虫害防治协会称，其成员记录了英国各地对老鼠的活动情况投诉数量的增长。一家在英格兰南部地区开展业务的名为 “Cleankill” 的公司称，他们在过去两年中发现由老鼠引起的呼叫请求上升了 20%，而气候变化可能是其中一个原因。 A study published earlier this year of 16 cities around the world, mostly in North America, found a strong link between rising temperatures and rat activity. The researchers believe warmer winters enable rats to reproduce more rapidly.今年早些时候发布的一项针对全球 16 座主要分布在北美洲的城市的研究发现气温上升和老鼠的活动情况之间有密切联系。研究人员认为，更温暖的冬季让老鼠能以更快的速度繁殖。 But there are also other issues at play. Pest controllers say our overflowing bins, fractured communities and growing appetite for fast food all allow rats to thrive.不过依然有其它因素在发挥作用。害虫防治人员表示，人们满当当的垃圾桶、分崩离析的社区关系和快餐食品盛行都让老鼠得以快速成长。

    1 דק׳
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