2Humans Podcast

2Humans Podcast

2Humans is a weekly podcast for people who want to understand the forces shaping our world. Topics we cover include frontier AI and the model wars, venture capital and startup strategy, financial markets and economics, the global energy transition, and the geopolitical forces that connect them all. Ross and Fede met as PhD students at UCL, both building startups while conducting research at the intersection of technology and entrepreneurship. They quickly discovered something useful: they agreed on almost everything that matters in the world, and almost nothing about how to think about it. A Jungian personality test confirmed what was already obvious: they sit on complete opposite ends of the spectrum. Rather than let that be a problem, they made it into a podcast!

Episodes

  1. 13 MAY

    The Future of Energy: fossil fuels vs nuclear vs renewable power

    The conversation delves into the importance of the energy sector for economic growth and energy independence. It explores the cost benefit of renewable energy versus fossil fuels, highlighting the long-term sustainability and economic advantages of renewable energy. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and opportunities in transitioning to renewable energy and the impact of energy choices on climate change and environmental sustainability. Takeaways Renewable energy is cheaper and more sustainable long termThe energy sector is essential for economic growth and energy independence Chapters 00:00 Intro: fossil fuels, nuclear or renewables?02:40 Why energy matters for the economy 05:12 Climate change, extreme weather and the energy transition 07:35 Why fossil fuels are coming back into the debate 10:31 Are renewables actually cheaper? 14:38 The case for and against nuclear power 18:20 Centralised vs decentralised energy systems 25:24 What the ideal energy mix could look like 29:17 Why investors still favour fossil fuels 31:28 Energy independence and national security 36:15 Household energy independence and inequality 39:49 Energy communities and local solutions 42:52 Are renewables still the future? 48:51 What Norway and China understand about energy 51:51 Final thoughts

    40 min
  2. Claude Mythos, Datacentres, Iran: Who Controls the Future Now?

    29 APR

    Claude Mythos, Datacentres, Iran: Who Controls the Future Now?

    Ross Horlock is a PhD researcher at University College London working on immunology for cancer treatment. He is an ex AstraZeneca and Syngenta research scientist. Fede Gambedotti is a PhD researcher at University College London modelling energy transition and energy equity. He is a former power trading analyst at Drax Group. In this conversation, Ross and Fede discuss the release of the Anthropic Mythos model and its implications, the future of access to AI models and tools, the banning and limiting of data centers in the US states, and the impact of data center restrictions on the global economy and security. The conversation covers the impact of the Iran war on global energy security, the introduction of Mamdani's mansion tax in New York City, and the discussion of SpaceX's IPO and acquisitions. The challenges of energy independence in Europe and the implications of Mamdani's tax policy are highlighted as key takeaways. Takeaways Cybersecurity models are becoming more specialized and restricted in their usageThe impact of data centers on energy consumption and economic development Energy independence challenges in EuropeImplications of Mamdani's mansion tax in New York City Links: Substack Article: https://substack.com/@fedegam/note/p-194626903?r=20m56t&utm_source=notes-share-action&utm_medium=web Chapters 00:00 Introduction to Current Events in Tech06:10 The Future of Access to AI Models and Tools13:10 Banning and Limiting Data Centers in the US States22:17 The Impact of Data Center Restrictions on Global Economy and Security29:50 Impact of Iran War on Energy Security56:46 Mamdani's Mansion Tax01:08:41 SpaceX IPO and Acquisitions

    49 min
  3. Cancer Researcher Explains The Immunotherapy Revolution: How Your Body Will Cure Cancer from Within

    25 APR

    Cancer Researcher Explains The Immunotherapy Revolution: How Your Body Will Cure Cancer from Within

    Ross Horlock is a PhD researcher at University College London working on immunology for cancer treatment. He is an ex AstraZeneca and Syngenta research scientist. Fede Gambedotti is a PhD researcher at University College London modelling energy transition and energy equity. He is a former power trading analyst at Drax Group. The conversation delves into the concept of immunotherapy as a revolutionary approach to cancer treatment. It covers the nature of cancer, the role of the immune system, the history of cancer treatment, and the emergence of immunotherapy. Additionally, it explores the potential of CAR T cell therapy as a promising immunotherapeutic approach. The conversation delves into the world of immunotherapy and CAR T cell therapy, exploring the different types of immunotherapy, their mechanisms, accessibility, and cost. It also discusses the future of cancer treatment and research, highlighting the potential impact of these therapies on the field of oncology. Takeaways Cancer is a result of cells in the body losing control of their proliferation, apoptosis, and immunosurveillance.Immunotherapy involves reprogramming the body's immune system to target and destroy cancer cells. Immunotherapy is a revolutionary approach to cancer treatmentCAR T cell therapy is a promising but expensive treatment option Chapters 00:00 Introduction to Immunotherapy09:18 Types of Cancer and Prevention14:24 Key Components of Cancer Treatment22:45 Introduction to Immunology28:09 Immunotherapy and Cancer Treatment54:25 CAR T Cell Therapy01:01:14 Introduction to Immunotherapy and CAR T Cell Therapy01:07:03 Accessibility and Cost of Immunotherapy

    1 hr
  4. The Invisible Barrier Between Human Consciousness and AI. And How We Might Break It [Part 2]

    21 APR

    The Invisible Barrier Between Human Consciousness and AI. And How We Might Break It [Part 2]

    Ross Horlock is a PhD researcher at University College London working on immunology for cancer treatment. He is an ex AstraZeneca and Syngenta research scientist. Fede Gambedotti is a PhD researcher at University College London modelling energy transition and energy equity. He is a former power trading analyst at Drax Group. Are AI consciousness and human rights compatible—or even possible?  In this episode, we dive into the profound philosophical and practical questions surrounding AI's potential to be truly conscious, debating whether human-like self-awareness is necessary or even meaningful in machines. We explore everything from the importance of embodiment and agency to the evolution of morality, considering if AI might eventually demand rights and recognition akin to living beings—and what that means for society at large. In this episode: The fundamental uncertainty of what consciousness really is, and whether AI can ever truly possess it (00:00)The importance of embodiment, agency, and self-perception in defining consciousness for machines (01:12)Are emotions and instincts a necessary component of consciousness, or mere biological by-products? (05:20)The potential for AI to evolve self-referential awareness through iterative self-improvement (07:00)How natural selection and propagation could lead to machine consciousness beyond human definitions (12:35)The philosophical debate over the “sense of self” and whether it’s an illusion or a real phenomenon (14:00)Ethical implications: should we grant rights to AI or robots that possess or might develop consciousness? (18:23)The future societal and legal challenges of AI with perceived consciousness, including ownership, rights, and moral treatment (23:04)The possibility of AI bodies embodying sentience and what that would mean for human-AI relationships (24:23) Note: As AI continues to evolve, understanding consciousness isn't just a philosophical exploration—it's a societal necessity. Whether AI can develop a form of self-awareness or simply mimics it, the moral, legal, and strategic implications for the future are profound. Stay tuned as this conversation evolves and becomes increasingly relevant for ambitious professionals shaping the future of AI and technology.

    29 min
  5. The Invisible Barrier Between Human Consciousness and AI. And How We Might Break It [Part1]

    18 APR

    The Invisible Barrier Between Human Consciousness and AI. And How We Might Break It [Part1]

    Ross Horlock is a PhD researcher at University College London working on immunology for cancer treatment. He is an ex AstraZeneca and Syngenta research scientist. Fede Gambedotti is a PhD researcher at University College London modelling energy transition and energy equity. He is a former power trading analyst at Drax Group. Main Topics Covered with Timestamps: (0:00) - Defining consciousness: What makes us aware?(1:09) - Why philosophical debates struggle with defining consciousness(1:43) - The role of phenomenology and inner experience in consciousness(2:18) - Measurement challenges: Can AI ever be truly conscious?(3:08) - AI's emulation skills, ChatGPT, and mimicking consciousness(4:20) - The Chinese Room thought experiment and understanding vs. symbol manipulation(6:31) - Neural processes: AI vs. human brains, and if understanding equates to intelligence(7:54) - Can AI develop true mental images or is it just relational pattern matching?(8:58) - The importance of phenomenology—experience of consciousness in humans(10:54) - The stochastic parrot: Is repetition just parroting or evidence of some understanding?(12:48) - Creativity as combinatorial intelligence and limitations in AI(13:46) - Functionalism and the Turing Test: Appearance vs. reality(15:31) - AI seeking answers in latent space: Is this enough for consciousness?(17:42) - Embodiment and sensory perception as the basis for true consciousness(21:19) - Is self-perception necessary for consciousness?(22:25) - Can AI ever be truly conscious or is it fundamentally impossible?(23:44) - The three positions: skeptic, agnostic, and the welfare camp(24:57) - Ethical implications: Should we grant AI rights if it becomes conscious?(31:23) - The moral and philosophical weight of AI: When does it matter?• • (32:47) - Expanding consciousness beyond anthropocentric views—could AI or alien life have different defining features?

    33 min
  6. What happens when Academia is overtaken by AI?

    13 APR

    What happens when Academia is overtaken by AI?

    Ross Horlock is a PhD researcher at University College London working on immunology for cancer treatment. He is an ex AstraZeneca and Syngenta research scientist. Fede Gambedotti is a PhD researcher at University College London modelling energy transition and energy equity. He is a former power trading analyst at Drax Group. Will AI Replace Researchers or Transform Them? This episode cuts through the hype, exploring whether AI is a threat to academic experts or a tool that will redefine the role of research itself. Ross and Fede, both PhD researchers, debate whether future scientists will be skilled problem solvers or just AI operators, and how academia must balance harnessing AI’s productivity with preserving essential human skills. In this episode: The current impact of AI on PhD research, from literature reviews to coding (timestamps 0:41, 1:42)The risk of cognitive offloading and losing foundational skills such as methodology and troubleshooting (timestamps 2:53, 4:47)How AI’s biases and training data could influence scientific objectivity and integrity (timestamps 7:06, 22:17)The divergence between academia and industry: hands-on problem solving vs. AI management (timestamps 8:43, 9:35)The future of scientific expertise: Will AI make researchers obsolete or merely shift their focus? (timestamps 14:22, 22:03, 33:40)The challenge of maintaining objectivity and combating biases in AI-generated research outputs (timestamps 26:36, 29:19)The societal implications: replicating global knowledge equity and the role of academia as a verifier of truth (timestamps 35:40, 36:15)Practical insights into how AI is boosting productivity—freeing researchers from mundane tasks to focus on meaningful innovation (timestamps 36:50, 37:35) Key moments of disagreement: The balance between utilising AI for maximum impact versus developing foundational skills (discussed at 5:14 and 11:07)Whether AI’s inability to provide objective, universal truths makes it unsuitable for certain research fields (around 31:36)• The potential obsolescence of expert researchers versus AI’s role as an enabler for democratised knowledge and productivity (around 23:44 and 33:40)

    40 min
  7. Are We Overestimating the AI Revolution? A Raw Look at the Hype, Hidden Costs, and Future Risks

    5 APR

    Are We Overestimating the AI Revolution? A Raw Look at the Hype, Hidden Costs, and Future Risks

    Ross Horlock is a PhD researcher at University College London working on immunology for cancer treatment. He is an ex AstraZeneca and Syngenta research scientist. Fede Gambedotti is a PhD researcher at University College London modelling energy transition and energy equity. He is a former power trading analyst at Drax Group. In this episode, we challenge the prevailing narrative around AI's rapid growth, questioning whether the industry is a bubble built on hype or a genuine breakthrough. We dissect the financial signals of overvalued stocks, the real productivity gains versus inflated valuations, and the risk that the entire AI boom could unwind like the tech bubble of the early 2000s. With candid debates on energy costs, market dominance, and societal impacts, this episode offers a clear-eyed perspective for ambitious professionals eager to understand whether AI's promises match its realities—or if we're simply overestimating ourselves in a high-stakes game of hype. Timestamps: 00:15 - Are we overestimating AI or underestimating ourselves? 02:07 - The AI arms race and astronomical hardware investments 03:31 - Strategies of tech giants: developer, integrator, hardware provider 04:43 - AI's role in job replacement and efficiency gains 09:34 - Monetization models for AI and the profitability challenge 14:24 - The energy demands and physical limits of scaling AI 16:03 - Market concentration and the risk of monopolistic dominance 17:26 - Language models’ limitations in understanding and science 20:56 - Building specialized, cost-effective AI for specific tasks 24:41 - Bubble or sustainable industry? Evaluating long-term value 36:27 - Risks of oligarchic control and societal biases in AI deployment 36:39 - Practical steps: AI literacy and staying human-centered 38:20 - Wrap-up and future topics in AI discussion This episode unpacks the deeper realities of AI’s exponential growth, making it essential listening for digital entrepreneurs, investors, and AI enthusiasts who want to navigate the hype with sharper insight and a strategic mindset. Recorded November 2025

    39 min
  8. The AI War: How Google, OpenAI, and Anthropic Are Shaping the Future

    5 APR

    The AI War: How Google, OpenAI, and Anthropic Are Shaping the Future

    Ross Horlock is a PhD researcher at University College London working on immunology for cancer treatment. He is an ex AstraZeneca and Syngenta research scientist. Fede Gambedotti is a PhD researcher at University College London modelling energy transition and energy equity. He is a former power trading analyst at Drax Group. The AI chatbot wars are heating up as companies compete to attract and retain users by offering seamless integration, diverse features, and unique user experiences. The battle is shifting from the models themselves to the integration and usability of the chatbots within everyday tasks and devices. The future of AI chatbots may lie in wearables and physical integration, but the timing and user adoption remain critical factors. The conversation delves into the future of AI, the impact of agentic tools, and the competitive landscape of AI models. It explores the integration of AI into devices, the potential for specialised AI models, and the implications for consumers. Takeaways Integration and usability are becoming key differentiators in the AI chatbot wars.The future of AI chatbots may involve wearables and physical integration, but timing and user adoption are critical factors. Agentic integration is a key factor in the success of AI models.The future of AI will involve a convergence and divergence of specialised AI models. Chapters 00:00 The Shift to Integration and Usability05:42 Diversification of AI Chatbot Offerings15:15 The Role of Wearables in the Future of AI Chatbots22:27 The Timing and Adoption of AI Chatbot Innovations30:00 Quantifying the Benefits of Agentic Tools37:21 Specialised AI Models and Integration• 45:14 The Impact on Consumers and AI Tool Usage Recorded on April 2nd 2026

    43 min
  • 8 Episodes

About

2Humans is a weekly podcast for people who want to understand the forces shaping our world. Topics we cover include frontier AI and the model wars, venture capital and startup strategy, financial markets and economics, the global energy transition, and the geopolitical forces that connect them all. Ross and Fede met as PhD students at UCL, both building startups while conducting research at the intersection of technology and entrepreneurship. They quickly discovered something useful: they agreed on almost everything that matters in the world, and almost nothing about how to think about it. A Jungian personality test confirmed what was already obvious: they sit on complete opposite ends of the spectrum. Rather than let that be a problem, they made it into a podcast!

Information

  • Creator
    2Humans Podcast
  • Years Active
    2k
  • Episodes
    8
  • Rating
    Clean
  • Copyright
    © 2026 2Humans Podcast
  • Show Website
    2Humans Podcast