CW: Discussion of historical violence and murder (without graphic detail), fear and moral panic, and the impact of violence on communities. It also references religious and spiritual beliefs and historical racial tension. Listener discretion is advised. In the early hours of New Orleans’ Jazz Age, a killer stalked the city with no clear motive, no consistent victims, and no face anyone could agree on. Known only as the Axeman, he terrorized immigrant neighborhoods between 1918 and 1919, slipping into homes, attacking families with their own tools, and disappearing back into the night. But this story is about more than an unsolved true crime case. In this episode, we dig into the cultural and spiritual landscape of New Orleans at the time. Catholicism and voodoo existed side by side. Spiritual Churches were on the rise. Racial tension, moral panic, and fear of social change were everywhere. At the same time, jazz was exploding onto the scene, celebrated by some and blamed by others for everything that felt out of control. We take a closer look at the infamous letter attributed to the Axeman, where he claimed allegiance to a demon and warned that anyone not playing jazz would be spared. Whether the letter was real or not, it worked. The city listened. Fear shaped behavior. Was the Axeman a single killer, a copycat, or something larger that the city created during a moment of collective anxiety? And why did jazz, joyful and defiant, become tangled up in violence and blame? This episode isn’t about glorifying a killer. It’s about how belief, fear, and cultural upheaval can turn uncertainty into something monstrous, and how sometimes the story we tell becomes more powerful than the truth itself. Sources: “Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_New_Orleans. Accessed December 23, 2025. “Spiritual Church Movement.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Church_Movement. Accessed December 23, 2025. “Louisiana Voodoo.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo. Accessed December 23, 2025. “Religion in New Orleans.” Encyclopedia of Louisiana (KnowLA). https://64parishes.org/entry/religion-in-new-orleans. Accessed December 23, 2025. “Axeman of New Orleans.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axeman_of_New_Orleans. Accessed December 23, 2025. Davis, Miriam C. Axeman of New Orleans: The True Story. Chicago Review Press, 2017. “The Axeman’s Jazz: The Axeman of New Orleans.” Historic Mysteries. https://www.historicmysteries.com. Accessed December 23, 2025. “The Axeman of New Orleans.” FBI Records: The Vault. Archival references and contemporary reporting context. Accessed December 23, 2025. O’Neill, Lex. “Axeman: The Jazz-Loving Killer.” Crime Capsule, Arcadia Publishing, 2019. “Axeman of New Orleans Letter (March 1919).” Wikipedia. Full text of letter. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axeman_of_New_Orleans#Letter. Accessed December 23, 2025. “Who Was the Axeman of New Orleans?” Smithsonian Magazine. Accessed December 23, 2025. “Franz Joseph I of Austria.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria. Accessed December 23, 2025. “Jazz Age.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_Age. Accessed December 23, 2025. “Moral Panic and Jazz Music.” Smithsonian Jazz / National Museum of American History. https://americanhistory.si.edu/smithsonian-jazz. Accessed December 23, 2025. Peretti, Burton W. The Creation of Jazz: Music, Race, and Culture in Urban America. University of Illinois Press, 1992. Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. Jazz: A History of America’s Music. Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. Kenney, William Howland. Chicago Jazz: A Cultural History, 1904–1930. Oxford University Press, 1993. “Billy Sunday.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Sunday. Accessed December 23, 2025. “Ladies’ Home Journal Jazz Article (1921).” Library of Congress Archives. Accessed December 23, 2025.