AHF Podcast

Anterior Hip Foundation

The AHF Podcast features thoughtful conversations about orthopedic surgery, outcomes, and clinical decision-making, with a particular focus on hip surgery and related innovation.Produced by the Anterior Hip Foundation, the podcast brings together surgeons, researchers, and clinical leaders to examine how evidence, experience, and real-world practice intersect. Episodes explore what the data actually shows, where assumptions break down, and how clinicians navigate uncertainty in daily practice.This podcast is intended for orthopedic surgeons, trainees, and medically literate clinicians who value nuanced discussion, critical thinking, and honest examination of what improves patient care.

  1. 1 HR AGO

    From Idea to Market: Ep 8 - Built to Run

    Send us Fan Mail What does it actually take to move a medical device from a working prototype to a product that can be built reliably at volume? In this episode of From Idea to Market, surgeons, founders, and attorneys describe the discipline that separates an approved device from a scalable company. Most medical device teams underestimate what happens after a prototype works. Manufacturing at scale is a different problem from manufacturing at all, and the assumption that the hard work is done once the device is validated tends to be the most expensive miscalculation in med tech. This episode unpacks the transition from a hand-tuned engineering project to a controlled, reproducible production system, and why the process itself, not the device, becomes the real product. Jared Foran of Forcast Orthopedics, Leo Whiteside, Marie-Isabelle Batthyány of XRSynergies, Charles Lawrie of FIOS Health, Charlie DeCook of Total Joint Specialists, attorney Emily Ast, and Simon Mifsud of Garland Surgical share what they have learned from inside this transition. The conversation covers ISO 13485, design for manufacturability, supplier qualification, the economics of hardware versus software, supply chain design as part of the device itself, the kinds of problems that only surface at volume, and the contract clauses that quietly determine whether a successful product remains a fair deal once it scales globally. If you build, fund, regulate, or use medical devices, this episode is for you. It is the part of innovation that gets the least attention and decides the most outcomes — the daily, unglamorous work of building systems reliable enough that the product performs the same way every time, no matter who is in the room. ⏱️ Chapters: 00:00 Why scaling production breaks medical devices 02:57 Meet the founders, surgeons, and attorneys 05:30 What design freeze means in medical devices 06:46 Why the process becomes the product, not the device 09:32 Bringing manufacturing partners in before design freeze 12:18 The three-times rule of medical device development 15:59 Quality, cost, and scalability at production scale 18:02 Why hardware med tech is harder than software 20:18 Designing surgical kits for real-world supply chains 25:22 Problems that only emerge at production volume 28:11 Why founders should titrate the speed of scale 30:45 IP clauses and royalty timing for global products 34:58 What scale really proves about a medical device company Listen to the AHF Podcast on your preferred platform: Buzzsprout: https://ahfpodcast.buzzsprout.com Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ahf-podcast/id1749521487 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5CrGJyvRiQFTCU3FFFVvHc LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/ahf-podcast YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@anteriorhipfoundation Homepage: https://anteriorhipfoundation.com This podcast is intended for educational and informational purposes only. The content discussed does not constitute medical advice and should not be used as a substitute for professional judgment. Clinicians should rely on their own training, experience, and clinical decision-making when applying information from this discussion. #AnteriorHipFoundation #AHFPodcast #FromIdeaToMarket #MedTech #MedicalDeviceDevelopment #ISO13485 #DesignForManufacturability #DFM #QualityManagementSystem #MedTechScaling #OrthopedicInnovation #SurgicalInnovation #MedicalDeviceManufacturing #MedTechFounders

    39 min
  2. 1 MAY

    FITM Extended Interview: Emily Ast

    Send us Fan Mail There is no such thing as an off-the-record innovation discussion. Even a casual conversation over drinks can create a factual record of idea sharing that impacts patent ownership, joint development leverage, and your negotiating position for years. Emily Ast, a contract attorney whose practice is 75 percent orthopedics, explains exactly what surgeon innovators need to know before they say a word to anyone — including friends and family. Ast breaks down the two main contract types innovators encounter: general consulting agreements and intellectual property development agreements. She identifies the single clause she sees surgeons consistently underestimate — the product or project scope definition — and shows how a description that is even slightly too broad can transfer far more IP than intended while limiting what the innovator can do with other companies. She walks through how work orders and statements of work can keep scope appropriately narrow, why royalty streams need to account for different regulatory timelines across global markets, and how to structure IP compensation so it qualifies for capital gains treatment rather than ordinary income. The conversation also covers what a healthy, well-balanced IP partnership actually looks like, why companies may be shifting away from long royalty streams toward milestone payments and flat-rate structures, and the single most common mistake Ast sees innovators make: getting excited and signing a two-year agreement covering all of hip and knee arthroplasty when they were only asked to do one product lab. For any surgeon sitting on an idea, this is the legal foundation you need before your first meeting. https://www.astcontracts.com/ ⏱️ Chapters: 00:00 Meet Emily Ast — contract attorney for surgeon innovators 01:06 Role of a contract attorney in early-stage innovation 01:55 The biggest mindset shift: no off-the-record discussions 02:45 Why you need an NDA before talking to anyone 04:40 Risks of sharing ideas without protection 07:15 The most underestimated clause: product scope definition 09:23 General consulting agreements and hidden IP transfer 11:00 How work orders keep scope appropriately narrow 13:58 Key negotiation points for your first consulting agreement 15:25 IP development agreements: royalties, equity, and structure 17:36 Tax benefits of properly structured IP compensation 18:45 What happens when your IP appears in a product variation 21:40 Regional royalty timing across global markets 24:03 What a healthy IP partnership looks like 27:17 The most common mistake innovators make with industry 28:16 Foundational preparation before meeting with a company 29:52 One piece of advice: protect your napkin idea 31:42 How the surgeon-industry relationship is evolving 34:16 What "from idea to market" means: get your team in place Listen to the AHF Podcast on your preferred platform: Buzzsprout: https://ahfpodcast.buzzsprout.com Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ahf-podcast/id1749521487 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5CrGJyvRiQFTCU3FFFVvHc LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/ahf-podcast YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@anteriorhipfoundation Homepage: https://anteriorhipfoundation.com This podcast is intended for educational and informational purposes only. The content discussed does not constitute medical advice and should not be used as a substitute for professional judgment. Clinicians should rely on their own training, experience, and clinical decision-making when applying information from this discussion. #AnteriorHipFoundation #AHFPodcast #SurgeonInnovator #IntellectualProperty #MedicalDeviceContracts #PhysicianEntrepreneur #NDA #RoyaltyAgreement #OrthopedicInnovation

    35 min
  3. 28 APR

    FITM Extended Interview: XRS Medical (Marie-Isabelle Batthyány)

    Send us Fan Mail A patient had already signed every document — but no one had told her she would lose her stomach. That moment early in her anesthesia training convinced Marie-Isabelle Batthyány that informed consent was fundamentally broken. Years later, she built XRS Medical, a VR platform that replaces paper consent forms with immersive, avatar-delivered patient education and tracks attention in real time using a patented eye-tracking algorithm. Batthyány walks through exactly what happens from the moment a patient puts on the headset to the moment an attention evaluation report is generated for the surgeon's file. The numbers back it up: 84 percent recall accuracy and 87.5 percent patient satisfaction versus paper forms that almost nobody reads. The platform creates photorealistic digital twins of the operating surgeon, delivers the explanation in the patient's native language, and produces a legal record that the information was delivered and attended to. With over 4,000 patient uses across Austria, Switzerland, Poland, and France, XRS Medical has moved well past proof of concept. The business story is equally sharp. Batthyány designed the company for acquisition from day one — lean team, phantom shares program, three distinct revenue streams across healthcare providers, pharma, and medical device manufacturers. A surprise pivot into clinical trial consent with Boehringer Ingelheim turned out to be one of the strongest product-market fit moments of the journey. For clinician-founders navigating the European fundraising landscape with a disruptive technology, her playbook on investor fit, due diligence readiness, and the "three threes" rule is essential listening. https://www.xrs-medical.com/ ⏱️ Chapters: 00:00 Meet Marie-Isabelle Batthyány — anesthesiologist turned founder 03:00 The patient who didn't know she would lose her stomach 06:04 From clinical frustration to founding XRS Medical 07:23 Why paper forms and traditional videos fail patients 09:28 How the VR informed consent workflow actually works 14:40 The eye tracking algorithm and US patent 19:40 Early prototypes — from real VR film to digital avatars 26:04 Designing a company for acquisition from day one 28:24 Ideal acquirers: pharma, hospital groups, and three revenue streams 34:41 Advantages of being a physician-led European startup 37:04 How the core team came together 39:41 What medical school never taught about business 46:02 Where XRS Medical is heading: US, Japan, AI avatars 48:08 Advice for future clinician-founders 49:05 What "from idea to market" means: blood, sweat, tears Listen to the AHF Podcast on your preferred platform: Buzzsprout: https://ahfpodcast.buzzsprout.com Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ahf-podcast/id1749521487 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5CrGJyvRiQFTCU3FFFVvHc LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/ahf-podcast YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@anteriorhipfoundation Homepage: https://anteriorhipfoundation.com This podcast is intended for educational and informational purposes only. The content discussed does not constitute medical advice and should not be used as a substitute for professional judgment. Clinicians should rely on their own training, experience, and clinical decision-making when applying information from this discussion. #AnteriorHipFoundation #AHFPodcast #XRSMedical #InformedConsent #VirtualReality #PatientEducation #EyeTracking #MedTechStartup #DigitalHealth #ClinicalTrialConsent #MarieIsabelleBatthyany #ClinicianFounder #MedicalLegalRisk #VRinHealthcare

    49 min
  4. 24 APR

    FITM Extended Interview: Simon Mifsud (Garland Surgical, Ltd.)

    Send us Fan Mail Garland Surgical's flagship product, the TriActiv Hip (formerly known as the MaltaHip), replaces the ball-and-socket geometry that has defined hip arthroplasty for 120 years with a cylindrical bearing system inspired by the biomechanics of the ankle joint. Simon Mifsud, CEO of Garland Surgical, explains how this design virtually eliminates dislocation risk and reduced wear by 75 percent in accelerated testing. Mifsud walks through how the cylindrical design achieves its stability advantage — larger contact area, linear reciprocating motion that avoids cross-shear of the polymer — and why surgeons at AAOS and ACUS told him stability matters far more to them right now than durability. He describes the four patient populations this technology targets, from chronic dislocators and post-spinal-fusion patients to the roughly half of the global population whose daily activities involve squatting and cross-legged sitting. The TriActiv Hip stays in place through all of it while offering range of motion that constrained liners cannot match. https://www.garlandsurgical.health/ The business story is just as instructive. Garland Surgical is a University of Malta spinout navigating a pre-revenue funding landscape where deep-tech hardware competes against AI and digital health for investor attention. Mifsud shares how a hybrid of equity and non-dilutive grant funding — including a 1.4 million euro Malta Enterprise award — has kept the company moving, and how a successful FDA Q-sub cleared the biggest objection investors had. For innovators building physical devices in a software-obsessed market, this is a roadmap worth studying. ⏱️ Chapters: 00:00 Introducing Simon Mifsud and the TriActiv Hip 00:49 Why ankle biomechanics inspired a new hip design 02:54 Four underserved patient populations 06:19 How cylindrical bearings reduce wear debris 08:18 What "a hip for life" really means 09:41 Proof of concept: cadaver surgery and the garland pose 11:03 Cross-compatibility with existing femoral stems 13:11 Licensing model versus becoming an OEM 15:04 FDA 510(k) pathway and regulatory strategy 16:01 UK launch, ODEP, and training early adopters 17:26 Funding a hardware startup in a software-first market 20:23 How investor feedback shaped the regulatory approach 23:15 What surgeons at AAOS and ACUS actually wanted 26:46 Managing relationships with academic co-inventors 29:26 Where the TriActiv Hip fits in five years 33:27 What "from idea to market" means to Garland Surgical Listen to the AHF Podcast on your preferred platform: Buzzsprout: https://ahfpodcast.buzzsprout.com Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ahf-podcast/id1749521487 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5CrGJyvRiQFTCU3FFFVvHc LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/ahf-podcast YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@anteriorhipfoundation Homepage: https://anteriorhipfoundation.com This podcast is intended for educational and informational purposes only. The content discussed does not constitute medical advice and should not be used as a substitute for professional judgment. Clinicians should rely on their own training, experience, and clinical decision-making when applying information from this discussion. #AnteriorHipFoundation #AHFPodcast #TriActivHip #GarlandSurgical #HipReplacement #TotalHipArthroplasty #THA #HipDislocation #CylindricalBearing #MedicalDeviceStartup #SimonMifsud #HipForLife #510k #OrthopedicInnovation

    36 min
  5. 17 APR

    From Idea to Market: Ep 7 - Beyond Clearance

    Send us Fan Mail Your device just got FDA clearance. So why isn't anyone using it? In this episode of From Idea to Market, Joe Schwab and a panel of surgeons, engineers, and MedTech leaders explore why regulatory approval is only the beginning — and what it actually takes to earn a place in the operating room. Clearance tells you a device is safe and effective. It doesn't tell you whether a busy surgeon will change their workflow, whether a procurement committee will approve it, or whether a hospital can absorb it into daily practice. This episode unpacks the gap between permission and performance — the space where most MedTech innovations either earn trust or stall out. Drawing on Everett Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations theory and recent research on early adoption decision-making in surgery, the conversation examines why clinical evidence alone isn't enough. Guests describe how simplicity, immediate benefit, team dynamics, and peer influence determine whether a technology sticks — and why the intention-behavior gap in surgical practice is wider than most companies expect. The panel also explores how success is redefined after clearance, moving from trial endpoints to real-world outcomes including patient satisfaction, complication rates, workflow efficiency, and health economics. In the PJI space alone, annual hospital costs are projected to reach $1.85 billion by 2030, giving technologies that move the needle enormous clinical and economic significance. ⏱️ Chapters: 00:00 Introduction and series overview 02:34 Meet the panel 05:47 Why clearance is only the beginning 07:42 Diffusion of innovations in surgery 11:07 Investing in data vs inventory after clearance 16:11 The intention-behavior gap in adoption 18:14 Deliberate rollout and early adopter strategy 20:55 Simplicity as the key to surgical adoption 23:18 Market forces behind technology uptake 26:19 Redefining success outside controlled settings 29:24 PJI economics and the case for innovation 33:19 When innovation becomes the standard of care 36:52 Three lessons from life after clearance Listen to the AHF Podcast on your preferred platform: Buzzsprout: https://ahfpodcast.buzzsprout.com Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ahf-podcast/id1749521487 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5CrGJyvRiQFTCU3FFFVvHc LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/ahf-podcast YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@anteriorhipfoundation Homepage: https://anteriorhipfoundation.com This podcast is intended for educational and informational purposes only. The content discussed does not constitute medical advice and should not be used as a substitute for professional judgment. Clinicians should rely on their own training, experience, and clinical decision-making when applying information from this discussion. #AnteriorHipFoundation #AHFPodcast #MedTechAdoption #RegulatoryStrategy #FDAClearance #DiffusionOfInnovations #SurgicalInnovation #TotalHipArthroplasty #PJI #PeriprostheticJointInfection #RealWorldEvidence #OrthopedicSurgery #FromIdeaToMarket #MedicalDeviceAdoption

    40 min
  6. 14 APR

    FITM Extended Interview: Charlie DeCook

    Send us Fan Mail Charlie DeCook has exited seven medical device companies while performing 1,500 joint replacements a year — all packed into three clinical days per week. In this extended interview, he breaks down exactly how he evaluates new technologies and why he now filters every opportunity through an AI and robotics lens. DeCook traces his entrepreneurial arc from his first venture in surgical impaction — a product that eventually sold to Johnson & Johnson and became Kincise — through to his current focus on software-driven solutions. He explains why the "jobs to be done" framework from Clayton Christensen's Innovator's Dilemma is the foundation of every product he touches, and why surgeons who skip the financial model are setting themselves up for years of pain. Along the way, he offers a candid look at how large device companies operate, including the "slow no" that strings inventor-surgeons along for months without a real commitment. The conversation also covers the AHF Shark Tank program and what separates pitches that land from those that get eaten alive. Whether you are a surgeon sitting in the OR frustrated with an inefficiency, or a founder trying to get traction with the big three, DeCook's hard-won playbook is worth hearing in full. ⏱️ Chapters: 00:00 Meet Charlie DeCook — surgeon, serial entrepreneur 02:11 First venture: surgical impaction to Johnson & Johnson 03:29 Filtering ideas with easier, faster, better 05:22 Patient outcomes vs commercial reality in med-tech 07:43 Why cost concerns work themselves out over time 09:02 Strategic shift from hardware to AI and robotics 10:41 Finding innovation through jobs to be done in the OR 12:43 Lessons from ventures that required major pivots 14:49 Protecting IP from large device companies 17:27 Why public companies can't think past the quarter 19:02 Evaluating products beyond your own efficiency lens 21:40 What makes a winning AHF Shark Tank pitch 24:29 Common mistakes surgeon-entrepreneurs make pitching 27:17 Innovation areas the Shark Tank needs more of 29:25 Top advice for surgeons with a great OR idea 31:45 What innovation in orthopedics really means Listen to the AHF Podcast on your preferred platform: Buzzsprout: https://ahfpodcast.buzzsprout.com Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ahf-podcast/id1749521487 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5CrGJyvRiQFTCU3FFFVvHc LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/ahf-podcast YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@anteriorhipfoundation Homepage: https://anteriorhipfoundation.com This podcast is intended for educational and informational purposes only. The content discussed does not constitute medical advice and should not be used as a substitute for professional judgment. Clinicians should rely on their own training, experience, and clinical decision-making when applying information from this discussion. #AnteriorHipFoundation #AHFPodcast #SurgeonEntrepreneur #MedicalDeviceStartup #OrthopedicInnovation #TotalJointArthroplasty #SurgicalImpaction #AIinOrthopedics #RoboticSurgery #JobsToBeDone #AHFSharkTank #CharlieDeCook #MedTechEntrepreneur #THA

    30 min
  7. 10 APR

    From Idea to Market: Ep 6 - The Valley Between Idea and Approval

    Send us Fan Mail What actually happens between building a medical device and getting it approved? In this episode of From Idea to Market, we walk through the regulatory valley that separates a working prototype from a cleared product — and why so many promising innovations stall right here. This is the stage where progress stops being about what you can build and starts being about what you can prove. Joe Schwab breaks down the FDA's device classification system, the critical difference between 510(k) and PMA pathways, and why the gap between regulatory clearance and reimbursement has become one of the defining challenges in modern med tech. You'll hear from founders and industry veterans — including Jared Foran, Peter Noymer, Doug Fairbanks, Marie-Isabelle Batthyány, Robert Cohen, and Simon Mifsud — who share hard-won lessons about navigating this process with limited capital and no margin for error. Whether you're a surgeon with a device idea, an engineer entering the med tech space, or an investor trying to understand what makes regulatory risk so difficult to price, this episode maps the valley in concrete terms — and explains why the teams that survive it tend to build better products because of it. ⏱️ Chapters: 00:00 Introduction to the regulatory valley 02:21 Meet the founders and industry veterans 04:36 Why promising devices stall before FDA review 05:23 FDA device classification for hip arthroplasty 09:10 Designing to regulatory standards from day one 10:26 FDA clearance without reimbursement 14:07 How design controls sharpen device claims 16:32 FDA designations that accelerate development 19:56 Costs and risks founders underestimate 23:31 Three lessons from the regulatory valley Listen to the AHF Podcast on your preferred platform: Buzzsprout: https://ahfpodcast.buzzsprout.com Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ahf-podcast/id1749521487 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5CrGJyvRiQFTCU3FFFVvHc LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/ahf-podcast YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@anteriorhipfoundation Homepage: https://anteriorhipfoundation.com This podcast is intended for educational and informational purposes only. The content discussed does not constitute medical advice and should not be used as a substitute for professional judgment. Clinicians should rely on their own training, experience, and clinical decision-making when applying information from this discussion. #AnteriorHipFoundation #AHFPodcast #FDAApproval #MedicalDeviceRegulation #510k #PMA #TotalHipArthroplasty #MedTechInnovation #DeviceClassification #DesignControls #Reimbursement #OrthopedicSurgery #ValleyOfDeath #FromIdeaToMarket

    27 min
  8. 7 APR

    FITM: The Extended Conversation with Doug Fairbanks

    Send us Fan Mail Doug Fairbanks left a robotics commercialization role at Johnson & Johnson to lead a deep tech startup most surgeons had never heard of. In this conversation, the president and CEO of VISIE Inc. explains why — and what their continuous anatomic auto tracking technology could mean for the future of robotic-assisted surgery. VISIE started as Advanced Scanners, a company founded by optical physicist Aaron Bernstein to solve the problem of brain shift during cranial procedures. Fairbanks saw the technology's potential far beyond neuroscience and joined to steer the company toward orthopedics. The result is a 3D spatial computing platform that tracks anatomy in real time at 254-micron accuracy — without pins, arrays, or registration. Fairbanks walks through how VISIE built all its hardware and software in-house to push the limits of what's possible, why that Apollo 13 engineering mentality defines the company's culture, and what it took to go from four scans per second to over twenty-five. This episode also covers the business side of deep tech innovation: how VISIE navigates the sub-component regulatory pathway, what partnership conversations with strategic companies actually sound like, how 16 patents in eight months shaped their IP strategy, and why the board in the other room still reads “patients treated: zero.” Whether you're a surgeon curious about pin-free tracking or a founder building something no one has built before, this is a candid look at what it takes to bring genuinely new technology to the operating room. Learn more about VISIE at https://visievision.com ⏱️ Chapters: 00:00 From neuroscience startup to surgical vision company 03:55 Launching Velys robotics at DePuy Synthes 07:44 What is continuous anatomic auto tracking 11:07 Why VISIE builds all hardware and software in-house 13:54 Teaching robots to see what surgeons see 18:30 The hardest technical challenge at VISIE 21:00 Validating deep tech with the surgical market 25:42 Scaling a startup with contract manufacturing 28:09 Regulatory pathway as a sub-component device 32:00 Protecting innovation with an aggressive IP strategy 35:09 Future of pin-free tracking in hips and knees 37:29 Advice for surgeon innovators starting a company Listen to the AHF Podcast on your preferred platform: Buzzsprout: https://ahfpodcast.buzzsprout.com Apple Podcasts: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/ahf-podcast/id1749521487 Spotify: https://open.spotify.com/show/5CrGJyvRiQFTCU3FFFVvHc LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/ahf-podcast YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@anteriorhipfoundation Homepage: https://anteriorhipfoundation.com This podcast is intended for educational and informational purposes only. The content discussed does not constitute medical advice and should not be used as a substitute for professional judgment. Clinicians should rely on their own training, experience, and clinical decision-making when applying information from this discussion. #AnteriorHipFoundation #AHFPodcast #VISIE #DougFairbanks #PinFreeTracking #SurgicalRobotics #3DScanning #CAAT #OrthopedicInnovation #MedTechStartup #RoboticAssistedSurgery #ComputerVision #SpatialComputing

    43 min

Trailers

About

The AHF Podcast features thoughtful conversations about orthopedic surgery, outcomes, and clinical decision-making, with a particular focus on hip surgery and related innovation.Produced by the Anterior Hip Foundation, the podcast brings together surgeons, researchers, and clinical leaders to examine how evidence, experience, and real-world practice intersect. Episodes explore what the data actually shows, where assumptions break down, and how clinicians navigate uncertainty in daily practice.This podcast is intended for orthopedic surgeons, trainees, and medically literate clinicians who value nuanced discussion, critical thinking, and honest examination of what improves patient care.

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