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Stories on the political forces shaping business and community. civicsandcommerce.substack.com

  1. The politics of refillery stores

    4 uur geleden

    The politics of refillery stores

    Episode 26, The Refillery Show notes The story in this episode is composite, drawn from real events. The identifying details have been changed to protect privacy, but the situations and the political contexts are real. The real-world events the story draws on, full citations, and further reading are below. REAL-WORLD EVENTS REFERENCED IN THIS EPISODE Queensland regulatory environment - Loose-food retail in Australia operates under the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code, administered nationally by Food Standards Australia New Zealand and enforced by state and territory health authorities. Standards 3.2.2 (Food Safety Practices and General Requirements) and 3.2.3 (Food Premises and Equipment) carry the requirements most relevant to bulk-bin and dispenser-based retail. - Queensland's single-use plastics ban began with Stage 1 on 1 September 2021 (straws, stirrers, plates, unenclosed bowls, single-use cutlery, expanded polystyrene takeaway food containers and cups) under the Waste Reduction and Recycling (Plastic Items) Amendment Act 2021 (Qld). - Stage 2 took effect on 1 September 2023 (cotton buds with plastic stems, expanded polystyrene loose-fill packaging, plastic microbeads in rinse-off personal care and cleaning products, and new minimum-reusability standards for heavyweight plastic shopping bags) under the Waste Reduction and Recycling Regulations 2023 (Qld), passed on 25 August 2023. - A five-year roadmap projects further additions, including disposable coffee cups and lids, plastic drinking cups, single-use produce bags, balloon sticks, bread bag tags, and corflute tree guards. - Queensland's container refund scheme, Containers for Change, opened on 1 November 2018, administered by the not-for-profit Container Exchange (COEX). The scheme was expanded to include wine and spirit bottles from 1 November 2023. Australian container deposit scheme history - South Australia introduced the first Australian scheme under the Beverage Container Act 1975 (SA), in operation from 1977. - The Northern Territory scheme commenced in 2012. New South Wales (Return and Earn) commenced 1 December 2017. The Australian Capital Territory (ACT CDS) commenced 30 June 2018. Queensland (Containers for Change) commenced 1 November 2018. Western Australia (Containers for Change) commenced 1 October 2020. Victoria (CDS Vic) commenced 1 November 2023. Tasmania (Recycle Rewards) commenced 1 May 2025. - Boomerang Alliance and the Total Environment Centre led the multi-decade national advocacy for state and territory schemes against sustained opposition from the major beverage manufacturers. Global zero-waste movements - The lifestyle wave is most closely associated with Bea Johnson, a French-American writer based in California whose family began a waste-free transition in 2008. Johnson founded the Zero Waste Home blog in 2009 and published Zero Waste Home in 2013, articulating the five Rs framework (Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Rot). - The institutional wave pre-dates the lifestyle wave by roughly a decade. The Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives (GAIA) was founded in December 2000 in Johannesburg, South Africa, as a worldwide network of grassroots groups working against incineration and for zero-waste municipal systems. The Mother Earth Foundation, founded in the Philippines in 1998 and led for many years by Sonia Mendoza, has been at the centre of GAIA's zero-waste cities work in Asia, demonstrating municipal-scale separation, composting, and recovery infrastructure across Filipino local government units. Plastic-waste trade and returns to senders - The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal was adopted in 1989 and entered into force in 1992. The Basel Ban Amendment, prohibiting waste exports from OECD to non-OECD countries, entered into force on 5 December 2019. The 2019 plastic-waste amendment (Decision BC-14/12, adopted at COP14 in Geneva on 10 May 2019, in force 1 January 2021) added mixed and contaminated plastic waste to Annex II, requiring prior informed consent from receiving countries. - The Philippines returned 69 shipping containers of mis-declared household waste to Canada from Subic Bay on 31 May 2019, after a six-year diplomatic stand-off over containers shipped by an Ontario-based firm in 2013 and 2014. South Korea took back approximately 1,400 tonnes of mis-declared plastic waste from the Philippines in January 2019. Indonesia returned hundreds of containers to Australia, France, the United States, Germany, and other countries across the second half of 2019. - The civil-society coalition driving these returns included the EcoWaste Coalition, BAN Toxics, Greenpeace Philippines, the Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives, and the global Break Free From Plastic movement (founded September 2016, now over 12,000 member organisations). ACCC enforcement on environmental claims - The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission published its guidance on environmental claims, Making Environmental Claims: A Guide for Business, in December 2023. The guidance interprets the Australian Consumer Law (Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth)) as it applies to recyclability, compostability, "plastic-free", "carbon neutral", and similar marketing claims. - The ACCC has flagged greenwashing as an enforcement priority in its annual compliance and enforcement priorities for 2023-24, 2024-25, and 2025-26, with active investigations and proceedings against major Australian retailers and manufacturers. REFERENCES [1] Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code, Standard 3.2.2 (Food Safety Practices and General Requirements) and Standard 3.2.3 (Food Premises and Equipment), https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code; supporting: Food Standards Australia New Zealand, Safe Food Australia: A Guide to the Food Safety Standards, 3rd ed. (Canberra: Food Standards Australia New Zealand, 2016). [2] Department of Environment, Tourism, Science and Innovation (Queensland), "Single-Use Plastic Products Ban," Queensland Government, https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/management/waste/recovery/reduction/plastic-pollution/single-use-plastic-products-ban (Accessed: 25 May 2026); Waste Reduction and Recycling (Plastic Items) Amendment Act 2021 (Qld); Waste Reduction and Recycling Regulations 2023 (Qld). [3] Bea Johnson, Zero Waste Home: The Ultimate Guide to Simplifying Your Life by Reducing Your Waste (New York: Scribner, 2013); supporting: Bea Johnson, "About," Zero Waste Home, https://zerowastehome.com/bea (Accessed: 25 May 2026). [4] Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives, On the Road to Zero Waste: Successes and Lessons from around the World (Quezon City and Berkeley: GAIA, 2012), https://www.no-burn.org/resources/on-the-road-to-zero-waste-successes-and-lessons-from-around-the-world/; supporting: Mother Earth Foundation, "About Us," https://motherearthphil.org/about-us/ (Accessed: 25 May 2026). [5] Ariel Salleh, Ecofeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx and the Postmodern (London: Zed Books, 1997); 2nd ed. with new forewords by Vandana Shiva and John Clark (London: Zed Books, 2017); supporting: Ariel Salleh, ed., Eco-Sufficiency and Global Justice: Women Write Political Ecology (London: Pluto Press, 2009). [6] David Naguib Pellow, Resisting Global Toxics: Transnational Movements for Environmental Justice (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007), https://direct.mit.edu/books/monograph/3268/Resisting-Global-ToxicsTransnational-Movements-for; supporting: David Naguib Pellow, Garbage Wars: The Struggle for Environmental Justice in Chicago (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002); David Naguib Pellow, What is Critical Environmental Justice? (Cambridge: Polity, 2017). Pellow is Dehlsen Chair and Professor of Environmental Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Director of the Global Environmental Justice Project. [7] "Groups Say Goodbye to Canada Waste, Urge PH Government to Ban All Waste Imports Immediately," Greenpeace Philippines, 30 May 2019, https://www.greenpeace.org/philippines/press/2711/groups-say-goodbye-to-canada-waste-urge-ph-government-to-ban-all-waste-imports-immediately/ (Accessed: 25 May 2026); supporting: "Philippines Ships Dumped Trash Back to Canada," AFP, 31 May 2019. [8] Secretariat of the Basel Convention, "Plastic Waste Amendments," Decision BC-14/12, 14th Meeting of the Conference of the Parties (Geneva, 10 May 2019), in force 1 January 2021, https://www.basel.int/Implementation/Plasticwaste/PlasticWasteAmendments/Overview/tabid/8426/Default.aspx (Accessed: 25 May 2026); supporting: Stanley Widianto and Tabita Diela, "Indonesia to Send Hundreds of Containers of Waste Back to Western Nations," Reuters, 18 September 2019. [9] Henrietta Marrie, "National Research Institutions and their Obligations to Indigenous and Local Communities under Article 8(j) of the Convention on Biological Diversity," Humanities Research 7, no. 1 (2000): 41-53; supporting: Henrietta Fourmile, "Using Prior Informed Consent Procedures under the Convention on Biological Diversity to Protect Indigenous Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Natural Resource Rights," Indigenous Law Bulletin 4, no. 16 (1998): 14-17. [10] Boomerang Alliance, "Container Deposit Scheme Campaign History," https://www.boomerangalliance.org.au/tags/container_deposit (Accessed: 25 May 2026); supporting: Total Environment Centre, https://www.tec.org.au/ (Accessed: 25 May 2026). [11] "Container Deposit Schemes in Australia," in Container Exchange (COEX), Year in Review 2024 (Brisbane: Container Exchange, 2024); supporting: Beverage Container Act 1975 (SA); Waste Reduction and Recycling Amendment (Container Refund Scheme) Bill 2017 (Qld); CDS Vic Order 2021 (Vic). [12] Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, Making Environmental Claims: A Guide for Business (Canberra: ACCC, December 2023), https://www.accc.gov.au/business/advertising-and-promotions/

    10 min.
  2. The politics of an environmental volunteer group

    4 dgn geleden

    The politics of an environmental volunteer group

    Episode 25, The Environmental Volunteer Group Show notes The story in this episode is composite, drawn from real events. The identifying details have been changed to protect privacy, but the situations and the political contexts are real. The real-world events the story draws on, full citations, and further reading are below. REAL-WORLD EVENTS REFERENCED IN THIS EPISODE Climate adaptation and the rethinking of conservation - Conservation biology and restoration ecology have been internally debating the baseline question for at least two decades. The conventional baseline-restoration model targets the ecosystem as it was at a specific past date, often pre-industrial or pre-European-contact. The climate-adaptation model accepts that ecosystems are moving and asks how to support function and biodiversity through the transition. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group II Sixth Assessment Report (2022) treats ecosystem-based adaptation as a primary category of climate response, alongside hard-infrastructure and social-systems adaptation. - Coastal foreshore systems in southern Australia are showing measurable effects of sea level rise, salt intrusion, increased storm-surge frequency, and shifting species ranges. The CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology’s State of the Climate 2024 report documents these changes for Australian coastlines. Ecofeminism and environmental philosophy - The Australian ecofeminist Val Plumwood, who taught at the University of Tasmania and later at the Australian National University, published Feminism and the Mastery of Nature in 1993. The book is a foundational text in ecofeminist political philosophy and a sustained critique of Western dualistic thought. Plumwood died in 2008. Her unfinished work was published posthumously as The Eye of the Crocodile in 2012. - The Chinese-American anthropologist Anna Tsing, at the University of California Santa Cruz, published The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins in 2015. The book follows the matsutake mushroom commodity chain across the United States, China, Japan, and Finland, and argues for a multispecies, collaborative conception of life in damaged ecosystems. Community-based mangrove restoration in the Global South - The Sundarbans is the largest mangrove forest in the world, approximately ten thousand square kilometres straddling the Bangladesh-India border. Around four and a half million people live in the Bangladesh portion. The forest is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the country’s primary natural defence against sea level rise and tropical cyclones. - Community-based ecological mangrove restoration in Bangladesh has been documented by the Bangladesh Forest Department in partnership with NGOs including the Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies. Women’s groups, fishing cooperatives, and youth networks participate in adaptive co-management arrangements. - Mekong Delta mangrove restoration in Vietnam responds to a layered ecological damage history: chemical defoliants used by United States forces in the Second Indochina War from 1961 to 1971; intensive shrimp aquaculture expansion from the mid-1980s; and contemporary sea level rise and salt intrusion. Community-led restoration networks coordinate with the Vietnamese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. - A broader international community-based adaptation movement, supported by networks including the Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme and the International Institute for Environment and Development, has documented community-led ecosystem adaptation across the Global South since the early 2000s. The Australian volunteer environmental movement - The federal National Landcare Program was established in 1989 by the Hawke government, partly in response to advocacy from the National Farmers’ Federation and the Australian Conservation Foundation. It formalised and partially funded local volunteer groups doing on-ground restoration work. There are now more than five thousand Landcare and friends-of groups operating across Australia, supported by state and territory Landcare networks and federal funding cycles. - The campaign against the construction of the Franklin Dam on the lower Gordon River in southwest Tasmania, from 1982 through to the High Court’s decision in Commonwealth v Tasmania (Tasmanian Dam Case) on 1 July 1983, was a defining moment in the modern Australian environmental movement. The campaign produced the political formation that became the Australian Greens, founded as a national political party in 1992. - Tasmanian environmental politics has continued to be central to national debate, including through ongoing forestry, native forest logging, and World Heritage area campaigns. The political economy of environmental volunteer labour - The Australian Bureau of Statistics General Social Survey and related data sources estimate that approximately one hundred and fifty thousand Australians are active environmental volunteers in any given year. The cohort skews female, older than the median Australian adult, and more economically secure than the general population. - The foundational feminist critique of women’s unpaid labour being systematically erased from economic measurement was articulated by the New Zealand economist and former politician Marilyn Waring in her 1988 book Counting for Nothing, also published as If Women Counted. The argument has been extended to environmental and ecological labour by scholars including Joan Tronto on care ethics and Nancy Folbre on the political economy of care. - The contribution of unpaid environmental volunteer labour to Australian biodiversity outcomes, climate adaptation, and natural-asset maintenance is not captured in standard national accounts. Estimates of its notional economic value have been produced by various Landcare reviews but are not integrated into the System of National Accounts. REFERENCES [1] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022), particularly Chapter 2 on terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. [2] Val Plumwood, Feminism and the Mastery of Nature (London: Routledge, 1993); Val Plumwood, The Eye of the Crocodile, edited by Lorraine Shannon (Canberra: ANU E Press, 2012). [3] Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing, The Mushroom at the End of the World: On the Possibility of Life in Capitalist Ruins (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015). [4] Bangladesh Forest Department and Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies, Community-Based Mangrove Restoration in the Sundarbans (Dhaka: Bangladesh Forest Department); Md Khalequzzaman and Reazul Ahsan, published research on Sundarbans community co-management. [5] Vu Quyet Thang and contributors, published research on Mekong Delta mangrove restoration; UNDP Vietnam, Community-Based Mangrove Management in the Mekong Delta (Hanoi: UNDP Vietnam). [6] International Institute for Environment and Development, Community- Based Adaptation: Lessons from the Field (London: IIED, 2018); Global Environment Facility Small Grants Programme, Community Action for Climate Adaptation reports. [7] Australian Government, National Landcare Program documentation (Canberra: Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry); Landcare Australia, State of Landcare Report (Sydney: Landcare Australia, 2023). [8] Commonwealth v Tasmania (Tasmanian Dam Case) (1983) 158 CLR 1; James McQueen, The Franklin: Not Just a River (Ringwood, Vic: Penguin Books, 1983); Bob Brown, Memo for a Saner World (Camberwell, Vic: Penguin Books, 2004). [9] Marilyn Waring, Counting for Nothing: What Men Value and What Women Are Worth, second edition (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999; first published as If Women Counted, 1988); Joan Tronto, Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care (New York: Routledge, 1993); Nancy Folbre, The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values (New York: The New Press, 2001). [10] Australian Bureau of Statistics, General Social Survey: Summary Results, Australia (Canberra: ABS); Landcare Australia, State of Landcare Report 2023 estimates of volunteer numbers and contributions. FURTHER READING Donna Haraway, Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene (Durham: Duke University Press, 2016). A companion to Tsing’s thinking on multispecies survival in damaged ecosystems, with extended reflections on collaborative ecological practice. Deborah Bird Rose, Wild Dog Dreaming: Love and Extinction (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011). An Australian environmental anthropologist’s work on extinction, mourning, and the ethics of living in breaking ecosystems. Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford University Press, 1949). The foundational American conservation philosophy text, against which much subsequent ecological thought has been written. Carolyn Merchant, The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1980). Foundational ecofeminist historical work on the parallel domination of women and nature in early modern European thought. Bron Taylor, ed., Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature (London: Continuum, 2005). Useful reference on the wider intellectual traditions of human relationship to environment, including non-Western and Indigenous frames. Robin Wall Kimmerer, Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants (Minneapolis: Milkweed Editions, 2013). A Potawatomi ecologist’s argument for braiding Indigenous and scientific knowledge in ecological practice. Tim Flannery, The Future Eaters: An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and Peoples (Sydney: Reed New Holland

    10 min.
  3. The politics of a painting & decorating company

    21 jun

    The politics of a painting & decorating company

    Show notes The story in this episode is composite, drawn from real events. The identifying details have been changed to protect privacy, but the situationsand the political contexts are real. The real-world events the story draws on, full citations, and further reading are below. REAL-WORLD EVENTS REFERENCED IN THIS EPISODE Heritage as a political category - The literature on heritage as a politically constructed category has been developing for several decades. The Australian-based heritage scholar Laurajane Smith, at the Australian National University, put forward the concept of an authorised heritage discourse in her 2006 book Uses of Heritage. The concept argues that heritage is determined by a particular set of expert and institutional voices, and that monumental, aesthetic, stone, and elite places have historically been favoured over vernacular, working-class, ephemeral, and minority places. - Italian conservation philosophy has run a parallel argument since the mid-twentieth century. Cesare Brandi’s 1963 Teoria del Restauro, written from his work at the Istituto Centrale del Restauro in Rome, argued that restoration must distinguish between the historical-document dimension of a work and its aesthetic dimension, and that those two demands often conflict in practice. The Australian heritage tradition - The Burra Charter, adopted by Australia ICOMOS in 1979 and most recently revised in 2013, is the foundational document of formal Australian heritage assessment. It introduced a methodology for identifying the cultural significance of a place that has shaped most state heritage legislation, including the South Australian Heritage Places Act 1993, the Heritage Act 1995 (Vic), the Heritage Act 1977 (NSW), and equivalents across other Australian jurisdictions. - The Charter has been criticised for centring built fabric over living cultural practice and for treating Aboriginal heritage as a separate matter handled under different legislation, which means that the formal Australian heritage tradition has structurally separated colonial and Aboriginal heritage rather than treating them as a single field. Aboriginal heritage and the Juukan Gorge crisis - The Tanganekald and Meintangk scholar Irene Watson, based at the University of South Australia, has documented in depth across her career the position of Aboriginal jurisprudence and First Nations law. Her 2014 book Aboriginal Peoples, Colonialism and International Law: Raw Law argues that Australian heritage law, like the wider Australian legal order, is part of a settler-colonial framework that has never reconciled itself with the prior sovereignty of First Nations law. - On 24 May 2020, the Rio Tinto mining company legally destroyed two rock shelters at Juukan Gorge in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, sites of more than forty-six thousand years of continuous Aboriginal use. The destruction was authorised under section 18 of the Western Australian Aboriginal Heritage Act 1972, which had been in operation for nearly fifty years. - The Western Australian government passed the Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2021 as a direct response to Juukan Gorge. The Act received royal assent on 22 December 2021, took effect on 1 July 2023, and was repealed on 15 November 2023 through the Aboriginal Heritage Legislation Amendment and Repeal Act 2023, after sustained pressure from landowners and industry about the financial obligations imposed by the new framework. Western Australia reverted to an amended version of the 1972 Act. The Senate Joint Standing Committee on Northern Australia tabled its final report into the destruction, A Way Forward, in October 2021. The international heritage restitution movement - French President Emmanuel Macron delivered a speech at the University of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso on 28 November 2017, in which he committed to the temporary or permanent restitution of African cultural heritage held in French public collections within five years. - The Senegalese economist and philosopher Felwine Sarr, with the French art historian Bénédicte Savoy, was commissioned to produce a report on how this might be done. The report, The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage: Toward a New Relational Ethics, was published on 21 November 2018 and submitted to the French president on 23 November 2018. Macron announced the immediate return of twenty-six objects to Benin on the same day, completed in November 2021. - Germany returned a substantial portion of its holdings of the Benin Bronzes to Nigeria across 2022, including a transfer of approximately twenty-two objects at a state ceremony in December 2022. The Smithsonian Institution in the United States returned a further nine pieces of the Benin collection to Nigeria in October 2022. The British Museum and the Greek government remain in contested diplomatic discussion over the Parthenon Marbles. Lead paint, volatile organic compounds, and the chemical-political layer of the trade - Lead in residential paint has been a public health and regulatory question in Australia for a century. Limits on the lead content of household paint were progressively tightened from the 1970s onwards, culminating in the current voluntary industry limit of 0.1 per cent by weight from 1997 through the Australian Paint Manufacturers’ Federation, and regulatory controls on supply through the Trade Practices Act and consumer product safety frameworks. - Working-class housing and rental housing carry the heaviest legacy of pre-phase-out lead paint, and Aboriginal community housing is disproportionately represented in that legacy. - Volatile organic compounds, the solvents and propellants used in modern paints to replace earlier chemistries, raise their own occupational and indoor-air quality questions. Safe Work Australia and the National Health and Medical Research Council have produced guidance on painter occupational exposure. Historical studies have documented elevated rates of bladder cancer and chronic respiratory disease in painters as an occupational cohort. REFERENCES [1] Laurajane Smith, Uses of Heritage (London: Routledge, 2006); David Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985). [2] Laurajane Smith, Uses of Heritage (London: Routledge, 2006). [3] Australia ICOMOS, The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, originally adopted 1979, most recently revised 2013 (Burwood, Vic: Australia ICOMOS). [4] Heritage Places Act 1993 (SA); Graeme Davison and Chris McConville, eds., A Heritage Handbook (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1991); Australia ICOMOS, Practice Note on Understanding and Assessing Cultural Significance (Burwood, Vic: Australia ICOMOS, 2013). [5] Irene Watson, Aboriginal Peoples, Colonialism and International Law: Raw Law (Abingdon: Routledge, 2014). [6] Joint Standing Committee on Northern Australia, A Way Forward: Final Report into the Destruction of Indigenous Heritage Sites at Juukan Gorge (Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, October 2021); Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2021 (WA), royal assent 22 December 2021, effective 1 July 2023; Aboriginal Heritage Legislation Amendment and Repeal Act 2023 (WA), effective 15 November 2023. [7] Felwine Sarr and Bénédicte Savoy, The Restitution of African Cultural Heritage: Toward a New Relational Ethics (Paris: Philippe Rey/Seuil, 21 November 2018). [8] Cesare Brandi, Teoria del Restauro (Rome: Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 1963); English edition: Theory of Restoration, edited by Giuseppe Basile, translated by Cynthia Rockwell (Florence: Nardini Editore, 2005). [9] National Health and Medical Research Council, NHMRC Statement on Lead Exposure and Human Health (Canberra: NHMRC, 2015); Australian Paint Manufacturers’ Federation industry standards on lead content; Trade Practices Act regulations on consumer product supply. [10] Safe Work Australia, Hazardous Chemical Information System and model Code of Practice on managing risks of hazardous chemicals in the workplace (Canberra: Safe Work Australia). FURTHER READING David Lowenthal, The Past is a Foreign Country (1985). Foundational historical and cultural study of how societies construct relationships to their pasts and use them as political resources. Walter Benjamin, “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction” (1936). The classic essay on aura, authenticity, and the politics of reproduction in cultural objects, foundational to later thinking on restoration and conservation. Henrietta Fourmile Marrie, work on Aboriginal cultural heritage policy and intellectual property, including her contributions to international indigenous heritage law forums. Stuart Macintyre and Anna Clark, The History Wars (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2003). On the political contest over Australian historical memory and heritage from the 1990s onwards. Achille Mbembe, Out of the Dark Night: Essays on Decolonization (New York: Columbia University Press, 2021). On postcolonial restitution, archive, and the political philosophy of return. Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples (London: Zed Books, 1999). On the political authority of Indigenous knowledge systems, with extended attention to cultural and intellectual heritage. Bénédicte Savoy, Africa’s Struggle for Its Art: History of a Postcolonial Defeat (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2022). On the longer history of African heritage restitution claims across the twentieth century before the 2018 Sarr-Savoy report. All works, organisations, scholars, legislation, and historical events listed above are real and citable. For any source intended for formal academic or professional writing, direct verification against the original publication or institutional record is recommended. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit civicsandcommerce.s

    10 min.
  4. The politics of wedding planning

    17 jun

    The politics of wedding planning

    Show notes The story in this episode is composite, drawn from real events. The identifying details have been changed to protect privacy, but the situations and the political contexts are real. The real-world events the story draws on, full citations, and further reading are below. REAL-WORLD EVENTS REFERENCED IN THIS EPISODE Marriage as a political institution - The political theory of marriage in liberal modernity has been a substantive field of scholarly work for more than half a century. The Welsh-Australian political philosopher Carole Pateman, whose career has spanned positions at the Australian National University, the University of Sydney, and the University of California, Los Angeles, advanced one of the most influential contemporary statements in The Sexual Contract (1988), which argues that the marriage contract in modern liberal society is not a freely-entered agreement between equals but the historical institution through which women’s subordination was consolidated alongside the formal political contract of citizenship. - The Nigerian philosopher Oyèrónkẹ́ Oyěwùmí, in The Invention of Women (1997), argues that the gendered marriage contract European societies treated as natural was a particular cultural form, not a universal one. In pre-colonial Yoruba society, seniority rather than gender was the primary organising principle of social relations. Colonial administration imposed gendered marriage and the male-headed household as the legal-political form. The wedding industry as a post-war consumer creation - For most of European history, marriage was an economic institution before it was a romantic one. The notion of marrying for love became culturally dominant only in the nineteenth century. - The white-wedding consumer apparatus that Australian and other English-speaking wedding industries have built around themselves, including the engagement ring, the elaborate ceremony, the photographer, the hen’s night, and the wedding magazine and trade-show economy, was largely built up in the post-Second-World-War decades through the marketing of an aspirational middle-class ritual. Australian marriage rates and demographic shift - Australian marriage rates have been falling since the early 1970s. The crude marriage rate has fallen by roughly half over that period. The Australian Bureau of Statistics released its most recent Marriages and Divorces, Australia data on 23 July 2025, reporting 120,844 marriages registered in 2024, a crude marriage rate of 5.5 per thousand people aged 16 and over, and a median age at marriage of 32.8 years for men and 31.2 years for women. - Cohabitation has risen sharply over the same period. A majority of couples who do marry have lived together first. The economic and structural drivers of marriage delay and decline include the housing crisis, longer schooling and later workforce entry, shifting gendered patterns in paid work, and the loss of marriage as the default container for partnership. - In 2024, 4,746 marriages were registered for couples of the same or non-binary gender, around 3.9 per cent of all marriages, up 4.1 per cent on 2023. Aboriginal customary marriage and the colonial Marriage Act - Aboriginal customary marriage, the system of partnership and kinship recognition developed by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples over tens of thousands of years, was for most of the twentieth century not recognised by Australian law. - The Marriage Act 1961 (Cth) codified a European model as the only legally-recognised form of marriage in Australia. The protection regime that took children from Aboriginal families across the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, now known as the Stolen Generations, operated in part on the explicit basis that Aboriginal families and marriages were not the right kind of family or marriage. - Recognition came in pieces: family law reform from the mid-1970s, partial recognition of Aboriginal customary law in some state jurisdictions including the Northern Territory and Western Australia, and a wider literature of legal and political scholarship documented in the Australian Law Reform Commission’s foundational 1986 report on the Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws. - The Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017 (Cth) expanded the legal definition of marriage to “the union of two people” to include same-sex couples. The amendment followed the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey conducted between September and November 2017, in which 61.6 per cent of respondents voted Yes on a participation rate of 79.5 per cent. The Act did not address the customary-marriage question. The international picture: Netherlands and Japan - The Netherlands became the first country in the world to legalise same-sex marriage on the first of April 2001. The Wet openstelling huwelijk, the Act on the Opening Up of Marriage, was passed by the Dutch parliament in the second half of 2000 and signed by Queen Beatrix on 21 December 2000, taking effect on 1 April 2001. Four couples were married at midnight at Amsterdam City Hall to mark its commencement. As of 2026, around thirty countries have legalised same-sex marriage. - Japan has moved in the other direction on the broader question of marriage formation. The Japanese marriage rate has fallen sharply since the 1970s, driven by housing pressure, long working hours, women’s increased participation in paid work outside the home, and a wider questioning of what marriage costs people who enter it. Japan’s birth rate has fallen with the marriage rate, and the demographic implications of the trend are now one of the country’s central political questions. REFERENCES [1] Goran Therborn, Between Sex and Power: Family in the World 1900-2000 (London: Routledge, 2004). [2] Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988). [3] Stephanie Coontz, Marriage, A History: How Love Conquered Marriage (New York: Viking, 2005). [4] Vicki Howard, Brides, Inc.: American Weddings and the Business of Tradition (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006). [5] Australian Bureau of Statistics, Marriages and Divorces, Australia, 2024, released 23 July 2025 (Canberra: ABS). [6] Commonwealth of Australia, 2023 Intergenerational Report (Canberra: The Treasury, 2023); Australian Institute of Family Studies, Families in Australia survey reports (Melbourne: AIFS). [7] Oyèrónkẹ́ Oyěwùmí, The Invention of Women: Making an African Sense of Western Gender Discourses (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997). [8] Marcia Langton, Welcome to Country: A Travel Guide to Indigenous Australia (Richmond, Vic: Hardie Grant Travel, 2018); Australian Law Reform Commission, Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws, Report No 31 (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1986). [9] Marriage Act 1961 (Cth); Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017 (Cth); Australian Bureau of Statistics, “Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey, 2017,” catalogue 1800.0 (Canberra: ABS, 15 November 2017). [10] Wet openstelling huwelijk (Act on the Opening Up of Marriage), Government of the Netherlands, effective 1 April 2001; Pew Research Center, “Key facts about same-sex marriage around the world, 25 years after the Netherlands legalized it,” published 25 March 2026. [11] Mary C. Brinton, Lost in Transition: Youth, Work, and Instability in Postindustrial Japan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011); National Institute of Population and Social Security Research, Vital Statistics of Japan (Tokyo: IPSS, annual). FURTHER READING Friedrich Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1884). The foundational nineteenth-century materialist account of marriage as a political institution tied to property, inheritance, and the patriarchal household. Silvia Federici, Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation (2004). On the family, women’s labour, and the witch hunts as a moment of primitive accumulation that disciplined women’s reproductive work into the heterosexual household. Anne Manne, Motherhood: How Should We Care for Our Children? (2005). An Australian argument about the political economy of care, the family, and women’s work, with attention to the policy choices that shape household formation. Andrew J. Cherlin, The Marriage-Go-Round: The State of Marriage and the Family in America Today (2009). On the institutional destabilisation of marriage in the contemporary United States and its sociological causes. Hortense J. Spillers, “Mama’s Baby, Papa’s Maybe: An American Grammar Book,” Diacritics 17, no. 2 (1987). Foundational essay on family, kinship, and gender under and after slavery in the United States. Eva Illouz, Cold Intimacies: The Making of Emotional Capitalism (2007). On how love, romance, and partnership have been shaped by the rise of consumer and emotional capitalism. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (1990). On Black family, motherhood, and the politics of kinship. All works, organisations, scholars, legislation, and historical events listed above are real and citable. For any source intended for formal academic or professional writing, direct verification against the original publication or institutional record is recommended. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit civicsandcommerce.substack.com

    10 min.
  5. The politics of Indigenous tattooing

    13 jun

    The politics of Indigenous tattooing

    Show notes The story in this episode is composite, drawn from real events. The identifying details have been changed to protect privacy, but the situations and the political contexts are real. The real-world events the story draws on, full citations, and further reading are below. REAL-WORLD EVENTS REFERENCED IN THIS EPISODE Tā moko and its colonial suppression - Tā moko, the customary Māori practice of marking the face and body, was almost extinguished in Aotearoa New Zealand across the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Missionary stigmatisation through the nineteenth century stripped public legitimacy from the practice; the Native Schools Act of 1867 removed Māori children from the language and knowledge networks in which tā moko transmitted; and the Tohunga Suppression Act 1907, in force until its repeal in 1962, criminalised the work of traditional specialists, including tohunga tā moko. - By the middle of the twentieth century the male facial moko had effectively ceased to be applied, and the women’s chin moko, the moko kauae, had declined sharply. - The tā moko revival from the 1980s onwards has been led by Māori practitioners and scholars, including Te Arawa scholar Ngāhuia Te Awekōtuku, whose Māori and Psychology Research Unit at the University of Waikato, funded by a Marsden Fund grant, produced the contemporary reference work Mau Moko (2007) with Linda Waimarie Nikora, Mohi Rua, Rolinda Karapu, and photographer Becky Nunes. Tikanga and the moko kauae revival - Tikanga, the body of Māori protocols rooted in customary law and relational obligation, governs the application and receiving of tā moko. The work proceeds through layered permissions: from the recipient’s iwi, from kaumātua, and within the practitioner’s own teaching lineage. - The moko kauae revival, accelerating from the late 1990s and into the 2000s and 2010s, has seen growing numbers of wāhine Māori receive the chin moko as an assertion of cultural and political authority. The revival has been documented as one of the most visible expressions of Māori women’s political agency in this period. Samoan tatau and the Pacific traditions - Samoan tatau, the full-body male tatau and the women’s malu, is one of the few Pacific tattooing traditions that survived the colonial period substantially unbroken, transmitted across generations by the masters of tatau, the tufuga tā tatau. - The English word tattoo entered the language from the Samoan tatau, picked up by Captain James Cook’s expedition to the Pacific in the 1770s. The word travelled into global English while the practice itself was suppressed across most of the colonised Pacific. - Samoan novelist and scholar Maualaivao Albert Wendt’s essay “Tatauing the Post-Colonial Body” (Span 42-43, 1996), republished as the afterword to Inside Out: Literature, Cultural Politics, and Identity in the New Pacific (1999), is one of the foundational scholarly readings of Pacific tatau as political and literary practice. Wurundjeri Country, Aboriginal sovereignty, and inter-Indigenous protocols - Naarm Melbourne sits on the Country of the Wurundjeri Woi Wurrung people of the Kulin Nation. Practices conducted in Melbourne by visiting Indigenous practitioners, including Māori tā moko artists, take place on Wurundjeri Country and customarily proceed with the engagement of Wurundjeri cultural authorities and Welcome to Country protocols. - Australian First Nations scholarship, particularly the body of work associated with Goenpul scholar Aileen Moreton-Robinson and the Indigenous sovereignty literature, has developed the political-philosophical argument that all relationship to land in Australia begins from the unceded sovereignty of First Nations peoples. Māori in Australia: the trans-Tasman diaspora - The 2021 Australian Census recorded 170,035 people of Māori ancestry in Australia, the largest Māori population outside Aotearoa New Zealand. Queensland holds approximately thirty-eight per cent of this population, New South Wales approximately twenty-three per cent. - The Māori diaspora in Australia is largely a post-1990 phenomenon, driven by the closure of New Zealand industries that had absorbed Māori labour in the postwar decades, the wage and housing gap between the two countries, and the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement that has historically allowed relatively open movement between Australia and New Zealand. - The result is a generation of Māori, including the second-generation diaspora born and raised in Australia, who carry ancestral practice in contexts away from their whenua and within reach of trans-Tasman family networks. REFERENCES [1] Linda Tuhiwai Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples (London: Zed Books; Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 1999). [2] Ngāhuia Te Awekōtuku, Linda Waimarie Nikora, Mohi Rua, and Rolinda Karapu, Mau Moko: The World of Maori Tattoo (Auckland: Penguin, 2007). [3] Mason Durie, Whaiora: Māori Health Development, 2nd ed. (Auckland: Oxford University Press, 1998). [4] Hirini Moko Mead, Tikanga Māori: Living by Māori Values (Wellington: Huia Publishers, 2003). [5] Naomi Simmonds, “Mana Wahine: Decolonising Politics,” Women’s Studies Journal 25, no. 2 (2011): 11-25. [6] Sean Mallon and Sébastien Galliot, Tatau: A History of Samoan Tattooing (Wellington: Te Papa Press, 2018). [7] Albert Wendt, “Tatauing the Post-Colonial Body,” Span 42-43 (April-October 1996): 15-29; reprinted as “Afterword: Tatauing the Post-Colonial Body” in Inside Out: Literature, Cultural Politics, and Identity in the New Pacific, edited by Vilsoni Hereniko and Rob Wilson (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999), 399-412. [8] Aileen Moreton-Robinson, The White Possessive: Property, Power, and Indigenous Sovereignty (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2015). [9] Australian Bureau of Statistics, Cultural Diversity in Australia: Census 2021 (Canberra: ABS, 2022). [10] Paul Hamer, Māori in Australia: Ngā Māori i te Ao Moemoeā (Wellington and Brisbane: Te Puni Kōkiri and Griffith University, 2007). FURTHER READING Ranginui Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Mātou: Struggle Without End, revised edition (Auckland: Penguin, 2004). Foundational political history of Māori-Crown relations. Michael King, Moko: Maori Tattooing in the 20th Century (Auckland: David Bateman, 1972). The first major late-twentieth-century documentary study of the practice. Marcia Langton, Welcome to Country: A Travel Guide to Indigenous Australia (Richmond, Vic: Hardie Grant Travel, 2018). On Aboriginal cultural protocols, including the engagement of visiting Indigenous peoples with First Nations custodians. Larissa Behrendt, Indigenous Australia for Dummies, 2nd edition (Milton, Qld: Wiley, 2021). On Aboriginal political and cultural history. Damon Salesa, Island Time: New Zealand’s Pacific Futures (Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 2017). On the trans-Pacific and trans-Tasman political and demographic patterns shaping Māori and Pacific lives across Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia. Anne Salmond, Two Worlds: First Meetings Between Maori and Europeans, 1642-1772 (Auckland: Viking, 1991). On the early Pacific encounters that brought the word tatau into English as tattoo. Brendan Hokowhitu, ed., Indigenous Identity and Resistance: Researching the Diversity of Knowledge (Dunedin: Otago University Press, 2010). On Indigenous political and cultural authority in contemporary Aotearoa New Zealand. All works, organisations, scholars, legislation, and historical events listed above are real and citable. For any source intended for formal academic or professional writing, direct verification against the original publication or institutional record is recommended. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit civicsandcommerce.substack.com

    11 min.
  6. The politics of clothing labels

    9 jun

    The politics of clothing labels

    Show notes The story in this episode is composite, drawn from real events. The identifying details have been changed to protect privacy, but the situations and the political contexts are real. The real-world events the story draws on, full citations, and further reading are below. REAL-WORLD EVENTS REFERENCED IN THIS EPISODE The British anti-slavery sugar boycotts - In the 1790s, a popular British movement urged ordinary households to refuse sugar produced by enslaved labour in the British Caribbean. The campaign was largely organised by women at household and parish level, used pamphlets, shop boycotts, and lists of grocers who sold only free-grown sugar, and drew an estimated three hundred thousand households into a “free produce” practice at its peak. - Elizabeth Heyrick (1769-1831), an English Quaker abolitionist from Leicester, published Immediate, Not Gradual Abolition in 1824, criticising William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson for accepting a gradualist position on the abolition of West Indian slavery. She organised a local boycott of slave-grown sugar so effective that within a year roughly a quarter of Leicester’s population had stopped buying sugar. The pamphlet spread among women’s anti-slavery societies in Britain and influenced American abolitionists including William Lloyd Garrison and Lucretia Mott. More than seventy women’s anti-slavery associations were active in Britain by the late 1820s. American consumer activism: leagues, labels, fair trade, anti-sweatshop - The National Consumers League, founded in New York in 1899, with Florence Kelley as long-serving general secretary, ran white-label and union-label campaigns for clothing and other goods produced under fair conditions, and campaigned for the abolition of child labour and for shorter working hours. - The fair-trade movement developed from the 1940s through the 1960s, with organisations such as Ten Thousand Villages and SERRV importing handicrafts on fair terms from producers in lower-income countries. Fairtrade certification was established in 1988. - The student-led anti-sweatshop movement of the 1990s and 2000s, including United Students Against Sweatshops, targeted university apparel licensing and major fashion brands, and pushed for codes of conduct, factory monitoring, and the right of garment workers to organise.Black American consumer politics - The Don’t Buy Where You Can’t Work campaigns of the 1930s, beginning in Harlem and spreading across Northern cities, organised boycotts of white-owned stores that refused to hire Black staff. - The Montgomery bus boycott of December 1955 to December 1956, sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks, was sustained for more than a year by Black residents of Montgomery, Alabama, refusing to use segregated buses. The Montgomery Improvement Association, led by Martin Luther King Jr., ran an alternative carpool network during the boycott. - Operation Breadbasket, founded in Atlanta in 1962 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and later run by Jesse Jackson from a Chicago base from 1966, used selective patronage and threatened boycotts to win jobs and supplier contracts for Black workers and businesses from white-owned firms operating in Black neighbourhoods.The consumer cooperative movement - On 21 December 1844, in Toad Lane in the Lancashire mill town of Rochdale, twenty-eight weavers and craftsmen opened a small shop they owned together. The principles they wrote down, known as the Rochdale Principles, included democratic member control on the basis of one member one vote, open membership, distribution of surplus to members in proportion to purchases, political and religious neutrality, and the education of members. The model spread quickly across Britain and the world and became the constitutional basis of the modern consumer and worker cooperative movements. - The Mondragon Corporation was founded in 1956 in the Basque country of northern Spain by Father Jose Maria Arizmendiarrieta and a small group of graduates from a local technical school. From a single workshop it has grown into one of the largest worker-owned cooperative networks in the world, with operations across industrial manufacturing, retail (the Eroski supermarket chain), finance (the Caja Laboral cooperative bank), and higher education (Mondragon University), employing tens of thousands of worker-owners. Australia and global garment supply chains - The Australian labour movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries built consumer cooperatives and union-label campaigns, including the Co-operative Bookshop tradition and Rochdale-style retail cooperatives in working-class suburbs. - Australian fair-trade and ethical-consumption institutions grew from the 1970s onwards, including the Oxfam Australia fair-trade shops and the Fairtrade Australia and New Zealand certification body. - Contemporary global garment supply chains depend heavily on the labour of migrant women in countries with low wages and weak protection of labour rights. A series of catastrophic factory deaths in the global garment industry in the 2010s, including factory fires and a major building collapse, focused international attention on conditions and prompted the Accord on Fire and Building Safety and the wider transparency movement now visible in Australian ethical-fashion brand campaigns. REFERENCES [1] Frank Trentmann, Empire of Things: How We Became a World of Consumers, from the Fifteenth Century to the Twenty-First (London: Allen Lane, 2016). [2] Lawrence B. Glickman, Buying Power: A History of Consumer Activism in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009). [3] Kathryn Kish Sklar, Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work: The Rise of Women’s Political Culture, 1830-1900 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995). [4] Charlotte Sussman, Consuming Anxieties: Consumer Protest, Gender and British Slavery, 1713-1833 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000). [5] Elizabeth Heyrick, Immediate, Not Gradual Abolition; or, An Inquiry into the Shortest, Safest, and Most Effectual Means of Getting Rid of West Indian Slavery (London, 1824). [6] Aldon D. Morris, The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change (New York: Free Press, 1984). [7] Robert E. Weems Jr., Desegregating the Dollar: African American Consumerism in the Twentieth Century (New York: New York University Press, 1998). [8] Johnston Birchall, The International Co-operative Movement (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997). [9] William Foote Whyte and Kathleen King Whyte, Making Mondragon: The Growth and Dynamics of the Worker Cooperative Complex (Ithaca: ILR Press, 1988). [10] Race Mathews, Jobs of Our Own: Building a Stake-Holder Society (Sydney: Pluto Press Australia, 1999). [11] Naila Kabeer, The Power to Choose: Bangladeshi Women and Labour Market Decisions in London and Dhaka (London: Verso, 2000). FURTHER READING W. E. B. Du Bois, Economic Co-operation Among Negro Americans (1907). The earliest scholarly study of mutual-aid and cooperative economic life in Black American communities. E. P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (1963). Includes the “moral economy” thread that informs how historians read the early consumer-political tradition and the relationship between custom, refusal, and the market. Andrew Ross, No Sweat: Fashion, Free Trade, and the Rights of Garment Workers (1997). Essays on the 1990s anti-sweatshop campaigns and the politics of the global garment supply chain. Maria Mies, Patriarchy and Accumulation on a World Scale: Women in the International Division of Labour (1986). Connects feminist political economy to the global production of consumer goods. April Linton, Fair Trade from the Ground Up: New Markets for Social Justice (2012). On the development and contradictions of the fair-trade movement from the mid-twentieth century onwards. Greg Patmore and Nikola Balnave, A Global History of Co-operative Business (2018). A wide-ranging history including the Australian cooperative tradition alongside European and American developments. Lawrence Glickman, A Living Wage: American Workers and the Making of Consumer Society (1997). Glickman’s earlier book, on how the living wage became central to American labour politics and how consumer identity entered working-class political thought. All works, organisations, scholars, legislation, and historical events listed above are real and citable. For any source intended for formal academic or professional writing, direct verification against the original publication or institutional record is recommended. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit civicsandcommerce.substack.com

    11 min.
  7. The politics of pharmacies

    5 jun

    The politics of pharmacies

    Show notes The story in this episode is composite, drawn from real events. The identifying details have been changed to protect privacy, but the situations and the political contexts are real. The real-world events the story draws on, full citations, and further reading are below. REAL-WORLD EVENTS REFERENCED IN THIS EPISODE Pharmacist scope of practice in Australia - Queensland’s Community Pharmacy Scope of Practice Pilot began in 2024 and was made a permanent feature of the state’s health system from 1 July 2025. Trained pharmacists can assess, treat, and prescribe for a range of acute common conditions under the Extended Practice Authority, with roughly 16 to 22 conditions covered. - Victoria’s Community Pharmacist Statewide Pilot reported a 97 per cent patient satisfaction rate and was made permanent with an $18 million investment, covering 22 conditions and offered at no cost to patients. - New South Wales, South Australia, Western Australia, and Tasmania have introduced or expanded pharmacist prescribing. Western Australia’s Enhanced Access Community Pharmacy Pilot is expected to begin service delivery by 2027. Scope is set state by state, and the Pharmacy Guild of Australia has called for the rules to be harmonised nationally. - The Productivity Commission and Queensland Government report Unleashing the Potential: An Open and Equitable Health System found that using pharmacists and other health professionals to their full scope of practice improves access to care and helps address workforce shortages, particularly in regional and rural areas. - The Australian Medical Association and the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners have opposed elements of the expansion, citing patient safety and fragmentation of care. Commentary has described the dispute as a turf war between the two professions. The professionalisation of medicine - Through the nineteenth century, medicine in the English-speaking world consolidated into a single licensed profession through registration and licensing laws, the standardisation of medical education, and control of hospitals. In Britain the Medical Act 1858 created a statutory medical register, and comparable registration regimes followed across the Australian colonies. - As the profession closed, women, who had long done much of the work of healing, were pushed to its margins. Midwifery was subordinated to a male-dominated obstetrics, and women were largely excluded from medical training for generations. Medicine and colonial power - Frantz Fanon, born in Martinique, trained as a psychiatrist and headed the Blida-Joinville psychiatric hospital in Algeria from 1953 until his resignation in 1957, during the Algerian war of independence from France. - His essay “Medicine and Colonialism,” published in A Dying Colonialism in 1959, described how colonial medicine operated as an instrument of domination, and how colonial doctors were legally required to report patients’ suspicious injuries to the authorities. Non-physician clinicians and primary health care - Mozambique, left with only a few dozen doctors after independence in 1975 and a prolonged civil war, trained a cadre of non-physician clinicians, the tecnicos de cirurgia, to perform major surgery. Studies over more than two decades found their surgical outcomes comparable to those of specialist doctors, at a fraction of the cost, with far higher retention in rural district hospitals. - The International Conference on Primary Health Care at Alma-Ata in September 1978 produced the Declaration of Alma-Ata, which set out primary health care and the goal of Health for All, giving community health workers a central role in delivering basic care. - In Australia, Ngangkari, traditional healers from the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands, have been integrated into South Australian hospitals. The Northern Adelaide Local Health Network entered a partnership with the Anangu Ngangkari Tjutaku Aboriginal Corporation in 2019. The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Practitioner is a nationally registered profession, regulated through the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Practice Board of Australia. REFERENCES [1] Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988). [2] Eliot Freidson, Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1970). [3] Eliot Freidson, Professional Dominance: The Social Structure of Medical Care (New York: Atherton Press, 1970); supporting source Magali Sarfatti Larson, The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977). [4] Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1982). [5] Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, Witches, Midwives, and Nurses: A History of Women Healers (Old Westbury, New York: Feminist Press, 1973); supporting source Anne Witz, Professions and Patriarchy (London: Routledge, 1992). [6] Frantz Fanon, “Medicine and Colonialism,” in A Dying Colonialism, translated by Haakon Chevalier (New York: Grove Press, 1965); originally published as L’An V de la revolution algerienne (Paris: Francois Maspero, 1959). [7] David Arnold, ed., Imperial Medicine and Indigenous Societies (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988). [8] C. Pereira, A. Cumbi, R. Malalane, F. Vaz, C. McCord, A. Bacci, and S. Bergstrom, “Meeting the Need for Emergency Obstetric Care in Mozambique: Work Performance and Histories of Medical Doctors and Assistant Medical Officers Trained for Surgery,” BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 114, no. 12 (2007). [9] World Health Organization, Declaration of Alma-Ata: International Conference on Primary Health Care, Alma-Ata, 6-12 September 1978 (Geneva: World Health Organization, 1978). [10] World Health Organization, Task Shifting: Rational Redistribution of Tasks among Health Workforce Teams; Global Recommendations and Guidelines (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2008). [11] Ngaanyatjarra Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Women’s Council, Traditional Healers of Central Australia: Ngangkari (Broome: Magabala Books, 2013); on the registered profession, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Practice Board of Australia, Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency. FURTHER READING Eliot Freidson, Professionalism: The Third Logic (2001). Freidson’s final account of professionalism as a distinct way of organising work, set against the market and the bureaucracy. Ivan Illich, Limits to Medicine: Medical Nemesis (1976). A polemic arguing that an expanding medical monopoly erodes people’s capacity to care for themselves and each other. Keith M. Macdonald, The Sociology of the Professions (1995). A survey of how sociologists have understood professions as projects of monopoly, status, and social closure. Barbara Ehrenreich and Deirdre English, For Her Own Good: Two Centuries of the Experts’ Advice to Women (1978). Traces how a male-dominated medical and scientific establishment claimed authority over women’s bodies and lives. Megan Vaughan, Curing Their Ills: Colonial Power and African Illness (1991). On how colonial medicine in Africa classified and governed the people it claimed to treat. Charles E. Rosenberg, The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America’s Hospital System (1987). A history of how the hospital moved from a charitable refuge to the institutional centre of professional medicine. Frantz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism (1959). The essay “Medicine and Colonialism” sets out how medicine became part of the machinery of colonial rule. All works, organisations, scholars, legislation, and historical events listed above are real and citable. For any source intended for formal academic or professional writing, direct verification against the original publication or institutional record is recommended. bout the host Liv Roe is a civic and political adviser based in Melbourne. She works with businesses, organisations, and individuals on the political and civic context of their work. Book a consultation at livroe.org. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit civicsandcommerce.substack.com

    10 min.
  8. The politics of schooling

    2 jun

    The politics of schooling

    Show notes The story in this episode is composite, drawn from real events. The identifying details have been changed to protect privacy, but the situations and the political contexts are real. The real-world events the story draws on, full citations, and further reading are below. REAL-WORLD EVENTS REFERENCED IN THIS EPISODE The political project of mass public education - Victoria passed an Education Act in 1872 that made schooling free, compulsory, and secular, the first of the Australian colonies to do so. New South Wales followed with the Public Instruction Act in 1880, and the other colonies legislated comparable systems through the 1870s and 1880s. - Historians of education describe mass public schooling as a deliberate political project whose purposes were contested from the start: the formation of citizens able to take part in public life, the production of a literate and disciplined workforce for an industrialising economy, and the building of a common national language and loyalty. Education for Self-Reliance - Julius Nyerere led Tanganyika, later Tanzania, to independence in 1961 and governed the country until 1985. In March 1967, following the Arusha Declaration, he published a policy paper titled Education for Self-Reliance. - The paper argued that Tanzanians had demanded more schooling for years without asking what its purpose was, and criticised the education inherited from British colonial rule for selecting a few people out of their communities into clerical and administrative work while teaching the majority to undervalue their own villages and labour. Nyerere argued for an education that served the society funding it. The folk high school movement - N.F.S. Grundtvig (1783 to 1872), a Danish pastor, poet, historian, and politician, argued from the 1830s for an education built around what he called life enlightenment rather than examinations and Latin grammar, intended to prepare ordinary rural people to take part in public life. - The first folk high school opened at Rødding in 1844, and the movement spread across Denmark and the wider Nordic region over the following decades. Grundtvig was a member of the assembly that drafted Denmark’s first democratic constitution in 1849. School councils and the resourcing of public schools in Australia - Victorian government school councils are governing bodies constituted under the Education and Training Reform Act 2006 and associated Ministerial Orders. They are made up of elected parent members, school staff, the principal as executive officer, and sometimes co-opted community members, and their functions include approving the school budget and endorsing the strategic plan. Curriculum, staffing, and major funding decisions are determined centrally by the Department of Education and the Minister. - A significant share of many government schools’ discretionary funds is raised locally, through fundraising activities and voluntary parent contributions. Because the capacity of families to contribute varies widely, schools serving wealthier communities can raise substantially more than schools a short distance away. The exclusion of Aboriginal children from public schooling - Although the Australian public system was established as universal, Aboriginal children were widely excluded from it. From 1902, the New South Wales Minister for Public Instruction instructed government schools to remove Aboriginal children whenever a white parent objected to their presence, a practice known as Exclusion on Demand, alongside the earlier “clean, clad and courteous” provisions. - Excluded children were directed to mission schools or to separate Aboriginal schools with a deliberately limited curriculum, or were left without schooling. The capacity of school principals to exclude Aboriginal children was not removed from New South Wales policy until 1972. REFERENCES [1] Education and Training Reform Act 2006 (Vic); on the role and powers of Victorian government school councils, see Victorian Auditor-General’s Office, School Councils in Government Schools (Melbourne: Victorian Auditor-General’s Office, 2018), https://www.audit.vic.gov.au/report/school-councils-government-schools. [2] Education Act 1872 (Vic); on the colonial Education Acts that established free, compulsory, and secular schooling, see Alan Barcan, A History of Australian Education (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1980). [3] Andy Green, Education and State Formation: The Rise of Education Systems in England, France and the USA (London: Macmillan, 1990). [4] Julius K. Nyerere, “Education for Self-Reliance” (Dar es Salaam: Government Printer, 1967); reprinted in Julius K. Nyerere, Freedom and Socialism / Uhuru na Ujamaa: A Selection from Writings and Speeches, 1965-1967 (Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press, 1968). [5] Mark K. Smith, “Julius Nyerere, Lifelong Learning and Education,” The Encyclopedia of Pedagogy and Informal Education, https://infed.org/mobi/julius-nyerere-lifelong-learning-and-education/. [6] Steven M. Borish, The Land of the Living: The Danish Folk High Schools and Denmark’s Non-Violent Path to Modernization (Nevada City, California: Blue Dolphin Publishing, 1991). [7] “N.F.S. Grundtvig,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/biography/N-F-S-Grundtvig. [8] Ministerial Order 1280 (Constitution of Government School Councils) 2020 (Vic); Victorian Department of Education, “School Council: Composition, Eligibility and Office Bearers,” Policy and Advisory Library, https://www2.education.vic.gov.au/pal/school-council-composition-and-office-bearers/policy. [9] Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron, Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture, translated by Richard Nice (London: Sage, 1977); Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Schooling in Capitalist America: Educational Reform and the Contradictions of Economic Life (New York: Basic Books, 1976). [10] Review of Funding for Schooling: Final Report, chaired by David Gonski (Canberra: Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations, 2011). [11] Jim Fletcher, Documents in the History of Aboriginal Education in New South Wales (Carlton, New South Wales: J. Fletcher, 1989); “Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Schooling,” Dictionary of Educational History in Australia and New Zealand, https://dehanz.net.au/entries/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-schooling-1/. [12] National Indigenous Youth Education Coalition, The School Exclusion Project Research Report (2024); on the persistence of the exclusion policy until 1972, see also the historical overview in the Dictionary of Educational History in Australia and New Zealand entry cited above. FURTHER READING Julius K. Nyerere, Freedom and Socialism / Uhuru na Ujamaa (1968). The collection containing Education for Self-Reliance and Nyerere’s wider writing on the politics of a newly independent society. Steven M. Borish, The Land of the Living: The Danish Folk High Schools and Denmark’s Non-Violent Path to Modernization (1991). A study of the folk high school movement and its place in Danish democratic development. Andy Green, Education and State Formation (1990). On why modern states built mass education systems, and what they wanted those systems to do. Pierre Bourdieu and Jean-Claude Passeron, Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture (1977). The classic statement of how schooling can reproduce social class rather than dissolve it. John Dewey, Democracy and Education (1916). The foundational argument that the purpose of public education is the formation of a democratic public. Alan Barcan, A History of Australian Education (1980). A standard history of how schooling was built across the Australian colonies and states. Nigel Parbury, Survival: A History of Aboriginal Life in New South Wales (1986). A history that includes the exclusion of Aboriginal children from public schooling and the long struggle for access to it. bell hooks, Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom (1994). On education as a practice of freedom and the classroom as a political space. All works, organisations, scholars, legislation, and historical events listed above are real and citable. For any source intended for formal academic or professional writing, direct verification against the original publication or institutional record is recommended. About the host Liv Roe is a civic and political adviser based in Melbourne. She works with businesses, organisations, and individuals on the political and civic contexts. This is a public episode. If you would like to discuss this with other subscribers or get access to bonus episodes, visit civicsandcommerce.substack.com

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