Three Questions

The National Interest

Welcome to Three Questions—a podcast for a new era of global complexity and uncertainty. Three Questions breaks down key security, trade, energy, and technology challenges in an era of escalating competition among the world’s leading powers and rapid change in America’s approach to the world. Every two weeks, host Paul Saunders, President of the Center for the National Interest and Publisher of The National Interest, sits down with leading American and international experts to ask three focused questions that yield short and accessible perspectives on these critical issues. Three Questions cuts through the chaos to bring clarity on timely topics.

  1. 2 uur geleden

    The Cost of Second Place in the AI Race (w/ Jamil Jaffer)

    For years, American labs held an uncontested lead in artificial intelligence. That is no longer obviously true: Chinese open-weight models have closed much of the gap, and by some measures have pulled ahead. The stakes are not merely commercial. Whoever leads sets the terms for what the world runs on, who gets access to it, and what is built into the models themselves, including (in the Chinese case) political censorship and reported evidence that these systems may hand certain users deliberately weakened code. Yet American firms are adopting them anyway, sometimes for cost, sometimes because our own models are constrained from doing the work. So what would losing this race actually cost us? Why are American companies turning to Chinese models to defend their own infrastructure? And can Washington regulate a technology that outpaces the law faster than the ink can dry? In this episode, Paul Saunders speaks with Jamil Jaffer, the founder and executive director of the National Security Institute at the Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University. Jaffer also serves as a venture partner with Paladin Capital Group and is a contributing editor at The National Interest. He has previously served on multiple Congressional committees and as a White House counsel during the George W. Bush administration. Editor's note: This episode was recorded before OpenAI's July 21 statement on the Hugging Face security incident discussed by our guest, which attributes the intrusion to OpenAI's own models running with cyber safeguards disabled for internal evaluation. Listeners can find that statement here. Music by Sonican from Pixabay.

  2. 13 jul

    Russia’s Pain at the Pump (w/ Sergey Vakulenko)

    Since April, Ukraine has dramatically escalated its drone campaign against Russia's oil refineries, knocking out a substantial share of the country's refining capacity and triggering gasoline shortages from Crimea to central Russia. What was once a nuisance for Moscow has become something closer to a full-blown fuel crisis. Yet the strikes' effects are uneven: ordinary Russian motorists are feeling real pain at the pump, even as the diesel-fueled Russian military and the Kremlin's oil revenues remain largely insulated. Can Ukraine's campaign translate civilian inconvenience into genuine economic or political pressure on Moscow? How far can Russia stretch its coping mechanisms? And after a decade of underinvestment, sanctions, and now physical damage, what future awaits Russia's oil industry once the war ends? In this episode, Paul Saunders speaks with Sergey Vakulenko, a senior fellow at the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center. He has twenty-five years of experience in the oil and gas industry as an economist, manager, executive, and consultant, including Royal Dutch Shell and IHS CERA. Until February 2022, he served as head of strategy and innovations at Gazprom Neft. Music by Sonican from Pixabay.

  3. 29 jun

    Turning Up the Dial on America's Nuclear Restart (w/ Ho K. Nieh)

    After decades defined by survival and preservation, the U.S. nuclear industry has entered a new era of growth. Bolstered by a 2025 presidential executive order and bipartisan acts of Congress, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission is undergoing its most comprehensive transformation in fifty years. The stakes are considerable: surging electricity demand from AI and industrial growth has made nuclear power essential not only to America's energy security but to its national security, even as China has brought nearly sixty reactors online in the time the United States has only built three. How does a safety regulator reinvent how it works without compromising what it protects? What will it take for America to deploy nuclear at scale and to lead the world in doing so again? And how does the NRC's role reach beyond domestic plants to shape whether U.S. allies buy American reactors or someone else's? In this episode, Paul Saunders speaks with Ho K. Nieh, Chairman of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Chairman Nieh was previously VP of Regulatory Affairs at Southern Nuclear and, prior to that, served for more than twenty years as an NRC staff member. While at the NRC, Chairman Nieh served as Director of the Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, where he was responsible for reactor safety licensing and oversight programs for operating and new reactors. Music by Sonican from Pixabay.

  4. 15 jun

    Soft Power, Hard Returns: American Investment in Egypt (w/ James Harmon & Cornelius Queen)

    In 2011, Congress placed $300 million in the hands of private investors with an unusual mandate: grow Egypt's economy on behalf of the American people. Fifteen years later, the Egyptian-American Enterprise Fund has invested in more than 150 companies, helped create over 75,000 jobs, and grown to an estimated value of more than $500 million. And it has managed all this in a country rocked by revolution, political instability, and currency collapse. At a moment when Americans are questioning the costs of hard power in the Middle East and the value of foreign assistance, the Fund's track record raises provocative questions about how the US projects its influence abroad. Can private-sector investment succeed where troops and traditional aid have struggled? Why should taxpayer dollars back ventures in faraway markets? And can this model of "soft power" be replicated across the developing world? In this episode, Paul Saunders speaks with James Harmon and Cornelius Queen, two authors of the new book A Daring Enterprise: A US-Egyptian Partnership and the Case for Soft Power. The book looks at the Egyptian-American Enterprise Fund, where Harmon is chairman and Queen is a senior vice president. Harmon, a former chairman of the Export-Import Bank of the United States, previously served as chairman and CEO of the investment bank Schroder Wertheim & Co. and is chair emeritus of the World Resources Institute. Queen has worked on Capitol Hill and managed humanitarian aid programs in Lebanon. Order the book. Music by Sonican from Pixabay.

  5. 1 jun

    What Is the National Interest?

    This year marks the 30th anniversary of the 1996 report of the Commission on America's National Interests, a bipartisan effort to answer a deceptively simple question: what does the United States actually need to do in the world? Far from a dry policy artifact, the report was an attempt to bring discipline to a foreign policy debate in which nearly every cause was being branded "vital." Three decades later, that challenge feels strikingly familiar. The confusion of the early post–Cold War years, when Americans struggled to define their role in a transformed world, has echoes in our own moment, even if the sources of uncertainty have changed. How should America rank its priorities when it can't possibly pursue them all? What truly counts as "vital" versus merely important, and who gets to decide? In this episode, Paul Saunders breaks down the report's framework and makes the case for why this 30-year-old document still has relevance in 2026. Saunders is the president of the Center for the National Interest and an expert with more than three decades of experience in U.S.-Russia policy. He previously served in the George W. Bush Administration from 2003 to 2005 as Senior Advisor to the Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs. Read the report here: https://cftni.wpenginepowered.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Americas-National-Interests-1996.pdf Music by Sonican from Pixabay.

  6. 18 mei

    Nuclear Power’s Big Leap Forward (w/ Roger Martella)

    One year ago, President Donald Trump signed a series of executive orders aimed at accelerating the deployment of nuclear energy in the United States. The impact has been dramatic, pulling forward the construction of small modular reactors by roughly five years and reshaping how industry, government, and allies plan for the future of power. The stakes could hardly be higher: energy security is the foundation beneath everything from economic growth to national defense, and the world's appetite for reliable, affordable electricity is only growing. How has industry responded to the executive orders, and what comes next? How do nuclear partnerships with allies like Japan fit into a broader strategy for energy security and American manufacturing? And how is the Trump administration balancing its "America First" agenda with the realities of global supply chains? In this episode, Paul Saunders speaks with Roger Martella, Chief Corporate Officer at GE Vernova. Martella previously served as General Counsel of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency during the George W. Bush Administration and as Principal Counsel for Complex Litigation for the Department of Justice's Natural Resources Section. Music by Sonican from Pixabay.

  7. 4 mei

    Strategic Implications of the Iran War (w/ Nikolas Gvosdev)

    Two months into the U.S.-Israeli war with Iran, the conflict shows no signs of imminent resolution, with both sides convinced that time is on their side. The closure of the Strait of Hormuz has rattled global energy markets, but neither Washington nor Tehran appears ready to back down, raising the possibility of a prolonged "no war, no peace" stalemate. How long can each side endure, and what would it take to force a settlement? How does the war intersect with the ongoing conflict in Ukraine? And what lessons is China drawing as it watches another great power struggle to bring a middle power to heel? In this episode, Paul Saunders speaks with Nikolas Gvosdev, a professor of national security affairs at the U.S. Naval War College. Dr. Gvosdev serves as the editor of Orbis and was previously editor of The National Interest. Music by Sonican from Pixabay.

  8. 20 apr

    Rethinking Nuclear Waste: The Case for Recycling Used Fuel (w/ Christina Leggett)

    Long dismissed in the U.S. as uneconomic and proliferation-prone, the recycling of used nuclear fuel is becoming a strategic imperative the country can no longer afford to ignore. The U.S. is sitting on roughly 96,000 metric tons of used nuclear fuel, the vast majority of which is reusable material rather than waste, even as global uranium demand surges and China races to build dozens of new reactors. Meanwhile, France and Russia dominate the recycling landscape, with Russia increasingly setting the terms for nuclear partnerships with non-allied countries. What do modern recycling technologies actually do, and how do they differ from the legacy processes that raised proliferation concerns decades ago? Why might commercial recycling finally be viable in the U.S. today, what role should the federal government play in a market-based approach, and can this activity be carried out safely and securely? In this episode, Paul Saunders speaks with Dr. Christina J. Leggett, Director of Fuel Cycle Technology at Oklo, Inc. Prior to working at Oklo, she was a lead engineer at Booz Allen Hamilton, where she worked as a nuclear technology advisor for the Department of Energy's (DOE's) Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E). Dr. Leggett also worked as a federal program manager in the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy and as a nuclear engineer and reactor systems engineer at the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. She holds a Ph.D. in nuclear engineering from the University of California-Berkeley. Read the EIRP report: The Case for Commercial Recycling of Used Nuclear Fuel: Assessment and Recommendations

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Info

Welcome to Three Questions—a podcast for a new era of global complexity and uncertainty. Three Questions breaks down key security, trade, energy, and technology challenges in an era of escalating competition among the world’s leading powers and rapid change in America’s approach to the world. Every two weeks, host Paul Saunders, President of the Center for the National Interest and Publisher of The National Interest, sits down with leading American and international experts to ask three focused questions that yield short and accessible perspectives on these critical issues. Three Questions cuts through the chaos to bring clarity on timely topics.

Informatie

  • Maker
    The National Interest
  • Jaren actief
    2025 - 2026
  • Afleveringen
    32
  • Beoordeling
    Veilig
  • Copyright
    © The National Interest 2025
  • Website van aflevering
    Three Questions
  • Provider

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