英语每日一听 | 每天少于5分‪钟‬ 晨听英语

Less than half of Americans say they are getting enough sleep, according to a recent opinion study by the Gallup organization. 
盖洛普组织最近的一项民意研究显示，不到一半的美国人表示他们睡眠充足。
The poll found that 57 percent of Americans say they would feel better if they could get more sleep. Only 42 percent say they are getting as much sleep as they need. 
民意调查发现，57% 的美国人表示，如果能够获得更多睡眠，他们会感觉更好。 只有 42% 的人表示他们的睡眠充足。 
Gallup carried out the same kind of study in 2013. That time, the results were different. Fifty-six percent said they got enough sleep, while 43 percent said they did not get enough sleep. 
盖洛普在2013年进行了同类研究，但当时的结果有所不同。 56% 的人表示他们睡眠充足，43% 的人表示他们睡眠不足。 
Women under the age of 50 were the most likely to report they are not getting enough rest. Only 27 percent of women in that group said they usually get all the sleep they need. 
50 岁以下的女性最有可能报告她们没有得到足够的休息。 该群体中只有 27% 的女性表示她们通常能获得所需的全部睡眠。 
The poll also asked people to report how many hours of sleep they usually get each night. Only 26 percent said they got eight or more hours. Many sleep experts say adults should aim for eight hours of sleep a night. 
该民意调查还要求人们报告他们通常每晚的睡眠时间。 只有 26% 的人表示他们有 8 个小时或更长时间。 许多睡眠专家表示，成年人的目标应该是每晚睡八小时。 
Just over half of the respondents reported getting between six and seven hours of sleep a night. And 20 percent said they got five hours or less. That number increased from 2013, when 14 percent of respondents reported getting five hours or less.
超过一半的受访者表示每晚睡眠六到七个小时。 20% 的人表示他们的时间不超过五个小时。 这个数字比 2013 年有所增加，当时 14% 的受访者表示工作时间为 5 小时或更少。 
Justine Broughal is a self-employed event planner with two small children. She is 31 years old. Her 4-month-old son still wakes up throughout the night. After her 3-year-old daughter goes to bed, she still needs to do some work in the house. That makes it difficult for her to get the sleep she needs. 
贾斯汀·布鲁尔 (Justine Broughal) 是一名自营活动策划者，有两个小孩。 她今年 31 岁。 她四个月大的儿子仍然整夜醒来。 3岁的女儿睡觉后，她还需要做一些家务。 这使她很难获得所需的睡眠。 
“I really treasure being able to spend time with (my children),” Broughal says. However, she added that it can reduce the amount of time for her to rest and take care of herself. 
“我真的很珍惜能够与（我的孩子们）共度时光，”布鲁尔说。 然而，她补充说，这会减少她休息和照顾自己的时间。 
Claude Fischer is a professor of sociology at the University of California, Berkeley. He said that American culture has valued hard work and productivity since the first European immigrants arrived. He added that the religious beliefs of some groups connected hard work with approval from God. 
克劳德·费舍尔是加州大学伯克利分校的社会学教授。 他说，自从第一批欧洲移民抵达以来，美国文化就重视努力工作和生产力。 他补充说，一些群体的宗教信仰将努力工作与上帝的认可联系在一起。 
Working hard, he said, “has been a core part of American culture for centuries.” 
他说，努力工作“几个世纪以来一直是美国文化的核心部分。” 
Some Americans also say their busy workdays make them want to stay up late. After a long day of work, spending time at night on social media or watching television can help them lower stress or have some time

for example, when the Curiosity rover drives over the area.
例如当好奇号火星车驶过该地区时，也可能释放少量甲烷。
Pavlov said this theory could help explain why methane levels have only been discovered in the Gale Crater area. It is the only place on Mars where NASA’s Curiosity rover is currently active.
巴甫洛夫说，这一理论可以帮助解释为什么只在盖尔陨石坑地区发现了甲烷水平。 这是美国宇航局好奇号火星车目前在火星上唯一活跃的地方。
NASA has another rover working on Mars, Perseverance. But it has been exploring the Jezero Crater area on another part of the planet. Jezero Crater is also believed to have contained large water bodies in the distant past. But Perseverance is not equipped with a methane-detecting instrument.
美国宇航局还有另一辆火星车“毅力号”正在火星上工作。 但它一直在探索地球另一部分的杰泽罗陨石坑地区。 据信，杰泽罗陨石坑在遥远的过去也曾存在过大型水体。 但毅力号并未配备甲烷检测仪器。
Pavlov noted that the latest theory came from his memories of an unrelated experiment carried out in 2017. The experiment involved growing microorganisms in a simulated Martian environment that included frozen soil that contained salt.
巴甫洛夫指出，最新的理论来自他对 2017 年进行的一项无关实验的记忆。该实验涉及在模拟火星环境中培养微生物，其中包括含盐的冻土。
During that experiment, researchers observed that the collection of soil on top formed an icy, salty crust. Changes in conditions caused the ice to melt, turning the solid material into a gas and leaving the salt behind.
在那次实验中，研究人员观察到顶部的土壤聚集形成了冰冷的咸味外壳。 条件的变化导致冰融化，将固体物质变成气体并留下盐。
Pavlov’s team tested five samples of frozen soil containing different kinds of salt material commonly found on Mars. A new set of Earth-based experiments was carried out in which the frozen material was exposed to different temperatures and air pressures inside an environment at Goddard that was designed to be like Mars.
巴甫洛夫的团队测试了五个冻土样本，其中含有火星上常见的不同种类的盐物质。 进行了一系列新的地球实验，其中将冷冻材料暴露在戈达德的一个设计为类似于火星的环境中的不同温度和气压下。
The team was able to repeatedly copy the salt sealing process in Mars-like conditions during laboratory testing. The researchers said they plan to keep carrying out experiments under different conditions and using salt minerals to confirm their theory.
该团队能够在实验室测试期间重复复制类似火星条件下的盐密封过程。 研究人员表示，他们计划继续在不同条件下进行实验，并利用盐矿物质来证实他们的理论。
But the researchers noted that to carry out more detailed methane investigations, they will likely need a whole new generation of sensitive instruments. These would be designed to measure methane continuously from many places on Mars.
但研究人员指出，为了进行更详细的甲烷研究，他们可能需要全新一代的敏感仪器。 这些将被设计用于从火星上的许多地方连续测量甲烷。

Scientists are seeking to find out what is producing the slow release of methane gas on Mars.
科学家们正在寻找火星上缓慢释放甲烷气体的原因。
Methane often results from biological processes. On Earth, most of the gas comes from living creatures. For this reason, the American space agency NASA has been investigating methane levels on Mars in a search for signs of current or past life. So far, no evidence has been found.
甲烷通常来自生物过程。 在地球上，大部分气体来自生物。 出于这个原因，美国宇航局NASA一直在调查火星上的甲烷水平，以寻找当前或过去生命的迹象。 到目前为止，还没有找到任何证据。
But a new study is providing fresh details about methane on Mars. NASA’s Curiosity explorer, or rover, has repeatedly measured methane levels on the Martian surface. The rover arrived on Mars in 2012 and has been exploring areas around Gale Crater. This area is believed to have contained a lake at one time and has also shown other evidence of flowing water in the past.
但一项新研究提供了有关火星甲烷的新细节。 美国宇航局的好奇号探测器或漫游者多次测量了火星表面的甲烷水平。 该火星车于 2012 年抵达火星，一直在探索盖尔陨石坑周围的区域。 据信该地区曾经有一个湖泊，并且过去还显示出其他流水的证据。
NASA says Gale Crater is the only place where methane has been discovered. Even a spacecraft sent to collect data on the Martian atmosphere has not identified the presence of methane. That spacecraft, the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, is operated by the European Space Agency.
美国宇航局表示，盖尔陨石坑是唯一发现甲烷的地方。 即使是派去收集火星大气数据的航天器也没有发现甲烷的存在。 该航天器名为 ExoMars 痕量气体轨道飞行器，由欧洲航天局运营。
In addition to only being discovered, or detected, around Gale Crater, the observations of methane happen only at night, NASA researchers recently reported. Levels also go up and down during different seasons and at times, rise sharply for short periods.
美国宇航局研究人员最近报告说，除了仅在盖尔陨石坑周围发现或探测到甲烷之外，甲烷的观测也只发生在夜间。 水平也会在不同季节上下波动，有时会在短时间内急剧上升。
The mysterious methane releases leave scientists considering “a lot of plot twists,” said Curiosity project leader Ashwin Vasavada. But a NASA research group recently proposed a possible explanation for how the gas behaves on Mars.
好奇号项目负责人阿什温·瓦萨瓦达 (Ashwin Vasavada) 表示，神秘的甲烷释放让科学家们思考“许多情节曲折”。 但美国宇航局的一个研究小组最近对火星上的气体行为提出了一个可能的解释。
The researchers theorize that all detected methane could be trapped, or sealed, underneath hardened pieces of salt in Martian regolith. Regolith describes soil that contains rock and dust that sits on or below the surface.
研究人员推测，所有检测到的甲烷都可能被捕获或密封在火星风化层的硬化盐块下面。 风化层描述的是含有岩石和灰尘的土壤，位于地表之上或之下。
The scientists say increases in temperature might explain the differences in gas release. During certain seasons or times of day warmer temperatures could weaken the seal on the methane, causing gas to be released.
科学家们表示，温度升高可能可以解释气体释放的差异。 在某些季节或一天中的某些时间，气温升高可能会削弱甲烷的密封性，导致气体释放。
NASA said the research was led by Alexander Pavlov, a planetary scientist at the agency’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. He said small amounts of methane could also be released when the regolith seal is broken by weight from above
美国宇航局表示，

Human experts spend years roasting and tasting coffee from many places to learn about the beans. They might then combine a coffee bean from Africa with another one from South America to come up with a new blend.
人类专家花费数年时间从许多地方烘焙和品尝咖啡，以了解咖啡豆。 然后，他们可能会将非洲的一种咖啡豆与南美的另一种咖啡豆结合起来，制成一种新的混合物。
But, a coffee roasting company in Helsinki, Finland is hoping that artificial intelligence, or AI, can help ease the workload.
但是，芬兰赫尔辛基的一家咖啡烘焙公司希望人工智能能够帮助减轻工作量。
Kaffa Roastery recently launched its “AI-conic” blend at the Helsinki Coffee Festival. The blend is a mixture of four kinds of beans, including Fazenda Pinhal from Brazil. It is the result of a joint project by Kaffa and Elev, a local AI business.
Kaffa Roastery 最近在赫尔辛基咖啡节上推出了“AI-conic”混合咖啡。 该混合物由四种咖啡豆混合而成，其中包括来自巴西的 Fazenda Pinhal。 它是 Kaffa 和当地人工智能企业 Elev 联合项目的成果。
Elev told The Associated Press that its computer models, similar to ChatGPT and Copilot, created a blend that would “push the boundaries of conventional flavor combinations.”
Elev 告诉美联社，其计算机模型与 ChatGPT 和 Copilot 类似，创造了一种混合物，可以“突破传统风味组合的界限”。
Svante Hampf is the founder of Kaffa Roastery. He and his partners wanted to do an experiment to see what blend the computer would produce.
Svante Hampf 是卡法烘焙工坊的创始人。 他和他的合作伙伴想做一个实验，看看计算机会产生什么混合物。
“We basically gave descriptions of all our coffee types and their flavors to AI and instructed it to create a new exciting blend,” Hampf said.
“我们基本上向人工智能提供了所有咖啡类型及其口味的描述，并指示它创造出一种新的令人兴奋的混合物，”汉普夫说。
The “AI-conic” blend combined beans from Brazil, Colombia, Ethiopia and Guatemala. It is described as “a well-balanced blend of sweetness and ripe fruit.”
“AI-conic”混合咖啡豆融合了来自巴西、哥伦比亚、埃塞俄比亚和危地马拉的咖啡豆。 它被描述为“甜味和成熟水果的均衡混合”。
Hampf said he thought the combination was “somewhat weird.” He was surprised that the AI program chose to make the blend out of four different kinds of beans. Most humans choose only two or three beans.
汉普夫说他认为这种组合“有点奇怪”。 他对人工智能程序选择用四种不同种类的豆子进行混合感到惊讶。 大多数人只选择两到三种豆子。
However, after the first blind test of the new blend, Kaffa’s coffee experts agreed that the AI-assisted blend was perfect. There was no need to change.
然而，在对新混合咖啡进行第一次盲测后，Kaffa 的咖啡专家一致认为人工智能辅助混合咖啡是完美的。 没有必要改变。
Elev’s Antti Merilehto said “AI-conic” is an example of “how AI can introduce new perspectives to seasoned professionals.”
Elev 的 Antti Merilehto 表示，“AI-conic”是“人工智能如何为经验丰富的专业人士引入新视角”的一个例子。
The International Coffee Organization says that the 5.6 million people in Finland drink the most coffee per person in the world. And the roasters at Kaffa said they hope the AI project will help to bring more things to the strong coffee culture in the country.
国际咖啡组织表示，芬兰 560 万人的人均咖啡饮用量位居世界第一。 Kaffa 的烘焙师表示，他们希望人工智能项目能够为该国浓厚的咖啡文化带来更多东西。
Hampf called it a “first step,” adding, “I think AI has plenty to offer us in the long run. We are particularly i

A new, small robotic camera designed to be swallowed for use in medical examinations was recently demonstrated at a conference in Canada. The device called PillBot can be guided through a body remotely, meaning electronically from outside. Its creators hope the device will replace traditional endoscopies. An endoscopy is when a camera attached to a wire is directed down the throat and into a sleeping patient’s stomach.
最近在加拿大的一次会议上展示了一种新型小型机器人相机，其设计可被吞咽以用于医学检查。 这种名为 PillBot 的设备可以通过身体远程引导，即从外部以电子方式引导。 它的创造者希望该设备能够取代传统的内窥镜。 内窥镜检查是将连接在电线上的摄像头引导到熟睡患者的喉咙并进入胃部。
The company Endiatx based in Hayward, California, developed the device. The research hospital, Mayo Clinic, in Rochester, Minnesota, is a partner in the project.
总部位于加利福尼亚州海沃德的 Endiatx 公司开发了该设备。 位于明尼苏达州罗彻斯特的研究医院梅奥诊所是该项目的合作伙伴。
The PillBot is designed to be the first motorized endoscopic camera. Here is how developers say it works: A patient does not eat for one day, then swallows the PillBot with lots of water. The PillBot acts like a small submarine controlled by a wireless remote control. When the exam is complete, the body will expel the PillBot in the same way it expels other solid waste.
PillBot 被设计为第一台电动内窥镜摄像机。 开发人员介绍其工作原理是这样的：患者一天不进食，然后用大量的水吞下 PillBot。 PillBot 就像一艘由无线遥控器控制的小型潜艇。 检查完成后，身体会像排出其他固体废物一样排出 PillBot。
Dr. Vivek Kumbhari is co-founder of the company. He is professor of medicine and chairman of gastroenterology and hepatology at the Mayo Clinic. It is the latest step toward his larger goal of making complex medicine more accessible.
Vivek Kumbhari 博士是该公司的联合创始人。 他是梅奥诊所的医学教授兼胃肠病学和肝病学主席。 这是他朝着让复杂医学更容易获得的更大目标迈出的最新一步。
If endoscopies can be moved from a hospital setting to a patient’s home, he said, "then I think we have achieved that goal." Use of the device would require fewer medical workers and no anesthesia, he said. The device provides "a safer, more comfortable approach,” he added.
他说，如果内窥镜检查可以从医院转移到患者家中，“那么我认为我们已经实现了这一目标。” 他说，使用该设备将需要更少的医务人员，并且不需要麻醉。 他补充说，该设备提供了“一种更安全、更舒适的方法”。
Kumbhari also said the technology is more efficient and permits people to get treatment earlier in the progress of a disease.
Kumbhari 还表示，该技术更有效，可以让人们在疾病进展的早期得到治疗。
Alex Luebke is the co-founder of Endiatx. He said the PillBot can help people in rural areas where medical centers and treatment are lacking.
Alex Luebke 是 Endiatx 的联合创始人。 他说 PillBot 可以帮助缺乏医疗中心和治疗的农村地区的人们。
"Especially in developing countries, there is no access" to complex medical care, he said. "So being able to have the technology, gather all that information and provide you the solution, even in remote areas - that's the way to do it.”
他说，“特别是在发展中国家，无法获得”复杂的医疗服务。 “因此，即使在偏远地区，也能够拥有技术、收集所有信息并为您提供解决方案 - 这就是做到这一点的方法。”
The micro-robotic pill is undergoing testing. It could come before the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for consideration in the coming months. If approved, the PillBot could be available

International health experts have agreed on a new definition of what it means for a disease to spread “through the air.”
国际卫生专家就疾病“通过空气”传播的含义达成了新的定义。
The agreement came after the World Health Organization (WHO) cooperated with hundreds of international health experts to explain or clarify the meaning. The WHO said the technical document it issued was the first step towards finding better methods to prevent airborne disease spread.
该协议是在世界卫生组织（WHO）与数百名国际卫生专家合作解释或澄清其含义后达成的。 世界卫生组织表示，其发布的技术文件是寻找更好的方法来防止空气传播疾病传播的第一步。
The document says the term "through the air" can be used for infectious diseases in which the main spread involves a pathogen traveling through the air or being suspended in the air. The experts said this is similar to the official description of "waterborne" diseases.
该文件称，“通过空气”一词可用于主要传播涉及病原体通过空气传播或悬浮在空气中的传染病。 专家表示，这与官方对“水传播”疾病的描述类似。
The WHO’s new explanation is an effort to avoid public misunderstandings about how some diseases can be passed through the air or are “airborne.”
世界卫生组织的新解释是为了避免公众对某些疾病如何通过空气传播或“空气传播”产生误解。
Such misunderstandings happened during the COVID-19 pandemic. The WHO was criticized by many scientists during the early days of COVID-19 in 2020. They accused the U.N. health agency of failing to warn the public early on that the virus could spread through the air.
此类误解在 COVID-19 大流行期间发生过。 2020 年 COVID-19 爆发初期，世界卫生组织受到许多科学家的批评。他们指责联合国卫生机构未能及早警告公众该病毒可能通过空气传播。
The scientists said this led to too much public guidance centered on handwashing and similar measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19. They said this guidance ignored other measures, such as looking at the spread of viruses through ventilation systems.
科学家们表示，这导致了太多以洗手和类似措施为中心的公共指导，以防止 COVID-19 的传播。 他们表示，该指南忽略了其他措施，例如观察病毒通过通风系统的传播。
By July 2020, the agency said there was "evidence emerging" of airborne spread. Soumya Swaminathan was WHO chief scientist during the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Swaminathan began a process to agree on a new definition for airborne disease spread. She later said she thinks the agency should have been more forceful in that message "much earlier."
该机构表示，到 2020 年 7 月，“有证据表明”空气传播。 Soumya Swaminathan 在新冠肺炎 (COVID-19) 大流行初期担任世卫组织首席科学家。 斯瓦米纳坦开始就空气传播疾病传播的新定义达成一致。 她后来说，她认为该机构应该“更早”更强有力地传达这一信息。
Swaminathan’s successor, Jeremy Farrar, recently told Reuters news agency the new definition was about more than COVID-19. He added that at the beginning of the pandemic there was a lack of available evidence. He said experts including the WHO had acted in "good faith." At the time, he headed the Wellcome Trust charity and advised the British government on COVID-19.
斯瓦米纳坦的继任者杰里米·法勒 (Jeremy Farrar) 最近告诉路透社，新定义不仅仅涉及 COVID-19。 他补充说，在大流行开始时，缺乏可用的证据。 他说，包括世界卫生组织在内的专家都是本着“善意”行事的。 当时，他是 Wellcome Trust 慈善机构的负责人，并就 COVID-19 向英国政府提供建议。
Farrar said the new definition would permit discussions to begin about issues such as ventila