This is a Science Show

Dustin Driver

This is a science show by reporter and author Dustin Driver.

  1. Aug 6

    GenAI: Killing Craft

    When I was about eight years old, I became irrationally upset by the fact that I had all these fantastic stories and ideas swirling around in my head that required real work to become, well, real. Why was I gifted with such a fabulous imagination in a world that completely ignored my thoughts? I even wrote an essay about it, titled something like, “On the Extreme Frustration of Not Being Able to Manipulate Reality with my Mind.” As painful as this realization was, I persevered and eventually either learned to do the work or accepted the fact there are some things I simply cannot do. Today, though, it feels like we’re all at the mercy of that 8-year old’s irrational feelings in the form of GenAI. In the minds of many, GenAI represents a kind of magical power that bypasses the messy and difficult process of craft and simply creates the wildest dreams out of thin air. It’s an undeniably alluring idea, which is one reason the whole world is shoveling money into it like a stoker shoveling coal into a runaway train’s boiler.  But for many of us creative types, the craft is the fun part. We enjoy tediously picking away at prose to make it tighter, more understandable, more relatable. We love pushing pixels to make our digital art perfect on a level no one else will ever notice. The craft is cathartic and human and the reason we all got into this in the first place. It brings us joy and peace, distracts us from our overactive and hypercritical minds. So our hearts fall and our souls whither when they tell us, “just put that paragraph in ChatGPT and ask it to streamline the text.” Because for us, pouring over every word and space in a paragraph is the good part of the job. GenAI is made to optimize outcomes and maximize profits. Both of these are of course necessary in a world driven by profits, but creative professionals try to at least shoehorn some humanity into the work, to create some kind of connection. And making those human connections requires human effort, not just probabilistic guesses from a machine. It requires careful thinking and arduous tinkering. This toiling and tinkering also creates a sort of insulation between us (the artists) and the ultimate purpose of our corporate/commercial work. If we can focus on these tiny turns of phrases or minute adjustments to kerning, we can create distance between us and the cold machinery of capitalism. This is the creative process and it’s why we do what we do. This desire to eliminate creativity in the name of production is why I loathe GenAI. I also hate how it has stolen the work of countless humans, dumped it into a mathematical meat grinder, and excreted unimaginable amounts of inedible creative sausage. I am also keenly aware that this process consumes gigawatts of energy and millions of gallons of water (even if it isn’t strictly drinking water). GenAI is not only anti creativity, it’s horrifically inefficient. According to the International Energy Agency, a typical AI-focused hyperscaler data center uses as much electricity as 100,000 households. In comparison, a single human brain, which is capable of everything from scoring 100 points in a basketball game to coming up with General Relativity, consumes about 20 watts. It can also navigate the real world, remember things, and have experiences. The human brain is a miracle and to offload so much of its creativity to an inefficient machine in the name of production and progress is heartbreaking and criminal.  Don’t get me wrong, I believe there are real uses for machine learning and GenAI. Both technologies can be used to model and improve systems and can be invaluable in doing many things in science, like identifying new galaxies in old telescope data or finding cancer cells hidden in medical scans. It can be a tremendous boon for any task that requires sifting through unimaginable amounts of data, or for helping humans comprehend huge, complex systems. It can help in ways I can’t even begin to fathom because I’m not a scientist or engineer. (But even then, scientists tell me, it needs to be thoroughly checked to make sure it isn’t lying, hallucinating, or is just plain incorrect.) In my realm of writing and storytelling, however, GenAI is wrong. Tedious research, real-world experience, and the nitty gritty of the craft are critical to writing anything anyone would want to read. Ultimately, though, GenAI is not truly the problem and the way it’s being used isn’t a surprise. If you prioritize growth, extraction, and profit, you’ll end up with GenAI that vomits countless iterations of Marvel movies into the hungry maws of a hollowed-out populous. It’s an almost inevitable outcome, just one of the beast’s many fierce weapons. So banning GenAI in creative professions is like trimming one claw on a tiger’s paw. If the cat’s hungry, it’s still gonna tear you open and eat your guts. The real problem is we’ve let striving, ravenous, insatiable urges take over everything. Worse, we’ve built our entire civilization around them. They are our core pillars. They are the primary elements of our societal chemistry. Everything must be done now, we must grab all we can before someone else does, we must rush rush rush and grow grow grow. Greed is good. Grabbing hands grab all they can, etc. etc.  Greed corrupts and encourages corner cutting, rushing, rashness, and cut-throat behaviour of all kinds. Yes, this is a tremendously oversimplified, kindergarten/Sunday school observation, but it’s true. And even more frustrating, it’s a truth we’ve known for at least 10,000 years, a story that’s been told since we figured out how to scratch little symbols into stone tablets and probably even before then. Yet here we are, our entire civilization running on greed. So until we in the very least attempt to control greed, we will get things like GenAI that will turn creativity into commodity. We will get the grinding, soulless, thoughtless process of business. We need to move beyond it, to start seriously recognizing what we want as humans, what will best fill the void that we all have in our souls (hint, it’s community, art, music, spirituality). We need to consider how we can create a stable, long-lasting civilization that’s in harmony with our planet. We need to slow down, share, and be kind. When we start doing that, fewer people will want to use GenAI to make art. They will have the time for deeper thought, longer practice, and for experiencing the satisfaction of mastering a craft. Or they will find something else that fills that hole—caring for someone, doing heavy physical labor, playing a sport, learning how to play the accordion, I don’t know. Anything that requires repetition and commitment.  So I’m in a sticky situation. I realize that GenAI is abhorrent. I also know it can make the people who pay me very happy. I can use it to make these people happy, to ultimately feed my family and my pride of cats while my soul rots. Or I can try to find somewhere that refuses to use GenAI for writing, some weird business or organization that’s okay with not making money or getting more shit done. I can switch careers entirely, start at the bottom of the ladder doing something seemingly beyond the reach of GenAI like carpentry or plumbing or electrical work. (Some of those professions even have unions!) But I’m old, and frail, and my eyesight is going, and I am becoming increasingly fat and sore all over.  No, right now the best solution is to smile and diligently do my job, focusing on what makes me special and more valuable than GenAI (A sickening sentence to write as humans should always be more valuable than machines, but so it goes). I will also create, even if it does feel futile. My creative human work can create the connections I need to survive and even defeat GenAI. And who knows, one day it may even help us move away from greed and progress for progress’ sake and toward a calmer, more measured, and more humane society.

  2. Jul 24

    Diamonds Are Weirder Than You Think

    In Neal Stephenson’s science fiction masterpiece The Diamond Age: Or, A Young Lady's Illustrated Primer, microscopic nanobots build fantastic structures and extravagant objects out of diamond. They assemble mile-high buildings atom by atom, constructing colossal translucent towers stronger and more durable than anything we can imagine today. Of course those opulent towers are only accessible to a select few elites and the rest of humanity lives in nightmarish toxic squalor, but the theoretical technology is still fascinating. And its based on the very real and very strange properties of diamonds.   Diamonds are made of carbon, the fourth most abundant element in the universe, and the second most abundant element in your body. It is the key element of life, the backbone of organic chemistry. Carbon is special because it so easily bonds with other elements to create a huge variety of compounds and materials, everything from simple sugars to bones. Of course most recently it has gained fame as the core component of carbon fiber, a super-light and super-strong material made from carbon threads and resin. Carbon fiber’s strength is due in large part to its unique arrangements of carbon atoms. Carbon can bond to itself in many ways, creating complex structures with many different properties. In carbon fiber, the element bonds together to create extremely tough chains that resist stretching. Arrange those atoms differently, however, and you get bizarre and astonishing results.    Diamond is pure carbon arranged in a cubic crystal structure. Each atom is bonded to four other atoms to form a tetrahedron, or pyramid, shape. Carbon in this arrangement is incredibly hard, in fact it’s by far the hardest material we’ve discovered. Hardness is, simply put, how much a material resists denting or scratching. This is a well-known fact; we’ve all seen cat burglars using diamond glass cutters to steal priceless artifacts, or used diamond-coated drill bits or saw blades to cut through tough materials like steel. But diamonds have other amazing properties that are often overlooked.   Diamond has the highest thermal conductivity of any material. That means it can transfer heat better than anything else, which is why real diamonds can feel warm to the touch whereas cheap knockoffs feel cool. To understand just how amazing diamond is at transferring heat, we first need to understand thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity is measured in Watts per meter-Kelvin, W/mK. A material with a conductivity value of 1 W/mK will transfer heat at a rate of 1 watt for every degree of temperature difference between opposite faces.    That’s all pretty meaningless without a solid example, though. Pure copper, the famously good electrical and thermal conductor, has a conductivity of around 400 W/mK. Gold measures in at 327 W/mK. Diamond, however, has a thermal conductivity between 1,500-2,200 W/mK.   Why can diamond conduct heat so well? Again, the secret lies in its structure. Heat can quickly and easily propagate through its cubic crystal structure in the form of atomic vibrations called phonons. In condensed-matter physics, a phonon is a unit of vibrational energy that arises from oscillating atoms within a crystal. Heat energy zips right through diamond’s crystal lattice.    Electrons, however, can’t travel through diamonds at all. This makes them electrically non conductive, in other words an insulator. Combine high thermal conductivity with zero electrical conductivity and you get a material that’s perfect for dissipating heat away from sensitive electronics. Electrical engineers use diamond to quickly and efficiently channel heat away from sensitive circuitry. These components, called diamond heat spreaders, are used in satellites, airplanes, and other equipment that must endure extreme conditions. They’re also used in high-performance computing, LED lighting systems, electric vehicles, radiofrequency (RF) transmitters, and high-power lasers.     These diamond heat spreaders aren’t made of naturally occurring diamonds, they’re made in a lab. Powerful microwaves blast methane gas, releasing carbon atoms that crystalize around a seed layer of diamond. A diamond wafer grows slowly over time and can then be cut using lasers or other cutting tools with diamond surfaces. Diamond heat spreaders are usually just a few millimeters thick and are placed placed between heat-generating electronic components and larger passive radiators made from other materials like Silicon carbide, copper, or aluminum. Heat passes quickly through the diamond, then into the larger radiator to dissipate further.   Diamond’s other amazing properties make it perfect for extreme conditions. It’s essentially immune to corrosion and resists a wide variety of acids and other chemicals. It can also withstand incredible temperatures.   All of these properties make diamond a dream material for electrical engineers. When mixed or “doped” with other elements like boron, diamond becomes a super semiconductor. Unlike silicon semiconductors, it can withstand tremendous heat and high-frequency, high-power electricity. This makes for more efficient, smaller high-power electronics in power grids, EVs, and more. But unfortunately diamond semiconductors are extremely expensive and difficult to make. Ookuma Diamond Device in Japan, however, has been working on diamond-based semiconductors for decades and is making devices for measuring radioactivity in hazardous environments. The company’s first production facility, and the world’s first dedicated manufacturing base for diamond semiconductors, is planned for Fukushima Prefecture. The organization is also working with Hokkaido University, the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), the National Institute of Technology, and Fukushima College to develop diamond microprocessors and memory devices. They expect these devices to be used in nuclear decommissioning and space applications.   Diamond definitely has amazing physical properties, but it remains an exotic material despite recent advances in manufacturing techniques. The world of diamond skyscrapers described in Stephensen’s Diamond Age is still far from reality. Hopefully one day engineers will develop an efficient, effective molecular manufacturing or crystallographic technique that can be used to make diamonds in any shape, but for now we’re stuck with slow, energy intensive, persnickety methods. Still, without those methods, scientists wouldn’t have access to amazing equipment like the James Webb space telescope and more.

  3. 06/28/2020

    Is wood the building material of the future?

    A new treatment process could make wood stronger than steel. In 1940 the de Havilland aircraft company introduced the Mosquito—a combat aircraft made almost entirely out of wood. A few years later the famously fastidious Howard Huges built the Spruce Goose out of, well, spruce (and other woods). In the ‘60s the British automotive manufacturer Marcos built its GT car using mostly plywood. Tons of other manufacturers have made aircraft, boats, and cars using wood or wood composites. But why isn’t wood construction more mainstream? Cars are steel (or aluminum). Bikes are steel (or aluminum). Skyscrapers and warehouses have bones of cold, hard steel. The stuff is simply stronger and tougher than wood. Until now.  Materials scientist Liangbing Hu at the University of Maryland has invented a method of treating wood that makes it stronger than steel, and even some titanium alloys. If their methods are proven out, we could see more cars, planes, and even skyscrapers built out of wood. It could reduce our reliance on energy-intensive steel and aluminum, giving us a low-carbon alternative.  Wait, what’s all this about carbon? I’m just going out on a limb here, but it’s becoming more and more clear that we need to actively reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Growing trees is a great way to do it. If wood can be a good alternative to steel, there’s even more incentive to grow more trees. And once that carbon is locked away in wood, it’s not going back into the atmosphere—unless you burn it. But I’m getting ahead of myself. Let’s leave this alone for now. So how does this special treatment work? First they boil the wood in a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfite. This boil removes some of the lignin and hemicellulose polymers in the wood, but leaves the cellulose intact. And cellulose is the strong stuff you want to keep around. After the boil the researchers compress and heat the wood, making a much more dense version of the original thing. The cellulose fibers actually fuse together on a molecular level, creating a material that’s much stronger than the original. The stuff is three times as dense as regular wood, fifty times more resistant to compression and just about 20 times stiffer.  In simulated tests the new compressed wood actually stopped bullets. It’s not as tough as traditional kevlar armor, but it’s only about a fifth of the cost.  So what else could you do with this new compressed wood? It’s strong enough to be used in cars (just like that Marcos), buildings, airplanes, whatever. It would be cheaper and lighter than steel, and it would be totally renewable. Sure, you can melt steel down and use it again, but it’s an energy intensive process. Need more wood? Plant some trees. If you plan it right, you could grow more than enough to meet manufacturers needs. Plus, trees are a carbon sink. Remember that bit about climate change earlier? One great way to reduce carbon concentrations is by planting trees. Sure, it takes a while, but trees capture and hold on to a lot of carbon.  Hu would like to work with engineers to scale up his new process to make it commercially viable. Who knows, maybe in the future your Tesla will be made largely from wood.  I stole this story from author Sid Perkins in Scientific American. Go give it a read. Sid goes into more detail about the chemical process and explores a few other futuristic materials made out of wood—including transparent wood.

    Is wood the building material of the future?

Ratings & Reviews

4.7
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About

This is a science show by reporter and author Dustin Driver.