The Catholic Thing

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The Catholic Thing is a daily column rooted in the richest cultural tradition in the world, i.e., the concrete historical reality of Catholicism.

  1. 7h ago

    The Assumption: A Feast of Doctrinal Development

    By Michael Pakaluk Why debate what the development of doctrine looked like in distant eras of Church history when we have three instances in front of us, two of which were seen and commented upon by that great Saint of Development, John Henry Newman? By "right in front of us," I mean the extended present of the Church's self-consciousness, which reaches back to Pius IX's definition of the Immaculate Conception in 1854, the First Vatican Council's definition of papal infallibility in 1870, and Pius XII's definition of the Assumption in 1950. These are three examples of the Church developing its doctrine. That is why today's Feast may be viewed not simply as teaching a truth, that Mary was assumed body and soul into heaven, but also as exemplifying a truth about what development amounts to. More than examples, they are paradigms, that is, examples which serve as standards. We hear a lot from some clerics about "paradigm shifts" in the Church's teaching. These men are using "paradigm" in Thomas Kuhn's sense of a conceptual framework. When one such paradigm is replaced by another, Kuhn said, there is no continuity between the older and the newer frameworks. What Newton meant by "force," for instance, is not the same as what Einstein meant by "force," although the words are the same. But the older and original meaning of a paradigm is an example that serves as a standard, such as when (perhaps) you learned amo, amas, amat as a paradigm of first conjugation verbs in Latin. "You want to construe laudamus?" The teacher says, "Look to your paradigm." These paradigms of development point to sameness, not difference, in the Church's teaching. They teach that the crucial move in development is not "we used to believe this, but now we believe this," but rather, "we see that we have believed this all along." To develop, in the first instance, is to define explicitly and sharply what was held implicitly and, to some extent, inchoately. It is to make uniform what was left in rough form, and it is to make binding on all what formerly was held in the manner of a loose "consensus." In the second instance, it is to become clear that one doctrine, not yet defined, has belonged to the same family as others, already defined. In a letter to J.D. Dalgairns on January 22, 1855, Newman says that he has received a copy of Pope Pius IX's Bull on the Immaculate Conception. He quotes the key words in Latin (here in translation), underlining some: "We declare, pronounce, and define that the doctrine which holds that the most Blessed Virgin Mary, in the first instance of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege granted by Almighty God, in view of the merits of Jesus Christ, the Savior of the human race, was preserved free from all stain of original sin, is a doctrine revealed by God and therefore to be believed firmly and constantly by all the faithful." He says that the words seem to leave open precisely how she was so preserved: he does not think the definition endorses Scotus's view that the work of the Redemption was applied to Mary retroactively. And then he adds, "It is remarkable that the Bull does not define the doctrine, but defines that it is revealed, and therefore of faith." That is to say, all that the pope does is transfer a truth from "believed" to "needing to be believed." In various places he says that he finds, when he reflects upon the matter, that he has always believed this truth: "it really does seem to me bound up in the doctrine of the Fathers, that Mary is the second Eve," he writes in his Letter to Pusey. Newman's problem becomes, then, to explain why Anglican Christians of goodwill do not, likewise, already hold it. He finds two reasons. The first is that they confuse active and passive conception: the doctrine is not that Anne conceived Mary in a way that would not have passed on Original Sin (active immaculate conception, a heresy), but rather that Original Sin would have been passed on to Mary, except for a singular ...

  2. 1d ago

    In Praise of Notre Dame's John Cavadini

    By Christopher Kaczor Who is Notre Dame's MVP? I don't mean the Most Valuable Player on the football team. I mean the Most Valuable Professor on the faculty. If there is any justice on earth, John Cavadini deserves that honor. At a time when many complain of poor university teachers and defections from Catholic truth, he has excelled not just for one season, but for over thirty years. More than any single person during that period, he has preserved and transformed Notre Dame and the Church for the better. Cavadini earned his Ph.D. in 1988 from Yale University. As a grad student, he rose before dawn to work as a garbage collector to support his growing family. It happened that one day, one of his Yale professors spoke to him amidst a group of other Yale professors and grad students: "John, you do fantastic work." Waiting to hear praise about his insight into Augustine or his exegesis of Origen, John heard the professor continue, "You always put the lids on the cans and return the cans right where they go." Indeed, the other garbage collectors also recognized his talent and elected him the president of their union. As they used to say, "Business is picking up." In 1990, he joined the Notre Dame Department of Theology and retired from collecting garbage (mostly). I met John in his class on ancient Christianity in the Fall of 1992 and again for a class on Augustine of Hippo. When speaking in class to his students, he called us "friends," and he meant it. Like an older and wiser friend, he mentored us, challenged us, and nurtured us. He invited our entire class of more than 20 students to his house to share an Italian dinner and meet his wife Nancy and his seven children. But I didn't know then, nobody knew then, how important John Cavadini would become not just to his students, but to the Department of Theology, to the University of Notre Dame, and to the wider Church. In 1997, he was appointed chair of the Department of Theology, the first chair who was not an ordained priest. At this time, the overwhelming majority of Notre Dame's theology faculty wanted to relax, abolish, or paint over in beige what is distinctive, weird, and challenging about Catholicism. These faculty thought they would fulfill the "spirit of the Council" by pushing the Church of Rome to become like the Church of England. In academia, few things are more difficult than changing the orientation of a large department full of tenured professors. The professors determine who is hired, and they almost always want to hire scholars who think in similar ways to themselves. But as chair, from 1997 to 2010, John hired experts in Newman, von Balthasar, Ratzinger, Irenaeus, Ignatius of Antioch, and Gregory of Nazianzus. Cavadini advocated for an intellectually rigorous, historically informed, and vibrant Catholicism. Despite all odds, he transformed the department. The nourishing fruits of these changes have been astounding. By contrast with the theology departments at other Catholic universities which are in crisis – with few majors and minors – the theology department at Notre Dame has 306 majors and 585 minors, a full 10 percent of the student body. They have hit record highs for ten straight years. Unlike departments that have changed in reality from Catholic theology to secular religious studies, the Notre Dame Department of Theology is actually a department of theology. This strengthening in faith has happened with a corresponding increase in reputation. The Notre Dame theology department is currently ranked number one in the world, ahead of Harvard, Oxford, Princeton, and Yale. If you are interested in the question, "How can a Department of Theology achieve top rankings given the dominant intellectual trends that are ranged against it?" you can read Cavadini's "6 Easy Rules for Achieving a Top Ranking." The transformation of the Notre Dame theology department alone is enough to merit MVP status for Cavadini. But in 2000, Cavadini also became Director of the Mc...

  3. 2d ago

    The Choices We Should Make

    By John M. Grondelski The Institute for Family Studies just released "The Demographic Dead End: Without Action, American Population Will Soon Decline," the most recent of many studies pointing to the impending cataclysm for Western societies from extended periods of below-replacement fertility rates. The IFS study is hardly unique: more and more people and institutions are talking about population decline and aging societies. Despite the handwringing, however, few politicians or other public figures are doing much about it, and their suggested solutions are polarized: the Left mostly proposes importing Third World "replacement" populations, especially to do hard work, while the Right recommends helping the market's "invisible hand" with pro-natalist government subsidies. Both sides fail to recognize a basic postulate of Pope St. John Paul II's thought: Culture is upstream from politics and economics. We are not going to fix our demographic dearth without first fixing our culture. And that means grappling hard with the "ethic of choice." Liberal Western societies enshrine free "choice" as a basic value. The United States, in particular, has long espoused laissez-faire choice. But that embrace of choice was tempered in our societies by other cultural factors. American society, when it was still shaped by mainline Protestantism (with a Catholic immigrant minority), tempered unfettered choice with moral norms. Even in Western societies that consciously sought to tear up their religious roots, e.g., France laïque, Christian cultural holdovers kept partially in check the worst impulses of free-ranging choice, not least because of their concrete experience of what happens – e.g., the Reign of Terror – when those checks were ignored. Those societies are largely gone. Secularization has dissipated cultural Christianity, even in America to a large degree. Many Christian denominations have abandoned normative goods: take a look at the fractures, mostly over sex, in the American Protestant Mainline. There are also those in Catholicism who would like to accompany those neo-Protestant Pied Pipers. And contrary to charges that opposing those infidelities is importing "pelvic theology" into a Christianity that has "moved on" to "more serious" matters, pelvic matters are hardly incidental inasmuch as no one would exist without them. Mainstream Christianity recognized that people had choices. But there are good choices and evil choices, whose value depends not on the intention of the doer but the nature of what is chosen. That was before the dominance of what Joseph Ratzinger called "the dictatorship of relativism," a phenomenon fostered by modern philosophy's resistance to recognizing normative good and evil, abetted by a flaccid "Christianity," concealing its cowardice behind the seemingly virtuous phrase, "Who am I to judge?" Alongside that relativization of the good came the exaltation of freedom. Atheistic existentialism, especially post-Sartre and Camus, shifted the very role of freedom. Free choice, not pre-existing reality, became constitutive of the good. Rather than making the good (or evil) mine, freedom now made morally amorphous acts "good." We got "my good" and "your good" but not "the good." (The previous president of Harvard, fired after disastrous testimony in front of Congress about antisemitism, lamely complained that she hadn't been able to express "my good.") That redefinition of choice has had profound consequences for children. Instead of being a gift of God received as good, children now became "choices." The whole abortion ethic in the United States (and much of the Western world) was grounded in an ethic of "a woman's choice." If she chose to continue her baby's life, that was good, but if she chose to end it, that was good, too. Pro-life bumper stickers captured a deep truth: "It's a child, not a choice." The ontological dignity of every child (the fundamental truth of our being made in the image and likeness of G...

  4. 3d ago

    The Powerlessness of Power

    By Robert Royal I've been in Central Europe for the past few weeks for two educational projects, one that will celebrate its twenty-fifth anniversary in 2026 and another that's just beginning. Both of them, though I left Washington thinking I was too tired to keep it up and really should be taking some vacation time, gave me – to put it simply but truly – hope. I've been teaching in and running the Slovak Summer Seminar on the Free Society for about twenty years. My friend Michael Novak founded it and left it to me when health problems started to hamper him. We both have family ties to Slovakia, and the point of the project at the start was, after the fall of Communism, to help form students in Central and Eastern Europe – but also students from America who make up half of each session – in ideas of what it takes to preserve a free political, economic, and moral/cultural order – the tripartite division of Novak's classic The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism. A quarter century later, with the bizarre rise of the Democratic Socialists of America and similar aberrations in the comfortable but precarious societies of Western Europe, the need is, if anything, of renewed urgency. It may seem hopeless with the rise of partisan polarization throughout the West, but in such circumstances, we have to play the long game: to keep reminding people that foundational principles closely associated with the Judeo-Christian tradition are the only things that truly underwrite our freedom and dignity. Not charismatic politicians. Not political parties. Not even sheer military power. And sometimes the long game – as with St. John Paul II, with the assistance of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher – can turn into the short game, and lead to the sudden downfall of powerful tyrannies, such as bringing about the end of the Soviet Union, which no one, humanly speaking, could have predicted. The great Czech writer and dissident Václav Havel – later president of the Czechs after Communism – wrote an often-quoted article about the "Power of the Powerless." But you might refocus that article, too, to say that in the long run, against the power of truth, power itself is powerless. It showed itself in the failure of Soviet power when confronted with moral and physical virtue in the Cold War. Our European alumni have gone on to influential posts in the European Union and national governments, business and journalism, and even founded educational enterprises of their own. And the Americans typically leave with a much richer understanding of the history of our Western nations and – my even greater hope – with a deep sense of friendship with their fellow students from Slovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Croatia, Portugal, Ireland, Italy, England, Canada, Australia, Latin America, and even as far away as the Philippines. And this year we moved into something quite new that also has certain resonances even for people in the United States. We tacked on a new program to the old one, what we are calling Enrichment Days, in the Eastern Slovak city of Košice, not far from where Slovakia, Ukraine, and Hungary all come together, with the hope of how Eastern and Western Catholics might mutually enrich one another. Several interesting themes emerged. We organized this in cooperation with the Greek Catholic archbishop of Košice. Greek Catholicism is loyal to Rome, in union with the pope, but has its own beautiful and strong Eastern traditions of liturgy, prayer, and spirituality. Their "Mass," for example, is similar to the liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, like the Orthodox, but it is chanted in the vernacular language – Slovak, and also Ukrainian and Hungarian Greek Catholic parishes, which celebrate the Catholic liturgy in their own languages. There is – notably – none of the bitterness over the celebration of Old vs. New Rite, or the use of Old Church Slavonic vs. the vernacular, such as we see in the Latin Church these days with regards to the Traditional Latin Mass. And what ...

  5. 4d ago

    What Is Beautiful? What Is Ugly?

    By Brad Miner In the Mile End Road, opposite to the London Hospital, there was . . . a vacant greengrocer's which was to let. The whole of the front of the shop, with the exception of the door, was hidden by a hanging sheet of canvas on which was the announcement that the Elephant Man was to be seen within . . . – from The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences by Frederick Treves (1923) I am not here concerned with moral matters, as in the beauty of the virtues – of love or of honor. This is about the human experience of physical objects and of sensory impressions – of faces and bodies; of art and music; and tastes and smells. And about the sensory differences between the beautiful and the ugly. My first observation is that the perfect is the enemy of the good. That phrase was popularized by Voltaire, who got it from an earlier 17th-century Italian source, Il meglio è l'inimico del bene, which is the more plausible, "The best is the enemy of the good." Better because perfection exists only in God. Augustine saw beauty as the materialization of the good. On the sixth day of Creation, "God saw all the things that he had made, and they were very good." Aquinas was of a mind with Augustine and, especially, with Aristotle in seeing beauty as integritas (wholeness), consonantia (harmony), claritas (radiance). For me, however, integritas, which is also understood as "perfection," is problematic. Many continue to accept that formula. I do not, but that's not because I deny the classical conception. I think proportion, radiance, balance, etc.– all this passion for symmetry and order is fine, because when you see that in a face, for instance, you viscerally know beauty. Or ugly when the qualities are missing. I'll make this personal. This is true whether we're looking at a beautiful human face (above) or an ugly skyscraper. I live just north of New York City's borough of Manhattan, which has been (and seems always to be) undergoing a construction boom, and some of the new buildings aren't beautiful and suggest a revival of Brutalist architecture. Manhattan embraces ugly in part because buildings must be tall and straight to accommodate the millions of people who live and work there. Much of Washington, D.C. and Paris, France, remain lovely because laws protect their mostly horizontal skylines, the Washington Monument and the Eiffel Tower notwithstanding. And they are the only exceptions. Speaking of tall and straight in New York City, consider 111 West 57th Street. It's 300 feet shy of being as tall as One World Trade Center (1WTC) in Lower Manhattan, which is the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere. My friend George Marlin, former Executive Director of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey some years before the 9/11 attacks, told me that in his office high in the North Tower, you could feel the building sway in strong winds. Imagine what it's like at 111 West 57th, where the width-to-height ratio is 1:24. The old North Tower was 1:6.5, and today's 1WTC is 1:8.88. 111 West 57th is ugly and scary. There's a Japanese concept that's interesting in this regard: Wabi-sabi. The etymology of Wabi is rooted in the rustic simplicity of a life lived close to nature, through the observation of simple things: of a smooth, time-worn stone, even if irregular in shape, shining in the rippling water of a stream. It's "the quiet, understated beauty found in humble, irregular things." Sabi is "the beauty and serenity that comes with age, wear, and weathering," as in the face of an older woman – whose white hair and facial lines make her all the more alluring, as in the photo below. It must be noted that art need not be beautiful. As there is ugliness in the world, there will be ugliness in art, and that's hardly a profound statement, just a simple fact. Yes, but sin is ugly because it distorts beauty, and, therefore, ugliness is everywhere, which is why some modern art celebrates ugliness. Classically, ugliness was also defined as the...

  6. 5d ago

    How to be a Dhimmi

    By Francis X. Maier In late July, some 60,000 migrants surged into the Spanish North African enclave of Ceuta from Morocco. The migrants were mainly young males. And since 99 percent of Moroccans practice Islam, most were almost certainly Muslim. Ceuta is not a Spanish colony. It's an "autonomous city" integral to the Spanish state, with Spanish sovereignty dating back to 1580. It's thus a (hoped for) gateway to the European Union, and a priority target of "undocumented" immigration. Spanish police pushed most of the migrants back across the border. They left behind – as the Wall Street Journal noted – a normally tranquil city stunned by the chaos. All of this is now old news. But what sticks in the memory is the response of the Spanish Church: an ambiguous mix of concern for the law; concern for Ceuta's traumatized legal residents; and a vigorous worry that the incident might be used as a "political weapon" to polarize public opinion, demonize migrants, and "stoke fear." To the latter concern – the treatment of migrants – we'll return in a moment. But first, some background and context. Jacques Ellul (d. 1994) was a distinguished French philosopher and scholar of history and sociology. He was active in the French Resistance during World War II, helping Jews escape the pro-Nazi Vichy regime. He's best remembered for his many books, including masterworks like The Technological Society and Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes. He was also a committed (Calvinist) Christian and a lay theologian in the Reformed Church of France. And in that role, he was an articulate critic of Islam and the emerging prospect of an "Islamized" Europe. Ellul is inconvenient for today's secular narrative. We live in a moment when Europe's elites have repudiated the continent's Christian past, while revising history to soften and valorize many elements of Islam. Christian thinkers, meanwhile, often minimize the gulfs that separate Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in a search for mutual respect. Public voices who fail to jump on the bandwagon are branded as "racist" like Jean Raspail (see here), or "alarmist and Islamophobic" like Michel Houellebecq (for his novel Submission), or lacking in academic gravity, like the scholar Bat Ye'or (see below). Ellul, were he alive, could not be so easily dismissed. His robust critique of Islam can be found in two of his books, here and here. Simply put, he argues that the three great "monotheistic" religions have very different understandings of God, each other, and the human person. They do not share a common grounding in Abraham. And they do not relate to their Scriptures in a similar way. This same point is carried forward today by the Ratzinger Prize-winning French Catholic philosopher Rémi Brague. And it has very practical, real-world consequences. Ellul especially criticized what he saw as an irreformable totalitarian streak in Islam based on a claimed divine right. This led to Islam's introduction of the concept of "holy war" into religious thought. And this, in turn, triggered the Christian notion of "crusade" as a response. For Islam, violence and coercion – when seen as necessary – are legitimate tools in spreading the faith. They're hardwired into Islam's original structure in a way completely alien to Christianity. As Ellul notes, this has rarely stopped Christians from ignoring their own beliefs in the pursuit of self-interest. But in their fundamental attitudes toward religious violence, the two faiths have very different DNA. For our purposes here, some of Ellul's key thoughts about Islam appear in his preface to The Dhimmi and his foreword to The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam, both written by the Jewish scholar Bat Ye'or (the pen name of Gisèle Littman). The great value of each book is its thoroughly researched study of dhimmi life through the centuries. The dhimmis were and are non-Muslim persons living under Islamic rule. Today much is made of Muslim "tolerance" toward Jew...

  7. 6d ago

    Cathedrals Old and New

    By K.E. Colombini On a trip back home to Southern California, I had the opportunity to visit the church of my baptism, my "mother church," as they say. When I became Catholic at the age of twelve, in April 1976, Holy Family, in the city of Orange, had just the previous month become the cathedral for the new diocese south of Los Angeles. Not much seemed different with the passing of nearly half a century, yet the evolution of the cathedral for the Diocese of Orange in the intervening years is itself an interesting story. There was nothing spectacular about Holy Family, which was built in the late 1950s, and I don't know why it was selected as the first cathedral for the diocese. In the early 2000s, there was a move by the bishop at that time to build a new, larger cathedral in Santa Ana. His ambition for a seat worthy of his see had a price tag of $200 million, but the timing was bad, with the Church's sex-abuse scandal hitting the diocese hard in those days. Another opportunity presented itself in 2010 when Crystal Cathedral Ministries, founded by televangelist Robert Schuller, declared bankruptcy. The Orange Diocese acquired the modern Philip Johnson-designed Crystal Cathedral complex the following year, and extensive renovations led to the 2019 opening of the newly christened Christ Cathedral. Sitting in a pew at Holy Family, now just a humble parish church again, I was grateful for it, and what it meant and still means to me. Married and with a growing family, I moved out of Orange County to Sacramento in October 1990. I won't forget Holy Family, even though I had not been there in decades. During the 1990s, I worked in downtown Sacramento, where the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, built in 1889, sits a stone's throw from the State Capitol, City Hall, and the heart of the city. It was a frequent refuge for me, with weekday Masses at noon drawing a large group of office workers. In those days, Bishop Francis Quinn lived in the rectory next to the cathedral, and I've always thought this to be a far better arrangement than, say, a suburban home. A bishop should have a strong presence at his cathedral, as Quinn showed admirably when, in April 1993, a gunman killed two workers at the downtown library, a few blocks away from the cathedral, before being killed himself by police. Quinn was on hand quickly to administer last rites himself and comfort those on the scene, and an image of him doing so was spread across several columns of the next day's front page of the Sacramento Bee. This is the sort of pastoral visibility that is important for the Church, and which we rarely see in our prelates. Under Quinn's successor, William Weigand, a top-to-bottom renovation of Blessed Sacrament was completed in 2005 at a cost of $34 million. Just from an aesthetic point of view -and discounting needed repair – it was sorely needed; the interior could be dark and dreary. This project opened it up and created a beautiful, light-filled space and a sanctuary worthy of a cathedral, especially one in a capital city. When one first sees the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, it is easy to be awed by its Romanesque enormousness, with a dome one hundred and fifty feet high, worthily attesting to the significance of a city that was once the fourth largest in the nation. What's hard to believe is that it is half its originally intended size. In the late nineteenth century, St. Louis Archbishop John Kain acquired land for the cathedral, but efforts were stalled by a tornado in 1896 that killed more than 250. Money that was intended for the cathedral was reallocated to tornado relief, and construction plans were delayed and downsized. After the success of the 1904 World's Fair, the project began anew, with construction completed in 1914. The cathedral's interior mosaics, one of the largest collections in the world, were not completed until 1988. Our cathedral basilica may be over a century old, but in St. Louis we refer to it as the "New Cathedral...

  8. Aug 8

    Vouchers and Vaccines

    By Daniel Guernsey The state of Florida is threatening to pull over a billion dollars of school choice funds from Catholic schools because those schools refuse to admit unvaccinated children in obedience to the policy of the Florida Catholic Conference. The Florida Attorney General's notice to the Conference urges it to respect the conscience rights of those Florida citizens who do not want to give their children vaccines derived from aborted fetal tissue. The notice requires clarification of the Conference's religious basis for denying conscience exemptions by yesterday (August 7th). The Florida Catholic Conference has held that, because the state's bishops believe any relationship between vaccines and abortion is so distant and slim, the vaccines are morally acceptable. Since there is no reason for anyone to object to vaccines according to Catholic doctrine, Catholic schools should not grant religious exemptions. While this situation is complex, the Catholic tradition has a framework which can help resolve it. Pius XI's 1929 encyclical, Of That Divine Teacher (Divini Illius Magistri ), offers a helpful summary. It identifies three necessary societies: family, state, and Church. Each has distinct rights and responsibilities. The family, by natural and divine law, has the primary responsibility and most intimate care of the child, including education and health – although the family cannot violate the natural or divine law. The state has the right and duty to assist the family in accessing services it cannot reasonably provide for itself, such as comprehensive education and basic public health and security. The Church has the divine right and duty to ensure the spiritual and moral well-being of all humanity and provide definitive guidance on moral and religious matters. In applying the rights and duties of each society in this case, we stay faithful to the old notion that to have a right to do something does not necessarily make it the right thing to do: First, parents have the right and responsibility to oversee immunizations for their children. The state should provide basic access and medical guidance, and the Church should provide moral guidance to inform parents, but coercion usurps the parents' role. Second, the state has the right and responsibility to provide funding for its citizens to attend the schools of their choice and to ensure public health. It must act morally in exercising these powers. The state may collect taxes to do this, and it may set up the definitions and rules necessary to promote these functions. In the Florida case, the state can determine that citizens must be allowed vaccine exemptions, and it can define and interpret them. Some legal experts assert that the law often defines religious or conscience exemption in broad terms. It does not need to be limited to a particular doctrinal clause or formal point, but it can include general religious motivation related to a topic. A citizen should not need a ruling from a religious authority to object to vaccines on a religious basis. The State of Florida has decided that exemptions should be granted to those citizens who want absolutely nothing to do with abortion-affiliated vaccines, no matter how distant, in their children's bodies. This is within the state's rights and duties. And third, the Church has a right to speak definitively on matters of morality. She also has the right to refuse admittance to Catholic schools to those who do not share its religious or moral precepts. In this case, the Church has made two relevant and binding moral claims. First, there is no moral prohibition against using the required vaccines, as the abortion link is so distant. Second, "Vaccination is not, as a rule, a moral obligation and therefore must be voluntary" (Vatican Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith in a 2020 statement). The Church, therefore, teaches that vaccines are neither required nor forbidden. Florida's vaccination exemption does not appear to con...

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