Peter Leithart and James Wood sit down with Michael R.J. Bonner for a conversation on liberalism, Christianity, freedom, secularism, Iran, and the theological roots of the modern political order. Michael R.J. Bonner is a scholar, writer, and political consultant based in Ontario. He received his DPhil from the University of Oxford and has written widely on Iranian history, especially the Sasanian Empire and late antiquity. His books include In Defense of Civilization and The Crisis of Liberalism: The Origin and Destiny of Freedom. In this conversation, Bonner discusses The Crisis of Liberalism, arguing that liberalism is far more difficult to define, defend, and sustain than many of its champions assume. At its heart, Bonner suggests, liberalism is a political commitment to personal freedom, but that commitment rests on deeper assumptions about human equality, free will, individual autonomy, historical progress, and the separation of religion from the secular realm. Drawing on John Gray, Francis Fukuyama, John Locke, scholastic theology, and the Böckenförde dilemma, Bonner argues that liberalism depends on Christian theological claims that it cannot finally justify on its own. The conversation also explores the contested Christian roots of liberalism, including debates over free will, Pelagianism, Franciscan voluntarism, nominalism, human equality, and the image of God. Leithart, Wood, and Bonner consider whether liberalism’s dependence on Christianity is a strength, a problem, or both. Along the way, they discuss Western and Iranian political imagination, Zoroastrianism and the Sasanian Empire, secularism as a Christian inheritance, Hobbes, Kant, Comte’s religion of humanity, woke liberal catechisms, Orthodox political theology, symphonia, the Investiture Controversy, and whether liberalism can recover a meaningful account of what freedom is for. To Give to Theopolis, click HERE. Get the Theopolis App, HERE. Use Code "theopolitan" to get your first month free! Sign up for In Medias Res, HERE.
