How do you conserve some of South America’s most elusive mammals while working alongside ranchers, indigenous communities, beekeepers, and local governments? In this episode of The Think Wildlife Podcast, we are joined by Dr. Arnaud Desbiez, Founder and President of the Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres (ICAS), to explore over two decades of pioneering wildlife conservation and biodiversity conservation in Brazil. Dr. Desbiez introduces listeners to two extraordinary yet overlooked species—the giant armadillo and the giant anteater—whose ecological importance extends far beyond their rarity. As true ecosystem engineers, giant armadillos create extensive burrow systems that provide shelter for hundreds of other species, making them a keystone component of healthy tropical ecosystems. Giant anteaters, meanwhile, are among South America’s most distinctive tropical mammals, yet face increasing threats from habitat loss, wildlife vehicle collisions, wildfires, pesticides, and fragmentation. The conversation begins with Dr. Desbiez’s journey from France to Brazil before diving into the remarkable Pantanal, the world’s largest freshwater wetland and one of the planet’s most spectacular wetland conservation landscapes. He explains why the Pantanal, Cerrado, Amazon rainforest, Atlantic Forest, and Chaco together support exceptional South American wildlife, while also facing mounting pressures from Amazon deforestation, climate change, altered rainfall, El Niño, devastating Pantanal fires, and expanding agricultural development. We then explore decades of research on giant armadillo conservation and giant anteater conservation, including discoveries about their ecology, reproduction, habitat requirements, genetics, and behaviour. Dr. Desbiez explains why road ecology has become one of the greatest conservation challenges for giant anteaters and demonstrates how wildlife underpasses, wildlife fencing, and other road mitigation structures dramatically reduce wildlife roadkill and wildlife vehicle collisions while improving safety for both people and wildlife. Beyond species research, this episode highlights innovative examples of community conservation and community-based conservation. Learn how ICAS works with ranchers, indigenous communities, and beekeepers to promote human-wildlife coexistence, reduce conflict, improve honey production, restore habitats, reconnect fragmented landscapes, and develop practical conservation solutions that benefit both biodiversity and local livelihoods. These projects demonstrate how One Health, conservation education, community engagement, and sustainable livelihoods can strengthen long-term ecosystem conservation. Dr. Desbiez also discusses the importance of landscape conservation, habitat connectivity, forest restoration, wildlife corridors, and long-term ecological research for ensuring the future of Brazil’s remarkable mammals. Throughout the conversation, he emphasises that successful conservation science must combine rigorous research, biodiversity monitoring, wildlife monitoring, camera trapping, radio telemetry, policy engagement, and partnerships with the people who share landscapes with wildlife every day. Timestamps 00:00 Introduction00:47 Meet Dr. Arnaud Desbiez (ICAS)00:53 Journey into Wildlife Conservation02:29 The Pantanal: South America’s Greatest Wetland04:55 Climate Change, Amazon Deforestation & Pantanal Fires07:40 ICAS: Instituto de Conservação de Animais Silvestres08:36 Giant Anteater Conservation09:30 Roadkill, Wildlife Crossings & Underpasses13:17 Giant Armadillos: South America’s Ecosystem Engineers15:34 Threats to Giant Armadillos16:42 The Giant Armadillo & Honey Project18:44 ICAS Conservation Across Four Brazilian Biomes22:48 Ranchers, Communities & One Health Conservation24:10 The Biggest Challenges Facing Conservation Today25:44 Favourite Field Moments with Giant Armadillos & Anteaters26:41 How to Support ICAS27:36 Thanks for Listening #GiantArmadillo #GiantAnteater #GiantArmadilloConservation #GiantAnteaterConservation #Pantanal #PantanalWildlife #PantanalConservation #BrazilianWildlife #BrazilBiodiversity #SouthAmericanWildlife #SouthAmericaBiodiversity #WildlifeConservation #BiodiversityConservation #EcosystemEngineers #CommunityConservation #CommunityBasedConservation #HumanWildlifeCoexistence #OneHealth #RoadEcology #WildlifeVehicleCollisions #WildlifeRoadkill #WildlifeUnderpasses #HabitatLoss #ClimateChange #AmazonDeforestation #WetlandConservation #ForestRestoration #WildlifeCorridors #ConservationScience #SpeciesRecovery Get full access to The Think Wildlife Podcast at anishbanerjee.substack.com/subscribe