Curiosity Curated

Zong Wang

5.0 (2)
Education

Welcome to Curiosity Curated, where thinking for yourself comes first. In a world of fast content, here things slow down—so you can explore ideas that challenge, inform, and inspire. I share thought-provoking insights. Not because I agree with everything, but because curiosity fuels understanding. I don’t expect you to share my reading taste, but I choose books that matter in the real world. You decide what resonates and sticks. Let’s dive in.

Aug 25

S21E1 - The Hidden Power of Industrial Capacity

You are listening to Curiosity Curated. I am Zong. A ship is taking shape inside a shipyard. Steel sections are being joined together. Cranes move overhead. Workers fit machinery and systems into spaces that, from the ground, seem impossibly large. Slowly, almost piece by piece, something begins to emerge that is capable of crossing an ocean and carrying thousands of tons of cargo. But the remarkable thing isn't really the ship. It's everything that has to exist before the ship can be built. It needs steel. Engines. Electrical equipment. Machine tools. Engineers and skilled workers. Ports and logistics. Suppliers that know how to deliver the right component at the right time. And, perhaps most importantly, decades of accumulated knowledge about how all of these pieces fit together. A shipyard, in other words, is not simply a factory. It is the visible part of a much larger industrial system. And today, that system has become a subject of growing strategic attention, which raises a question that goes far beyond ships: What happens when the ability to make things becomes a form of power, and when that ability takes decades to build, but can erode or even disappear much faster? That is the story of industrial capacity. 00:10 Episode Intro 02:23 Ships Are the Clue 05:07 What is Industrial Capacity? 09:08 How Capacity Accumulates 17:18 How Capacity Erodes 26:27 Why Governments Intervene 36:44 The Hidden Limits of Capacity 40:55 Why Capacity Matters Sources: UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Review of Maritime Transport 2025: Staying the Course in Turbulent Waters. J. Y. Kang, Song Kim, Hugh Murphy, and Stig Tenold. British Financial, Managerial and Technical Assistance in Establishing the Global Shipbuilding Giant, Hyundai Heavy Industries. Patrick McGee. Apple in China. Mario Draghi. The Future of European Competitiveness. Simon J. Evenett, Adam Jakubik, Fernando Martín, and Michele Ruta. The Return of Industrial Policy in Data. U.S. Department of Energy. Large Power Transformer Resilience: Report to Congress. NASA. NASA News & Notes, Vol. 36, No. 2. Airbus. 50th Anniversary of the First Flight of the Airbus A300. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Mobilization. Music: “Distant Signals” by Ethan Sloan (Epidemic Sound) “Calling” by Ooyy (Epidemic Sound) “Between Moments” by Amber Glow (Epidemic Sound) “Separate” by Everything (Epidemic Sound) “Wilderness” by Hanna Lindgren (Epidemic Sound) “Depths Emerging” by Hanna Lindgren (Epidemic Sound) “CHALLENGER” by Binary Echoes / Cherry The Penguin (Epidemic Sound) “Waves of Time” by Amber Glow (Epidemic Sound) “PAUS” by 369 (Epidemic Sound) “Who Am I” by Dario Lupo For any feedback, please contact: cur2zong@gmail.com 前往小宇宙评论区与主播互动
Aug 25

S21E1 (CN) - 工业产能：看不见的力量

您正在收听的是Curiosity Curated。我是Zong。船厂里，一艘船正逐步成形。钢结构部件正在被一段段拼接起来，起重机在头顶来回移动。工人们将各种机械和设备，安装进那些从地面望去、仿佛大得不可思议的空间里。一点一点，几乎是一块一块地，一个能够横跨大洋、运载数千吨货物的庞然大物开始显现。但真正令人惊叹的并非这艘船本身，而是在建造它之前所必须具备的一切。它需要钢材，发动机、电气设备、和机床。需要工程师和熟练的技术工人，需要港口和物流。还需要那些知道如何在正确时间、把正确零部件交付到正确地点的供应商。而也许最重要的是，几十年来积累下的关于所有这些环节究竟如何彼此配合的知识。换言之，船厂并不只是一座工厂。它只是一个庞大的工业体系中，看得见的那一部分。而如今，这样的体系正受到越来越多的战略层面的关注，这也引发了一个远超造船范畴的问题：当一个国家的制造能力演变成其国家力量的基石，而这种历经数十年方能筑就的力量，却可能在短得多的时间里逐渐衰退，甚至消失，究竟会发生什么？这就是工业产能的故事。 00:10 本集介绍 02:23 船舶是线索 05:10 什么是工业产能？ 09:22 产能如何积累？ 17:45 产能如何被侵蚀？ 27:00 为什么政府会干预？ 37:40 产能的隐性边界 41:54 产能为什么重要？ Sources: UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD). Review of Maritime Transport 2025: Staying the Course in Turbulent Waters. J. Y. Kang, Song Kim, Hugh Murphy, and Stig Tenold. British Financial, Managerial and Technical Assistance in Establishing the Global Shipbuilding Giant, Hyundai Heavy Industries. Patrick McGee. Apple in China. Mario Draghi. The Future of European Competitiveness. Simon J. Evenett, Adam Jakubik, Fernando Martín, and Michele Ruta. The Return of Industrial Policy in Data. U.S. Department of Energy. Large Power Transformer Resilience: Report to Congress. NASA. NASA News & Notes, Vol. 36, No. 2. Airbus. 50th Anniversary of the First Flight of the Airbus A300. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Mobilization. Music: “Distant Signals” by Ethan Sloan (Epidemic Sound) “Calling” by Ooyy (Epidemic Sound) “Between Moments” by Amber Glow (Epidemic Sound) “Separate” by Everything (Epidemic Sound) “Wilderness” by Hanna Lindgren (Epidemic Sound) “Depths Emerging” by Hanna Lindgren (Epidemic Sound) “CHALLENGER” by Binary Echoes / Cherry The Penguin (Epidemic Sound) “Waves of Time” by Amber Glow (Epidemic Sound) “PAUS” by 369 (Epidemic Sound) “Who Am I” by Dario Lupo For any feedback, please contact: cur2zong@gmail.com 前往小宇宙评论区与主播互动
Jul 21

S20E1 - AI Economics: Three Futures of Work

You are listening to Curiosity Curated. I am Zong. Imagine walking into your favorite coffee shop. The cashier greets you by name. The barista remembers your usual order, writes a small note on your cup, and asks how your weekend went. None of those interactions make the coffee taste better. In fact, they are exactly the kind of inefficiencies that modern businesses have spent decades trying to eliminate. Yet instead of replacing baristas with touchscreens and robotic coffee machines, companies like Starbucks have moved in the opposite direction: preserving human interaction, bringing back handwritten notes on cups, and encouraging more conversations. At first glance, it makes no sense. Artificial intelligence is becoming astonishingly capable. Companies everywhere are racing to automate customer service, programming, writing, even parts of medicine. Why would a business intentionally become less automated? That small contradiction hints at a much bigger puzzle. If technology keeps getting better, why do some jobs disappear, others become more productive, and still others seem to become more valuable precisely because they remain human? Today, we're going to explore why the future of work may not have a single destination, and why understanding the hidden economics behind these different outcomesmatters far more than predicting the next AI breakthrough. 00:09 Episode Intro 02:06 Three Futures of Work: Why AI Creates Different Outcomes 09:38 Equilibrium I: Augmentation 22:40 Equilibrium II: Automation - When Collaboration Becomes a Constraint 33:55 Equilibrium III: Relational Value 43:58 The Selection Mechanism Sources: Alex Imas. “What Will Be Scarce” (2026) Dwarkesh Patel. “The Better AI Gets, the Smaller Its Share of the Economy Might Get” — with Alex Imas & Phil Trammell, Dwarkesh Podcast (2026) Gregory C. Allen. “Four Keys to Understanding the Future of AI and Unemployment” (2026) David Autor. “Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation” (2015) Erik Brynjolfsson, Danielle Li & Lindsey Raymond. “Generative AI at Work” (2023) All-In Podcast. “Palo Alto Networks CEO: ‘AI Found 5 Years of Bugs in 6 Weeks’” Music: “Burn Out (Instrumental)” by Victor Lundberg (Epidemic Sound) “Tend” by Trevor Kowalski (Epidemic Sound) “Mindscape” by Lennon Hutton (Epidemic Sound) “This Valley of Ours” by Trevor Kowalski (Epidemic Sound) “Tall Tale” by Trevor Kowalski (Epidemic Sound) “Turn Again” by Lotus (Epidemic Sound) “H-thirteen” by Lotus (Epidemic Sound) “Idiosyncrasies” by Gavin Luke (Epidemic Sound) “Homecoming” by Gavin Luke (Epidemic Sound) 前往小宇宙评论区与主播互动
Jul 21

S20E1 (CN) - AI经济学：工作的三种未来

您正在收听的是Curiosity Curated。我是Zong。想象一下，你走进自己最喜欢的咖啡店。收银员会直呼你的名字，向你打招呼。咖啡师记得你常点的饮品，在杯子上写下一句小小的留言，还会问你周末过得怎样。所有这些互动并不会让咖啡变得更加好喝。事实上，它们恰恰是企业数十年来一直试图消除的那类低效率。然而，企业并没有用触屏点餐机和机器人来取代咖啡师；相反，像星巴克这样的公司反而朝着相反的方向迈进: 保留人与人之间的互动，恢复在杯子上手写留言，并鼓励更多的交流。乍一看，这似乎毫无道理。人工智能正变得惊人地强大。各家公司都在竞相实现客服、编程、写作、甚至部分医疗领域的自动化。既然自动化变得更容易、更便宜，为什么一家企业反而要刻意降低自动化程度？这一小小的矛盾，揭示了一个更大的谜题。如果技术不断进步，为什么有些工作会消失，有些工作会变得更高效，而另一些工作却恰恰因为保留了“人”的特质而显得更加有价值？今天，我们将探讨为什么工作的未来可能并非只有一个方向，以及为什么理解这些不同未来背后的隐藏的经济学逻辑，在某些时刻，远比预测下一次人工智能突破更为重要。 00:09 本集介绍 02:07 工作的三种未来：为何人工智能会带来不同的结果 09:12 均衡 I：增强 (Augmentation) 20:51 均衡 II：自动化 (Automation) - 当协作变成一种约束 30:55 均衡 III：关系型价值 (Relational Value) 39:31 选择机制 Sources: Alex Imas. “What Will Be Scarce” (2026) Dwarkesh Patel. “The Better AI Gets, the Smaller Its Share of the Economy Might Get” — with Alex Imas & Phil Trammell, Dwarkesh Podcast (2026) Gregory C. Allen. “Four Keys to Understanding the Future of AI and Unemployment” (2026) David Autor. “Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation” (2015) Erik Brynjolfsson, Danielle Li & Lindsey Raymond. “Generative AI at Work” (2023) All-In Podcast. “Palo Alto Networks CEO: ‘AI Found 5 Years of Bugs in 6 Weeks’” Music: “Burn Out (Instrumental)” by Victor Lundberg (Epidemic Sound) “Tend” by Trevor Kowalski (Epidemic Sound) “Mindscape” by Lennon Hutton (Epidemic Sound) “This Valley of Ours” by Trevor Kowalski (Epidemic Sound) “Tall Tale” by Trevor Kowalski (Epidemic Sound) “Turn Again” by Lotus (Epidemic Sound) “H-thirteen” by Lotus (Epidemic Sound) “Idiosyncrasies” by Gavin Luke (Epidemic Sound) “Homecoming” by Gavin Luke (Epidemic Sound) 前往小宇宙评论区与主播互动
May 8

S19E1 - Can US Higher Education Renew Itself?

You are listening to Curiosity Curated. I am Zong. A family studies a tuition number larger than many annual salaries. A student with top grades opens an admissions portal—and sees another rejection. A professor wonders whether certain ideas are safer left unsaid. A college president looks at demographic projections and sees fewer students coming. And somewhere in Silicon Valley, new AI systems quietly raise a question no university can ignore: if information is now abundant, instant, and increasingly automated —what exactly is the university for? For much of the last century and into the beginning of this one, American universities were among the most admired pillars of national life: places where families climbed into the middle class, scientists changed the world, and students from across the globe dreamed of studying. But institutions built for one era are now entering another. They remain wealthy, prestigious, and powerful. Yet many are also mistrusted. Public confidence has fallen sharply. Costs are questioned. Admissions feel opaque. Politics is escalating. And AI is forcing old assumptions about learning into the open. Recently, even elite universities began asking hard questions themselves. Yale examined why trust in higher education has declined. Cornell asked what the future American university should become. So how did America’s most successful universities arrive at this crossroads, and how are some now trying to reinvent themselves for the future? [A note to listeners: I approach this topic not as an outsider, but as someone who has benefited from elite higher education. As a graduate of one of these institutions, I understand why many people remain proud of them. I do too. I also think loyalty should include asking hard questions because I still believe these institutions matter.] 00:08 Episode Intro 03:05 When Universities Became a National & Global Success Story 11:05 Confidence Steadily Frayed 11:58 Cost and Value Anxiety 13:55 Admissions Legitimacy Strains 15:42 Intellectual Climate and Self-Censorship 18:13 Knowledge Trust and Research Integrity 19:38 The Deeper Pattern 20:35 Strained Economics/Enrollment Cliff 28:34 Politics, Government, and AI Shock 33:58 Paths toward Renewal 42:22 Conclusion Sources: Georgetown Center on Education and the Workforce. College ROI studies. Institute of International Education. Open Doors Report. Vannevar Bush. Science, The Endless Frontier. 1945. Gallup. Confidence in Higher Education polling series. Chetty, Friedman, Saez et al. "Diversifying Society’s Leaders? The Determinants and Causal Effects of Admission to Highly Selective Private Colleges." Opportunity Insights / NBER. FIRE. 2025 College Free Speech Rankings. Arthur Brooks. "Universities Have a Conformity Problem." The Free Press. PLOS Biology. "Research culture and the reproducibility crisis". Associated Press. "Hampshire College, which counts filmmaker Ken Burns among its alumni, is closing later this year." AP News, Apr. 2026. WICHE. Knocking at the College Door. Michael B. Horn & Steven M. ShulmanThe Financial Risk of Declining Enrollment to Midsize Colleges: An Analysis of Private Institutions in New England Robert KelchenColleges Are Closing. Who Might Be Next? How Machine Learning Can Fill Data Gaps and Forecast the Future Yale University. Report of the Yale Committee on Trust in Higher Education. 2026. Cornell University. Provost’s Committee on the Future of the American University: Preliminary Framework Executive Summary. 2026. Music: “Hand Cover Bruises” by Trent Reznor & Atticus Ross ⁠⁠ “Inner Light” by Elderbrook ⁠⁠ “Pattern of the North” by Rival Consoles ⁠⁠ “We Move Lightly” by Dustin O'Halloran “Sense of Relief” by Hanna Lindgren ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “Beginner’s Mind” by Hanna Lindgren ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “Everywhere except Right Here” by Hanna Lindgren ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “A Gentle Embrace” by Hanna Lindgren ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “For Those Who Know” by Gavin Luke ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “Sense of Touch” by Helmut Schenker ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “Shifting Waters” by Helmut Schenker ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “DOX” by Lennon Hutton ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “Some” by Nils Frahm ⁠⁠ “Only The Winds” by Olafur Arnalds ⁠ “Who Am I” by Dario Lupo For any feedback, please contact: cur2zong@gmail.com 前往小宇宙评论区与主播互动
May 8

S19E1 (CN) - 美国高等教育能否实现自我革新?

您正在收听的是Curiosity Curated。我是Zong。一个家庭正盯着一笔比许多人年薪还要高的学费。一名成绩优异的学生打开录取页面，却又收到一封拒信。一位教授在思考，某些想法是否还是不说为好。一位大学校长看着人口预测数据，发现未来学生人数将会减少。而在硅谷的某个角落，新一代人工智能系统悄然抛出了一个所有大学都无法忽视的问题：当信息如此丰富、即时，且其产出日益自动化，大学究竟是为何而存在？在过去一个多世纪乃至本世纪初，美国大学曾是其社会中最受推崇的支柱之一：这里是家庭迈入中产阶级的阶梯，科学家改变世界的舞台，也是全球学子梦寐以求的求学之地。但为一个时代而建的机构，如今正步入另一个时代。它们依然财力雄厚、声望卓著、权势显赫。然而，许多高校也正面临信任危机。公众信心急剧下滑；学费问题备受质疑；招生流程显得不够透明；政治化趋势日益加剧；而人工智能正迫使人们重新审视关于学习的旧有假设。最近，就连顶尖大学也开始自问这些棘手的问题。耶鲁大学探讨了高等教育信任度下降的原因，康奈尔大学则在思考未来的美国大学应当何去何从。那么，美国最成功的大学是如何走到这个十字路口的？而如今，其中一些又如何试图重塑自我，以迎接未来？ [给听众的一点说明：我并不是以“局外人”的身份来探讨这个话题，而是作为一名曾受益于美国高等教育的人。作为其中一所学校的毕业生之一，我理解为何许多人为这些大学感到自豪。我也是。但我认为，真正的忠诚也应包含提出尖锐的问题，因为我依然坚信这些学校至关重要。] 00:08 本集介绍 02:58 当美国大学曾是国家与世界的成功典范 09:45 逐渐消磨的信任 10:36 费用与价值的焦虑 12:11 录取制度正当性的压力 13:55 学术氛围与自我审查 16:16 知识信任与科研诚信 18:19 财务压力/招生断崖 25:27 政治、政府与人工智能的冲击 30:12 通向革新之路 37:45 结语 Sources: Georgetown Center on Education and the Workforce. College ROI studies. Institute of International Education. Open Doors Report. Vannevar Bush. Science, The Endless Frontier. 1945. Gallup. Confidence in Higher Education polling series. Chetty, Friedman, Saez et al. "Diversifying Society’s Leaders? The Determinants and Causal Effects of Admission to Highly Selective Private Colleges." Opportunity Insights / NBER. FIRE. 2025 College Free Speech Rankings. Arthur Brooks. "Universities Have a Conformity Problem." The Free Press. PLOS Biology. "Research culture and the reproducibility crisis". Associated Press. "Hampshire College, which counts filmmaker Ken Burns among its alumni, is closing later this year." AP News, Apr. 2026. WICHE. Knocking at the College Door. Michael B. Horn & Steven M. ShulmanThe Financial Risk of Declining Enrollment to Midsize Colleges: An Analysis of Private Institutions in New England Robert KelchenColleges Are Closing. Who Might Be Next? How Machine Learning Can Fill Data Gaps and Forecast the Future Yale University. Report of the Yale Committee on Trust in Higher Education. 2026. Cornell University. Provost’s Committee on the Future of the American University: Preliminary Framework Executive Summary. 2026. Music: “Hand Cover Bruises” by Trent Reznor & Atticus Ross ⁠⁠ “Inner Light” by Elderbrook ⁠⁠ “Pattern of the North” by Rival Consoles ⁠⁠ “We Move Lightly” by Dustin O'Halloran “Sense of Relief” by Hanna Lindgren ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “Beginner’s Mind” by Hanna Lindgren ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “Everywhere except Right Here” by Hanna Lindgren ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “A Gentle Embrace” by Hanna Lindgren ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “For Those Who Know” by Gavin Luke ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “Sense of Touch” by Helmut Schenker ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “Shifting Waters” by Helmut Schenker ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “DOX” by Lennon Hutton ⁠⁠(Epidemic Sound) “Some” by Nils Frahm ⁠⁠ “Only The Winds” by Olafur Arnalds ⁠ “Who Am I” by Dario Lupo For any feedback, please contact: cur2zong@gmail.com 前往小宇宙评论区与主播互动
Apr 14

S18E1 - Drones, AI, and Modern Warfare

You are listening to Curiosity Curated. I am Zong. A soldier in eastern Ukraine hears a sound. Not loud. Not dramatic. Just…a faint buzzing. Small, persistent, and getting closer. It’s not a jet. Not artillery. It’s something else, something that barely existed in war a decade ago. A drone. Somewhere above him, a first-person-view (FPV) drone is hunting. Its camera streams video back to an operator, and increasingly to software. Software that can spot shapes, track movement, and steer the final seconds of an attack. And here’s the unsettling part: that drone might cost less than a smartphone. But it can disable a tank worth millions. For most of modern history, military advantage followed a familiar rule: big budgets buy big platforms. But on today’s battlefield, that rule is bending. Because the question isn’t only how powerful a system is. It’s how many you can field, how quickly you can replace them, and how much autonomy you can safely push to software. This isn’t a future scenario. It’s already happening in Ukraine, and it may be a preview of what war is becoming. 00:09 Episode Intro 02:21 The $500 vs $3 Million Problem 07:00 From Precision to Attrition 12:21 AI as Battlefield Infrastructure 19:09 Integration Friction 25:42 Unresolved Tensions 29:21 Closing Music: “On Alert” by Ethan Sloan (Epidemic Sound) “I Left My Home” by Mjhanks “Tracker” by Christoffer Moe Ditlevsen (Epidemic Sound) “Hours” by Max Anson (Epidemic Sound) “Subterranean (adapted)” by james.lfo (Epidemic Sound) “Haptic Sensation” by Jay Varton (Epidemic Sound) “Labyrinth” by Lennon Hutton (Epidemic Sound) “Sierra” by Steven Gutheinz “Parallelograms” by Charles Holme (Epidemic Sound) “Who Am I” by Dario Lupo For any feedback, please contact: cur2zong@gmail.com 前往小宇宙评论区与主播互动
Apr 14

S18E1 (CN) - 无人机、人工智能与现代战争

您正在收听的是Curiosity Curated。我是Zong。乌克兰东部的一名士兵听到了某种声响。既不响亮，也不剧烈。只是一阵微弱的嗡嗡声。声音虽然微弱，但却持续不断，而且听起来越来越近。那应该不是战斗机，也不是火炮。而是别的什么东西，一种十年前在战场上几乎不存在的东西。一架无人机。在他上方的某处，一架第一人称视角FPV无人机正在搜寻目标。它的摄像头将视频实时传回给操作员，而且越来越多地传回给某种AI软件。那套软件可以识别物体的轮廓，追踪移动轨迹，并操控攻击的最后几秒。而令人不安的是: 那架无人机的成本可能比一部智能手机还便宜，但它却能摧毁价值数百万美元的坦克。在现代历史的大部分时间里，军事优势遵循着一个熟悉的规则: 巨额预算购买大型作战平台。但在当今的战场上，这条规则正在发生变化。因为问题的关键不再仅仅在于一个系统有多么强大，更在于你能部署多少，能多快得替换它们，以及你能安全地将多少自主权交给AI软件。这并非未来设想。这一切正在乌克兰上演，而且或许预示着战争的未来面貌。 00:09 本集介绍 02:26 500美元对阵300万美元的难题 06:56 从精准打击到消耗战 11:45 人工智能作为战场上的基础设施 18:06 整合的阻力 24:18 未解的矛盾与张力 27:53 结语 Music: “On Alert” by Ethan Sloan (Epidemic Sound) “I Left My Home” by Mjhanks “Tracker” by Christoffer Moe Ditlevsen (Epidemic Sound) “Hours” by Max Anson (Epidemic Sound) “Subterranean (adapted)” by james.lfo (Epidemic Sound) “Haptic Sensation” by Jay Varton (Epidemic Sound) “Labyrinth” by Lennon Hutton (Epidemic Sound) “Sierra” by Steven Gutheinz “Parallelograms” by Charles Holme (Epidemic Sound) “Who Am I” by Dario Lupo For any feedback, please contact: cur2zong@gmail.com 前往小宇宙评论区与主播互动

5

out of 5

2 Ratings

Welcome to Curiosity Curated, where thinking for yourself comes first. In a world of fast content, here things slow down—so you can explore ideas that challenge, inform, and inspire. I share thought-provoking insights. Not because I agree with everything, but because curiosity fuels understanding. I don’t expect you to share my reading taste, but I choose books that matter in the real world. You decide what resonates and sticks. Let’s dive in.

Creator

Zong Wang
Years Active

2024 - 2026
Episodes

95
Rating

Clean
Copyright

© Zong_Wang@小宇宙App
Show Website

Curiosity Curated