Wrestling Darkness

Eric Byler

How did the lowest standards for accuracy and authenticity, like those of professional wrestling, become the standards for cable news, politics, and government? World leading scholars and historians offer insights and clues in this "cultural forensics" investigation into how professional wrestling and its imitators transformed media, and thus all aspects of American life that depend on media. Wrestling Darkness (available with video via https://ericbyler.substack.com) begins with cultural shift that began with the runaway success of the World Wrestling Foundation (WWF) in the 1980s. Wrestling's engrossing approach to melodrama — reflecting current political conflicts with scripted scenes and violent choreography prescribing good guys, bad guys and avenues for fan participation — was then emulated by the Fox News channel, countless reality TV programs, and TV talk shows, also with meteoric success. Social media platforms have since deployed addictive algorithms that exploit social and cultural insecurities, turning thousands of influencers into wrestlers with more (or sometimes less) clothing. Artificial intelligence (AI) now generates artificial "content" further compounds deep divisions and spreads conspiracy theories that weaken our country, our culture, and our democracy. Cultural literacy in 2025 requires a basic understanding of wrestling, its parlance, and its history. It helps explain how we became the society we are, and provides insights and guidance for those who wish to change it. Every American, even those who have never seen professional wrestling, is living in the world that wrestling made possible. ericbyler.substack.com

Episodes

  1. 09/28/2025

    The truth about Hulk Hogan — Episode 12

    The most famous and emblematic American hero of his time, he defended us against the offenses of foreigners, fairies, and egoists. He abused illegal steroids, but denied it so he could be a good role model for generations of children for whom he recommended more traditional vitamins. Behind the scenes, he ratted out his fellow wrestlers as they sought healthcare and labor protections from a boss who exploited them. Disgraced and erased after leaked audio of his bigoted remarks surfaced in 2015, he was later redeemed and reclaimed, as attitudes shifted to make room for bigotry, even in our heroes. Hulk Hogan died of heart failure on July 24, 2025. Now that his family, his friends, and his millions of fans have had time to mourn, we feel it is our responsibility to talk about Hulk Hogan, less as an action figure, and more as an historical figure. Somebody had to. To help me, I’ve invited back media critic and wrestling fan Sarah Kurchak and wrestling’s world-leading scholar, Dr. Sharon Mazer. Sarah joined us from Toronto and Sarah from New Zealand, where she had been in high demand as an interviewee on the day of Hogan’s demise. Early on, we threw off the thoughtless reverence that accompanied such early reports, while embracing nostalgia and compassion for a man who was a hero of mine three decades ago. When Sharon suggested that he died knowing his actions and his words had alienated the majority of the wrestling world, I genuinely felt sorry for him, as you can hear and/or see. The most relevant previous episode of Wrestling Darkness, and all of the others, are listed below with hyperlinks. Ep. 5: Why wrestling fans boo Hulk Hogan Boos and screams of “Nobody cares!” and “f***ing b******t!” drowned out Hulk Hogan’s pitch for his homophobic beer brand. Why are today’s wrestling fans so sick of yesterday’s hero, and what might it mean for America’s future? Read full story To support Wrestling Darkness and other content on the Eric Byler Substack feed, please subscribe or make a tax deductible donation. Episode 2 — Wrestling Has Infected Everything In which we trace wrestling’s important impact on entertainment, cable news, culture, and politics in the U.S., as well as the psychology of fandom, and the appetite for Mr. Trump’s carnival of fascism. Episode 3 — How to Please a Demigod In which we speak to two Australian university students who posed as MAGA fans in order to interview Trump supporters and attend one of Mr. Trump’s political rallies. Episode 4 — Age of the Fantasist In which Prof. Larry Lessig explains the impact of the algorithms that govern social media, and how a pro-wrestling standard for authenticity has impacted social media, and thereby politics and culture. Episode 5 — Why Wrestling Fans Boo Hulk Hogan In which wrestling experts Sharon Mazer and Sarah Kurchak offer a closer analysis of professional wrestling in its current incarnation. Episode 6 — The Stubborn Illusion of the Theatrical Wrestling experts Sharon and Sarah comment on the fiasco in the Oval Office starring President Trump and President Zzelenskyy, then predict the future of Trump’s America, including, correctly, the break with Elon Musk and Mr. Trump. Episode 7 — Sins of the Algorithmic Curator Follows on from Episode 4 and the impact of algorithms and social media technology with author and expert Renee DiResta Episode 8 — Virtual Manhood, Virtual Rape Connects back to “Woman Hating” and it’s most sinister manifestations online, including death threats, rape threats and “Deep Fake Porn” targeting outspoken women, with author and expert Nina Jankowicz. Episode 9 This Molten Thing About Interracial Sex The intersection of race, sex, and politics in America with historian Tim Tyson, focusing on his bestselling books “The Blood of Emmitt Till” and “Blood Done Sign My Name.” Episode 10 and Episode 11 White Genocide, Black Fatigue Two-part interview with author and political theorist Sisonke Msimang about South Africa and the United States. Episode 10 focuses on her memoir, “Always Another Country.” Episode 11 debunks President Trump’s fable about a “white genocide” in South Africa. Get full access to Wrestling Darkness at ericbyler.substack.com/subscribe

  2. 06/19/2025

    White genocide, Black fatigue — Ep.11

    In part 1 of my interview with Sisonke Msimang, I brought up the phenomenon of “Black fatigue” by telling her a story about a white man who had attended a Black Lives Matter rally during the aftermath of George Floyd’s murder. After the police shot him with a rubber bullet, he decided he would no longer attend such rallies. From there, Sisonke and I agreed upon a basic definition of “Black fatigue” — the expression of annoyance or exhaustion with the awareness and/or attempts to address the legacy of white supremacy. Confronting the past and the present in an honest manner can make people feel sad, ashamed, and uncomfortable. It’s understandable.The flip side of “Black fatigue” is the grotesque overinflation of white victimization and grievance. There is perhaps no better example than President Donald Trump’s “white genocide” fable, which has become a foundation of U.S. foreign policy despite the fact that is fabricated for the purpose of winning a land policy dispute. Roots The “white genocide” narrative has roots in the pre-Apartheid, British colonial era of South Africa. In fact, as Sisonke says, it was instrumental in the political campaign that installed the Apartheid regime in 1948. Today’s incarnation of the white genocide fable is the project of Kallie Kriel and Ernst Roets, two white South African activists of Dutch ancestry (Afrikaners) who have found allies among American white nationalists such as Tucker Carlson, Steve Bannon, and Charlie Kirk. Their performances on podcasts and other mediums have captivated President Trump ever since his previous administration. But this time around, Trump isn’t just watching the wrestlers in the ring; he has joined them. Foggy insinuations about “terrible things” soon grew to accusations of genocide in the Oval Office, and in between, the United States expelled the South African ambassador Ebrahim Rasool. (Elaborate lies spewed at campaign rallies or spread on social media are par for the course in Trump’s America. But when an unfounded conspiracy theory becomes a state-sponsored soap opera, and that soap opera becomes the basis for U.S. foreign policy, that really should be some sort of red alert. But that is not our purpose here.) While the general public in South Africa has responded with flippancy and laughter, the political class and the business community have failed to see the humor. As Sisonke Msimang writes for The Intercept: At first, the nation was furious with the Afrikaner organizations. The executive order was strongly worded and threatened sanctions. South Africans across all race groups criticized Kriel and Roets for convincing a foreign government to collectively punish the entire country over falsehoods. They were accused of peddling lies and disinformation and called traitors, as the nation worried that the U.S. would impose sanctions. Even AgriSA, a group that specifically represents the interests of farmers and has historically been dominated by Afrikaners, said “claims linking farm murders to the signing of the [Land Expropriation] act are baseless and irresponsible.” As the anger mounted, AfriForum and Solidarity held a press conference in which they tried to distance themselves from Trump’s order. With his tail between his legs, Kriel backtracked on his claims of a white genocide. He has gone on to turn down Trump’s offer of asylum, insisting he was a patriotic South African who wanted to reaffirm “our commitment, our recommitment, to the country and all its people.” Catching up with Mr. Trump’s wrestling show On Feb 2, 2025, President Trump announced that South Africa is “under investigation.” A reporter had asked him why he posted to social media that the U.S. would suspend aid to South Africa. What was the offense? That’s when Trump stumbled on the fateful phrase, “Terrible things are happening in South Africa.” These seven words would inspire waves of mockery, defiance, and interracial fellowship, as South Africans of all races posted videos and memes depicting kissing, dancing, and fully integrated, harmonious daily life as sarcastic examples of “terrible things.” But Mr. Trump wasn’t finished. His executive order five days later proclaimed that the U.S. would no longer provide foreign aid or assistance to South Africa, and it established a refugee program for the white people in South Africa “who are victims of unjust racial discrimination” (meanwhile, legitimate refugee programs that bring nonwhite people to the United States had been indefinitely suspended). By the time South African President Cyril Ramaphosa sat down in the Oval Office on May 21, 2025, Mr. Trump had prepared a stack of web clippings and a video montage that he thought would expose white genocide, embarrass Ramaphosa, and shock the world. Journalists quickly fact-checked Trump’s presentation and found jaw dropping mistakes, such as photographs of events that did not take place in South Africa, and the inclusion of white crosses arranged for a political demonstration which Mr. Trump had mistaken for a mass grave for thousands of murdered white people. Notes: * Click here for part 1 of this conversation, which focuses on Sisonke’s acclaimed memoir, Always Another Country. * During this episodes, we discuss Sisonke’s article, How Trump’s Embrace of Afrikaner “Refugees” Became a Joke in South Africa. You might also read On Trump and the invention of white victims in South Africa, which she published on Substack. * During this conversation, I referenced Episode 10 of Wrestling Darkness as I compared South African Apartheid to the Jim Crow Era in the United States. To support Wrestling Darkness, please become a subscriber (free or paid) and/or make a tax deductible donation. Get full access to Wrestling Darkness at ericbyler.substack.com/subscribe

    White genocide, Black fatigue — Ep.11
  3. 06/11/2025

    Black fatigue, White genocide — Ep.10

    Attempts to address racism are fruitless unless we find paths that lead to healing. This is one of many epiphanies I found in reading Sisonke Msimang’s acclaimed memoir, Always Another Country. We talked at length about South Africa and the United States, our two, sister nations each struggling to free themselves from caste systems that date back to colonial times. The emotional heart of Always Another Country is in South Africa, but Sisonke’s revolutionary father and accountant mother raised their three daughters in exile during Apartheid. Born in Zambia, Sisonke also grew up in Canada and Kenya before attending university in the United States. After the fall of Apartheid, Sisonke “returned” to a country she had not yet seen. She engaged in suburban turf battles with white South Africans during the historic presidency of Nelson Mandela, and through them, she learned lessons about herself and her country that are germane to the challenges we now face in the United States. In reflecting on her efforts and encounters in South Africa and in North America, she concludes that once we have created a caste system, it’s difficult to replace it or even change it very much. Rifts created by race and class, she finds, should not supersede our moral responsibility to one another as human beings. She writes that “decisions I make, even the small ones, like extending a hand in friendship, will make a difference in the long run.” In both the memoir and our chat, Sisonke holds herself accountable for wielding power and privilege not unlike that which had been reserved for whites in South Africa not so long ago. In part two of our conversation, I ask Sisonke if there is a “grain of truth” in President Trump’s assertion that there is a “white genocide” in South Africa. To support Wrestling Darkness, please become a subscriber (free or paid) and/or make a tax deductible donation. NOTES: * This episode was recorded before Mr. Trump sent the U.S. military to suppress immigration protests in Los Angeles. * I searched far and wide to find the right guest to follow episode 9 which also discusses race and racism. Of all places, I located Sisonke in Australia, a complete coincidence (I recently returned to the U.S. after six years Down Under). * Rev. Dr. William Barber II is mentioned in the second half of this episode. The interview clip I included is from a work-in-progress documentary called Blood Kin. * The film I mentioned that begins with “Learn how to speak English!” is called 9500 Liberty can be seen here. Get full access to Wrestling Darkness at ericbyler.substack.com/subscribe

    Black fatigue, White genocide — Ep.10
  4. 04/29/2025

    This molten thing about interracial sex — Ep.9

    “This molten thing about interracial sex” was always at the core of fights about integration and equality, explains historian and author Dr. Timothy B. Tyson. “The Southern Rape Complex” fueled a century of hate crimes & white dominance of our political process. But this racist lie and covenant was gradually vacated by white women, and its simmering rage now targets women in general, as well as nonwhite men. The ritual of sexually charged political violence echoes throughout this episode as it does throughout American history, as it continues to deform our psyche and our culture. The historical roots of today’s technology-driven, crowdsourced abuse of women online — the subject of a previous episode of Wrestling Darkness — can be traced back to the waves of domestic terrorism that ended Reconstruction. History catches up with us Tim Tyson is a dear friend of mine. He taught me to like whisky, something I never would have expected, honestly. And, he showed me that a loving and moral man can love his culture and his country without being blind to its sins. This episode is, on one level, two friends catching up after a period of separation caused by my six years as a family man living in Australia. But this friend happens to have written two New York Times best-selling books, the first of which was impelled by his confusion and pain during a “late-model lynching” that took place during his childhood. The resulting book, Blood Done Sign My Name, lured one of the vanishing ghosts of the Jim Crow Era to come out of hiding. After reading it, she summoned Tim to her home for a private confession about the most infamous hate crime in American history, the murder of Emmett Till. Tim wasn’t planning on writing a book about the Till case. But Carolyn Bryant — the woman who accused Till of having sexually harassed and touched her at the family store — had given him the only two interviews she had granted in the five decades since Till’s death. And she had entrusted him with the pages of her unfinished memoir, which he agreed to one day furnish to the appropriate historical archive, but until then keep under wraps. He spent the next seven years researching the case. When The Blood of Emmett Till was published in 2017, Tim was contacted by the Mississippi Attorney General and the FBI. Under subpoena, he turned over all his research materials, including the unfinished memoir for a renewed investigation, that could potentially charge Carolyn Bryant with a crime. We discuss this during the episode, but the bulk of it is devoted to the myth of “the Black Beast Rapist” which was engineering by politicians and media moguls to incite the wave of terrorism that violently overthrew the democracies of each of the former Confederate states between 1875 and 1898 — and how this evil but ingenious narrative echoes in this, the era of Trumpism. Watch all episodes of Wrestling Darkness on Substack and YouTube, and hear them on all the usual podcast apps such as Apple Podcast and Spotify. Tim Tyson appears in The Headless Klansman of Selma, a short film I co-directed with Annabel Park. Get full access to Wrestling Darkness at ericbyler.substack.com/subscribe

    This molten thing about interracial sex — Ep.9
  5. 04/22/2025

    Virtual manhood, virtual rape — Ep.8

    Without hiding her pain or her vulnerability, Nina Jankowicz describes how hundreds of thousands of grotesquely sexual and violent online assaults have hurt her, frightened her, and impacted her life. We must “fight for a world that recognizes that our rights as women to free expression online are just as valuable as our abusers’,” she writes in her most recent book, How to Be a Woman Online. And fight she does, effectively and ferociously. In this episode we talk about how and why girls and women are attacked by virtual rape mobs, and how that might change with the passage of the Take It Down Act, legislation that has passed the U.S. Senate and is due for a vote in the House. How can 250 Fox News segments be wrong? Fox News has many, many things in common with professional wrestling. Both mass media products are conflict-driven soap operas that script and perform storylines that manufacture a pretext for violence. In the case of Jankowicz, the violence Fox News engineered has been virtual. It has also been grotesquely sexual, misogynistic, and antisemitic. Since Fox News aired 250 segments instructing its millions of viewers to hate her, Jankowicz has endured hundreds of death and/or rape threats, hundreds of thousands of messages containing sexualized and/or sexist abuse, a cyber stalker, and the virtual assault of “deep fake pornography.” A few weeks before she was due to give birth to her son, her private security contractor advised her and her husband to flee their home after their address was posted online. Now, you might be asking yourself why Fox News targeted her. What she might have done to deserve these attacks? Was she caught on camera sharing a ginger mint with her mother on Election Day? Did she once sign a petition alleging that 9/11 was a hoax? Well, no. And really, that’s not the point. She’s a progressive woman with ideas that sound threatening to some men and to many conservatives. But conservative women have faced online sexual abuse as well. Perhaps we can put political goals aside in the interest of equality, democracy, and free speech — or how about public safety? The purpose of crowdsourced online abuse is make the target feel afraid and alone. They hope she will feel so isolated that she will decide that her voice and her online civic engagement are not worth enduring the backlash. That’s precisely why we need the targets of such assaults to break their silences, and that’s why the rest of us need to have their backs. Mentioned in this the episode are This Molten Thing About Interracial Sex featuring Tim Tyson, and Woman Hating (Season 1, Ep1), and Renée DiResta who appears in Sins of the Algorithmic Curator (Season 2, Ep2). Watch all episodes of Wrestling Darkness on Substack and YouTube, and hear them on all the usual podcast apps such as Apple Podcast and Spotify. To support Wrestling Darkness and other content on the Eric Byler Substack feed, please subscribe or make a tax deductible donation Get full access to Wrestling Darkness at ericbyler.substack.com/subscribe

    Virtual manhood, virtual rape — Ep.8
  6. 03/09/2025

    The stubborn illusion of the theatrical Ep.6

    When we buy a ticket to see a movie or a play, the worst that can happen is we’ll be bored, or disappointed, or we won’t be able to maintain our suspension of disbelief. As viewers, we do all we can to believe in worlds of make believe, and in return we get escapism, catharsis, a good cry, a laugh, or a scare. But what happens when the form of entertainment to which we have committed ourselves follows us into our communities and our homes? What if there’s no escape from the escapism? And what if the consequences are life and death on a global scale? It seems the people best equipped to navigate politics in America today are wrestling performers, their followers, and their ringmasters. Donald Trump and Jon Stewart certainly understand the game. Vladimir Putin and Volodymyr Zelenskyy do too. Trumpian politics, like wrestling, is a never-ending parade of ruptures and realignments. When you have the power, the money, and the skill to decide for your audience who to hate and why, you have the power to transform a narrative, or summon a mob. Stewart’s breakdown of the infamous Oval Office debacle was both hilarious and tragic. He didn’t even need to mention Trump’s meteoric success as a professional wrestling performer 18 years ago, nor his shift to two important derivatives of wrestling theatricality: reality TV and cable news. His success on The Apprentice depended on the illusion that he had been successful as a businessman. His success as a cable news personality derived solely from his shameless depiction of a deranged bigot fixated on Barack Obama’s birth certificate. Most people I know think wrestling is for fools, not to be studied or considered beyond a cheap insult or a punchline. But the joke is on us, if a deeper understanding of wrestling parlance and culture eludes us for any longer. While season one of Wrestling Darkness examines how and why we came to live in the world pro wrestling created, Season 2 kicks off with an introduction to some of the most famous plot twists in wrestling history as a prism through which to see, yes, Trump and J.D. Vance’s tag team debacle in the Oval Office, but also other political performances that are otherwise incomprehensible. Wrestling’s leading scholar Dr Sharon Mazer joins us once again from New Zealand along with author and journalist Sarah Kurchak who joins us from Toronto. In her forthcoming essay, Dr Mazer grapples with the stubborn illusion of the theatrical as it applies to wrestling, politics, and humanity’s uncertain future. Below are three relevant episodes from Season 1 of Wrestling Darkness: To support Wrestling Darkness and other content on the Eric Byler Substack feed, please subscribe or make a tax deductible donation. Get full access to Wrestling Darkness at ericbyler.substack.com/subscribe

    The stubborn illusion of the theatrical Ep.6
  7. 12/14/2024

    The Age of the Fantasist — Ep.4

    My guest in episode 4 of Wrestling Darkness is Professor Lawrence Lessig who explains in his essay, The Age of the Fantasist, how and why algorithmic media came to reward narratives that lie to us. “The fantasist doesn’t worry that he will not please everyone. He’s not aiming for everyone. Indeed, he is aiming precisely to avoid appealing to everyone. Division drives attention in a world of fragmented media.” —Lawrence Lessig Perhaps you’re not prepared for a conversation that bridges artificial intelligence (AI) and professional wrestling. Don’t worry, neither was Professor Lessig! But we did arrive at a helpful framework for decoding today’s media landscape, an important first step if we decide we wish to change it. AI selects for people (fantasists) that resemble professional wrestling because it knows such fact-free hyperbole causes people to click, to watch, and to share. The aggregate impact is a threat to humanity, Lessig warns, because it divides us, and thus, makes us ripe for the conquering. AI is “the most extraordinary technology humanity has ever even conceived of,” he said during harrowing presentation at TedxBerlin in February. But, it is one we need to watch “with the paranoia of the hunted.” If you like episode 4, the previous episode most closely related to this one is episode 2. —Eric PS: I am entering a Fair Use battle with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and other corporations that own its content. Right now, the first two episodes of Wrestling Darkness are blocked on YouTube. The guests for these episodes have written books about professional wrestling and are critical of wrestling. But the Fair Use doctrine was not intended to insulate entertainment corporations from criticism by academics or journalists. The U.S. government defines the Fair Use as a legal doctrine intended to promote freedom of expression by permitting the unlicensed use of copyright-protected works in certain circumstances, including nonprofit educational purposes. Regardless of the outcome, you can see all four episodes on Substack, and hear them on all the usual podcast apps such as Apple Podcast and Spotify. To support Wrestling Darkness and other content on the Eric Byler Substack feed, please subscribe or make a tax deductible donation. Get full access to Wrestling Darkness at ericbyler.substack.com/subscribe

About

How did the lowest standards for accuracy and authenticity, like those of professional wrestling, become the standards for cable news, politics, and government? World leading scholars and historians offer insights and clues in this "cultural forensics" investigation into how professional wrestling and its imitators transformed media, and thus all aspects of American life that depend on media. Wrestling Darkness (available with video via https://ericbyler.substack.com) begins with cultural shift that began with the runaway success of the World Wrestling Foundation (WWF) in the 1980s. Wrestling's engrossing approach to melodrama — reflecting current political conflicts with scripted scenes and violent choreography prescribing good guys, bad guys and avenues for fan participation — was then emulated by the Fox News channel, countless reality TV programs, and TV talk shows, also with meteoric success. Social media platforms have since deployed addictive algorithms that exploit social and cultural insecurities, turning thousands of influencers into wrestlers with more (or sometimes less) clothing. Artificial intelligence (AI) now generates artificial "content" further compounds deep divisions and spreads conspiracy theories that weaken our country, our culture, and our democracy. Cultural literacy in 2025 requires a basic understanding of wrestling, its parlance, and its history. It helps explain how we became the society we are, and provides insights and guidance for those who wish to change it. Every American, even those who have never seen professional wrestling, is living in the world that wrestling made possible. ericbyler.substack.com