The Rise of the Protestants

Shaughan Holt

Welcome to my podcast.   This podcast examines the rise of Protestantism, its challenge to established traditions, its transformation of core beliefs, and its role in initiating global change.   England’s Nonconformist and Separatist movements are central to this narrative, and their influence continues to shape the broader Christian tradition.   By examining these movements within the broader context of Christian history, we can understand how they altered doctrine, influenced Western Christianity, and intensified the enduring division between Roman Catholicism and emerging Protestant groups.   The series follows a chronological timeline, beginning in early 16th-century Germany with Martin Luther’s excommunication and concluding a century later on England’s southern coast.   The initial 12-episode series highlights the contributions of Beza, Vermigli, Calvin, Tyndale, Knox, and Robert Browne, who is often called the father of Congregationalism.   The series does not seek to persuade listeners or promote any specific belief system.   Instead, it aims to explore the events, ideas, and conflicts that shaped one of the most important times in European religious history.   Throughout the series, the determination and conviction of early Puritans, Nonconformists, and Separatists are highlighted.   These individuals challenged prevailing norms, endured persecution, and often risked their lives for their beliefs.   Their courage contributed to the foundation of religious freedom and individual rights that remain widely valued today. The first 12 episode series highlights the contributions of figures such as  eza, Vermigli, Calvin, Tyndale, Knox, and Robert Browne, who is frequently referred to as the father of Congregationalism.   Each episode begins and ends with a brief musical piece that reflects its theme.   A complete transcript will be provided for each episode.

  1. Trailer, series 2  • What to expect.

    SEASON 2, EPISODE 1 TRAILER

    Trailer, series 2 • What to expect.

    Welcome, and thank you for joining me for series 2.  In this podcast, we examine the emergence of Protestantism, its challenge to established traditions, its transformation of key beliefs, and its global impact. At the heart of our story are England’s Nonconformist and Separatist movements, and we’ll show why they matter in the wider Christian tradition. We examine how these movements changed Christian beliefs, shaped Western Christianity, and deepened the divide between Roman Catholicism and the new Protestant groups. Our journey unfolds chronologically, beginning in early 1500s Germany, where Martin Luther is cast out of the church, and concluding a century later, along the southern shores of England. Each episode, begins and ends with a short piece of music, that is relevant to the content presented A complete transcript, also accompanies every episode. This series does not seek to persuade or promote any particular belief. Instead, the objective is to examine the events, ideas, and conflicts that shaped a pivotal period in European religious history. Throughout the series, you’ll meet early Puritans, Nonconformists and Separatists. These individuals confronted a hostile society, endured persecution, and frequently risked their lives to uphold their beliefs. Their actions contributed, to the foundation of religious freedom and individual rights, that are widely valued today. In the first 12 episodes, we examined the contributions of figures such as Beza, Vermigli, Calvin, Tyndale, Knox, and Robert Browne, who is often referred to as the father of Congregationalism. The subsequent twelve episodes begin in 1585, a period when the Protestant movement, was encountering significant challenges in Holland. From this point, we trace the events leading to the execution of Mary Queen of Scots, and examine the narrative of another significant figure, Martin, who is frequently overlooked. These events move the story from the time of Queen Elizabeth, to the troubled reign of King James I, Mary's only son. In the third series, commencing in 1607, we examine the challenges encountered by Puritan Nonconformists, as they transition from Puritanism to Separatism, and ultimately migrate to newly established English Separatist communities in Holland and Europe. Artwork • Simeon's Song of Praise by Aert de Gelder, around 1700–1710. This Dutch Baroque oil painting on canvas is now part of the Mauritshuis collection in The Hague. It shows the moment when the elderly Simeon recognises the infant Jesus as the Messiah. The painting depicts the biblical story from the Gospel of Luke, in which the prophet Simeon holds the infant Jesus in the temple and sings a song of praise. The Mauritshuis is internationally renowned for its distinguished collection of paintings by Dutch and Flemish artists from the period of Rembrandt and Vermeer. Music: The Nunc Dimittis, also known as, 'Now lettest thou depart,' was composed by Orlando Gibbons (1583-1625). This piece is featured in, 'The Best of Choral and Organ Works' by the Oxford Camerata. It is also called the Song or Canticle of Simeon. This canticle comes from the second chapter of the Gospel of Luke, verses 29 - 32. © 2025 The Rise of the Protestants., Author, Shaughan Holt. "All rights reserved. No part of this podcast may be reproduced, translated, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other non-commercial uses permitted by copyright law". . In this podcast, we examine the emergence of Protestantism, its ch

    5 min
  2. Series 2 Episode 1 - The killing of a Queen. - Shorter listen (Transcript added).

    EPISODE 1 BONUS

    Series 2 Episode 1 - The killing of a Queen. - Shorter listen (Transcript added).

    Artwork    •    The Execution of Mary Queen of Scots at Fotheringhay Castle on 8 February 1587, drawn by Robert Beale (1541-1601), Clerk of the Privy Council to Queen Elizabeth I, who wrote the official record of the execution to which he was an eyewitness.  The evening before the execution he had read-out to Mary her death warrant and informed her that she was to be executed the following morning.  Key to numbers: George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury and Henry Grey, 6th Earl of Kent are seated to the left (1 & 2) and Sir Amias Paulet, one of Mary's guards, is seated behind the scaffold (3)  Music   1 •   Christum wir sollen loben schon, 1586     · Württemberg Chamber Choir. Lyricist: Martin Luther.  Composer: Lukas Osiander. Martin Luther initially adapted his melody from the Latin hymn melodies associated with 'A solis ortus cardine' by Caelius Sedulius to make it suitable for his German verse.  The chorale text and melody first appeared in print in Erfurt 'Enchiridion' in 1524. Music   2 •  Miserere Mei.      Composer: Gregorio Allegri (c. 1582–1652)  Composed for the Sistine Chapel Choir to be sung during the Tenebrae services of Holy Week. "Miserere mei" is Latin for "Have mercy on me, O God," the opening words of Psalm 51. The phrase is most famously known from the Gregorio Allegri motet Miserere (c. 1630s), a sacred choral piece and known for its complex polyphony and use of a high, soaring vocal line. There are some writings which Seethe, with a barely concealed anger, even after more than four centuries. Two memoranda by Robert Beale, Clerk to the Privy Council under Queen Elizabeth the first, exemplify this; in them, he expresses his outrage at Elizabeth’s efforts to shift the blame for the death of Mary Queen of Scots. After agreeing to the assassination of Mary, Elizabeth would later blame Secretary of State William Davison and the Privy Council, for executing the very death warrant, she had signed.

    22 min
  3. Series 2 Episode 2 - Martin Marprelate. Part 2, Progression (Transcript added).

    EPISODE 2 BONUS

    Series 2 Episode 2 - Martin Marprelate. Part 2, Progression (Transcript added).

    Artwork • The Cambridge University Library copy of: The fifth Marprelate Tract "Theses Martinianæ", published 22 July 1589. Printed by John Hodgkins in Wolston Priory Warwickshire, at the residence of Roger Wigston. Exhaustive biblical references fill the margins, connecting passages  with specific verses related to Christian brotherhood. Music • Bradley Johnson plays Monsieur's Almain by Daniel Bacheler, - on guitar. Guitar arrangement by Phillip Woodfield. 2013. Original Composer: Daniel Bacheler. 1572-1619. Original Instrument: Lute. Genre: Allemande, a popular dance form of the era. Historical Context: Bacheler was a prominent court musician, serving as groom of the privy chamber to Queen Anne of Denmark. The tune of "Monsieur's Almain" is thought to predate Bacheler's variations and appears in other settings by composers like Thomas Morley and William Byrd. This set of variations on a popular tune is found in Robert Dowland's Varietie of Lute Lessons. The title is thought to refer to Francis Duke of Alençon and, later Anjou, youngest son of Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici and brother of two French kings (Charles IX and Henry III). He paid suit to the English queen Elizabeth I and she referred to him on correspondence as ‘Monsieur’; Elizabeth also referred to Francis as 'The Frog’ - perhaps the origin of the title of John Dowland’s Frog Galliard. Episode Notes: For more than 4 centuries, scholars have been intrigued by the authorship of the Marprelate Tracts.  From their very beginning, the publications aimed to protect, both authors and printers, by purposefully concealing their identities.  A total of 7 anonymous Marprelate tracts, were secretly printed on a movable press, and transported across several counties in England, to avoid detection by the authorities, during Queen Elizabeth’s reign.  From October 1588 to September 1589, the press operated in the homes of Puritan sympathisers, in many counties  across England.

    31 min
  4. Series 2 Episode 7 - From Refugees to Millenary and the New King. - Shorter listen (Transcript added).

    EPISODE 7

    Series 2 Episode 7 - From Refugees to Millenary and the New King. - Shorter listen (Transcript added).

    Regular episode • Season 2 • 7 • From Refugees to Millenary and the New King  Artwork • Funeral of Queen Elizabeth I-April 28, 1603. Published by janetwertman Music •Drop, drop, slow tears.Sung by the Cambridge Chorale, in Ely Cathedral. The cathedral's location on a raised island made it a prominent landmark in the flat Fens, earning it the nickname "Ship of the Fens", a name that reflects the eel-filled waters that once surrounded it.  From a Poem by Phineas Fletcher (1582-1650), Composer is Orlando Gibbons 1583—1625). Drop, drop, Slow tears, is a devotional reflection sung at Passiontide, but not specific to that season. Orlando Gibbons, joined text by the Jacobean poet and clergyman Phineas Fletcher to a hymn tune, Song 46, which was published in 1623.  Interestingly, the poet and composer are linked by their connection with King’s College Cambridge, where Gibbons was a chorister and Fletcher a student. By the 1610s, Gibbons was the leading composer and organist in England. His career was cut short when he died , aged 41, in 1625, which is thought to have been caused by the Plague. Passiontide, in the Christian liturgical year, is a name for the last two weeks of Lent, beginning on the Fifth Sunday of Lent, long celebrated as Passion Sunday, and continuing through Lazarus Saturday.  It commemorates the suffering of Christ , Latin "passio" meaning is “suffering”.  Music 2  • Prevent Us, O Lord - Sung by Recordare Chamber Choir. Composer William Byrd. c. 1540-1623 Manuscript: 1580 in Dow Partbooks, no. 58. The Dow Partbooks is a collection of five partbooks in Oxford around 1580. The collection includes choral and also instrumental pieces. Robert Dow was a trained calligrapher and the books are unusually easy to read among Tudor manuscripts.

    27 min
  5. Series 2  Episode 8 - The Lambeth Articles to Hampton Court; No Bishop – No King.   Part 1. Britain, its beginnings, language and religion (Transcript added).

    EPISODE 8

    Series 2 Episode 8 - The Lambeth Articles to Hampton Court; No Bishop – No King. Part 1. Britain, its beginnings, language and religion (Transcript added).

    Audio • Season 2 • Episode 8 •  The Lambeth Articles to Hampton Court, No Bishop, No King!.   Part 1. Britain and its beginnings, language and religion.    Artwork • Lambeth Palace.   Lambeth Palace is the official London residence of the Archbishop of Canterbury.  Located in North Lambeth on the south bank of the River Thames, it stands roughly 400 yards southeast of the Palace of Westminster, home to Parliament, directly across the river.   Music •  Rhenish Hymns of Praise to the Virgin (c. 1500) Song:Puer natus in Bethlehem, “A child is born in Bethlehem”,  is a medieval Latin Christmas hymn. Its thirteenth-century text is traditionally paired with a fourteenth-century melody of the same name. It relates the story of Jesus' incarnation, from the announcement by Gabriel to the visit of the Three Wise Men. Performed by: Ars Choralis Coeln. The hymn appears in the Songbook of Anna of Cologne, an important late-medieval manuscript from the Rhine–Meuse region, compiled around 1500 with additions after 1524.  The original manuscript is preserved in the Berlin State Library. The songbook contains eighty-two Latin and vernacular songs, primarily in German and Dutch. Twenty-four include musical notation, of which only two are polyphonic. Attributed to its first owner, Anna van Collen, who likely lived in a Beguine community, the manuscript was copied by seven different scribes, indicating a communal effort.  It offers valuable insight into the spiritual and cultural life of Beguine convents in the Lower Rhine during the Late Middle Ages and reflects the ideals of the “Devotio Moderna”, which emphasised using everyday language as a tool for devotion and instruction. Beguine communities were groups of lay religious women who lived communally without permanent vows. They focused on prayer, work, and caring for the poor, supporting themselves through trades such as weaving or teaching.  Widespread in the medieval Low Countries, they offered an independent alternative to marriage or convent life, though many later declined due to Church opposition.   Overview Notes While revisiting this episode, it became clear that parts of it needed updating—and in the process, the scope grew larger than expected.   The story simply demanded more room to breathe.   For that reason, this episode has been reworked and divided into two parts.    In Part One, we begin with a brief but powerful journey through the origins of the British people and the land they came to inhabit.    From the pagan Celts to the marching Roman legions; from relentless attacks by Germanic tribes to near-erasure at the hands of Viking hordes—these islands have endured wave after wave of conquest and upheaval.    And just when survival seemed achievement enough, Britain faced its final great invasion: subjugation by the Norman conquerors.    It is a history marked by resilience, adaptation, and survival against overwhelming odds.  Yet what followed is perhaps the most remarkable chapter of all.    Instead of turning inward and tearing ourselves apart once more, Britain looked outward—often by force—and went on to build a global empire unlike anything the world had seen before.    As for where Part Two will take us… that’s a story you’ll have to wait to discover. But not for long—I promise.      Part 1 Episode Notes.    We start with the earliest pagan traditions, then look at our gradual conversion to Christianity, first as a Catholic nation, and finally our often reluctant shift to Protestantism.

    27 min
  6. Series 2  Episode 8 - The Lambeth Articles to Hampton Court, Part 2. From York to Canterbury, by way of Sturton-le-Steeple . (Transcript  added).

    EPISODE 8 BONUS

    Series 2 Episode 8 - The Lambeth Articles to Hampton Court, Part 2. From York to Canterbury, by way of Sturton-le-Steeple . (Transcript added).

    The Lambeth Articles to Hampton Court. Part 2. From York to Canterbury, by way of Sturton-le-Steeple. (Transcript added). The Common Era (CE/BCE) is a neutral alternative to BC/AD, used for the same calendar in academic and multicultural contexts. Artwork • St Peter and St Paul's Church, Sturton-le-Steeple. St Peter and St Paul’s Church, Sturton-le-Steeple is a Grade II listed Church of England parish church near Retford, Nottinghamshire. Dating from the 12th century, it was rebuilt in 1902 after a fire. The church has six bells, medieval and later monuments, and is in the village where John Robinson, the “Pilgrim Pastor,” was born. Music • Viral Dance. Medieval Dance. Hurdy-Gurdy, Organ & Drum. Andrey Vinogradov Part 2 Episode Notes.  In 866 CE, Viking forces captured the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Eoforwic, transforming the former Roman fortress of Eboracum into the thriving city of Jórvík. This conquest marked the rise of Norse power in northern England and the establishment of the Danelaw, leaving a lasting impact on English religion, culture, law, and language. Over the centuries, York evolved into a major medieval city and religious centre, its name later inspiring the naming of New York. The city’s history reflects centuries of conquest, cultural fusion, and change that shaped Britain and beyond In January 1604, king James I, convened a conference at Hampton Court Palace in response to the Millenary Petition, which called for further reform within the Church of England.  The meeting—delayed from November 1603 due to an outbreak of plague—brought together representatives of the established church and leading Puritan figures. Presiding over the bishops was Archbishop Whitgift, supported by eight senior clergy, including Richard Bancroft. Together, they stood firmly against most Puritan demands, setting the tone for James’s religious policy and signalling that, despite initial hopes, sweeping reform would not come easily.  © 20 26 The Rise of the Protestants., Author, Shaughan Holt. "All rights reserved. No part of this podcast may be reproduced, translated, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other non-commercial uses permitted by copyright law".

    29 min
  7. Series 2  Episode 9 - The Deprivations of the Puritan Non-Conformists (Transcript added).

    EPISODE 9

    Series 2 Episode 9 - The Deprivations of the Puritan Non-Conformists (Transcript added).

    Audio • Season 2 • Episode 9  •  The Deprivations of the Puritan Non-Conformists Artwork • Portrait of Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury. Lord Clarendon, in praise of him stated that “If Bancroft had lived, he would have quickly extinguished all the fire in England that was kindled at Geneva.” Music 1        •   “O Mistress Mine”  Composer :  •  Thomas Morley (1557/8–1602). He was  an English composer known for madrigals and other secular music. The song :   •  An instrumental piece titled "O Mistress Mine" appeared in his 1599 collection, Consort Lessons. The lyrics :  •  The famous lyrics are from William Shakespeare's play Twelfth Night, appearing in Act II, Scene 3.  Scholars speculate Morley may have written the music for the play, though the timeline suggests his published instrumental piece came before the play was first performed. The song is a plea from a lover to his mistress to embrace the present moment, with the lyrics emphasizing that "youth's a stuff will not endure" and that "in delay there lies no plenty".  The song is a call to carpe diem, or “seize the day”, urging the mistress to "come kiss me, sweet and twenty".  Twelfth Night, or “What You Will”,  was written around 1601–1602. It was likely intended for performance as a Twelfth Night entertainment to celebrate the end of the Christmas season. The first documented public performance took place on 2 February 1602. This romantic comedy was first performed at Middle Temple in London, one of the four Inns of Court, during the Candlemas celebration. Candlemas is a Christian festival celebrated on February 2nd, commemorating the presentation of Jesus at the Temple and the purification of Mary. It marks the end of the Christmas season with a focus on light, as it is the day when churches traditionally bless candles that symbolize Christ as the "Light of the World". Matteo Bandello (c. 1480–1562) was an Italian writer, soldier, Dominican friar and bishop, best known for his novellas. His collection of 214 novellas, many of which made the journey to England, made  him the most popular short-story writer of his day.  Four Bandello stories were adapted by Shakespeare, including Romeo and Juliet and Twelfth Night. Episode Description One significant incident in the history of the English church during the reign of James I that is frequently mentioned by historians is the Deprivation of the Puritan Non-Conformists. In March 1604, Richard Bancroft introduced 141 Canons aimed at regulating church life, specifically targeting Puritan ministers who did not comply with the established norms. These regulations met strong opposition in Parliament, which argued that no Canon enacted in the previous decade could infringe upon individuals' freedom of expression. As a result, church authorities suspended around 300 ministers, many of whom later publicly retracted their previous statements.  Despite this backlash, at least seventy ministers were removed from their positions, marking the most significant reduction of Puritan ministers up to that point.  The dismissals were carried out harshly, with little compassion shown to those affected.  Among those dismissed were Richard Bernard, John Smyth, Richard Clyfton, and John Robinson.

    25 min

Trailers

About

Welcome to my podcast.   This podcast examines the rise of Protestantism, its challenge to established traditions, its transformation of core beliefs, and its role in initiating global change.   England’s Nonconformist and Separatist movements are central to this narrative, and their influence continues to shape the broader Christian tradition.   By examining these movements within the broader context of Christian history, we can understand how they altered doctrine, influenced Western Christianity, and intensified the enduring division between Roman Catholicism and emerging Protestant groups.   The series follows a chronological timeline, beginning in early 16th-century Germany with Martin Luther’s excommunication and concluding a century later on England’s southern coast.   The initial 12-episode series highlights the contributions of Beza, Vermigli, Calvin, Tyndale, Knox, and Robert Browne, who is often called the father of Congregationalism.   The series does not seek to persuade listeners or promote any specific belief system.   Instead, it aims to explore the events, ideas, and conflicts that shaped one of the most important times in European religious history.   Throughout the series, the determination and conviction of early Puritans, Nonconformists, and Separatists are highlighted.   These individuals challenged prevailing norms, endured persecution, and often risked their lives for their beliefs.   Their courage contributed to the foundation of religious freedom and individual rights that remain widely valued today. The first 12 episode series highlights the contributions of figures such as  eza, Vermigli, Calvin, Tyndale, Knox, and Robert Browne, who is frequently referred to as the father of Congregationalism.   Each episode begins and ends with a brief musical piece that reflects its theme.   A complete transcript will be provided for each episode.