Allergy Actually

Kara Wada, Amber Patterson, Meagan Shepherd

Welcome to Allergy Actually — where real talk meets real science. We’re your bestie allergist moms—Dr. Kara Wada, Dr. Amber Patterson, and Dr. Meagan Shepherd—and we’re here to help you stop sneezing, scratching, and second-guessing your allergy care. With a combined 40+ years of clinical experience, we break down the science behind allergies into practical, real-life solutions. From pollen to peanuts, asthma to anxiety, we unpack it all with empathy, humor, and honest conversations. Whether you're a parent navigating a child’s food allergies or someone just trying to breathe easier, you'll find clarity, community, and calm here. Subscribe for weekly episodes that mix evidence-based medicine, lifestyle tips, and the kind of advice you’d expect from your smartest, kindest mom friend. Because living well with allergies shouldn’t feel so hard—and you don’t have to figure it out alone.

  1. Is Ozempic Helping Your Allergies & Asthma? (GLP-1 Drugs, Hives & Inflammation Explained) | Episode 27

    3D AGO

    Is Ozempic Helping Your Allergies & Asthma? (GLP-1 Drugs, Hives & Inflammation Explained) | Episode 27

    Send us a text GLP-1 medications (Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro) are everywhere, but the conversation is shifting from just weight loss to their powerful anti-inflammatory effects. Are these drugs helping with asthma, chronic hives, and allergic inflammation? In this essential episode of Allergy Actually, your bestie allergist moms – Dr. Kara Wada, Dr. Amber Patterson, and Dr. Meagan Shepherd – dive deep into the intersection of metabolic and immune medicine. They break down the early data, share real-life patient and personal experiences (including Dr. Shepherd's personal journey with a GLP-1 for anxiety and weight loss), and explain the fascinating connection between obesity, inflammation, and difficult-to-control asthma. If you or a loved one are on a GLP-1 or are considering it, this episode cuts through the hype and confusion to give you clear, expert-backed answers on what's real and what's still unknown. EPISODE IN A GLANCE 00:43 What GLP-1s Are & How They Impact Metabolism 02:00 The Obesity-Asthma Link & Inflammation 02:27 Patient Experience: GLP-1s and Chronic Hives (Urticaria) 03:30 Dr. Meagan Shepherd's Personal GLP-1 Journey (Weight, Anxiety & Asthma) 05:27 The Chicken vs. Egg Cycle of Asthma, Exercise & Weight 07:26 Early Data: GLP-1s and Mast Cell Activation Disorders 07:44 Acquisition: How to Get Insurance Coverage for Weight Loss Indications WRITE A PODCAST REVIEW SEND US A SUGGESTION allergyactually@gmail.com ABOUT HOSTS KARA WADA, MD Dr. Kara Wada is a quadruple board-certified physician in allergy, immunology, and lifestyle medicine, and founder of the Immune Confident Institute. As a Sjogren’s patient and life coach, she combines modern medicine with lifestyle and mindset practices to help patients harness their body's ability to heal. Website → https://drkarawada.com/ LinkedIn → https://www.linkedin.com/in/karawadamd/ Instagram → https://www.instagram.com/immuneconfidentmd Facebook → https://www.facebook.com/KaraWadaMD Youtube → https://www.youtube.com/@drkarawada TikTok → http://tiktok.com/@immuneconfidentmd AMBER PATTERSON, MD Dr. Amber Patterson is a world-renowned allergy and immunology expert pioneering the future of immunotherapy. As the U.S. ambassador for ILIT™ (a 3-injection allergy shot protocol), she is redefining allergy care through her practice, Auni Allergy®, and the groundbreaking Auni ILIT Learning Network. Website → https://auniallergy.com/ Instagram → https://www.instagram.com/auniallergy/ Instagram → http://instagram.com/amber_patterson_md/ Facebook → https://www.facebook.com/auniallergy/ Youtube → https://www.youtube.com/@auniallergy MEAGAN SHEPHERD, MD Dr. Meagan Shepherd is a board-certified allergist and immunologist with nearly 15 years of experience specializing in advanced immunotherapy. She is known for her practical, evidence-based approach and her unique focus on "allergy-conscious living"—designing homes, habits, and lifestyles that improve her patients' quality of life. Website → https://shepherdallergy.com/ LinkedIn → https://www.linkedin.com/in/meagan-shepherd-md-02b7776a/ Instagram → https://www.instagram.com/shepherdallergy/ Facebook → https://www.facebook.com/ShepherdAllergy DISCLAIMER The information in this podcast/video is for educational and informational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.

    9 min
  2. Is 5 Years of Allergy Shots Worth It? Pros & Cons of Immunotherapy (ft. Allergist Expert) | Episode 26

    DEC 15

    Is 5 Years of Allergy Shots Worth It? Pros & Cons of Immunotherapy (ft. Allergist Expert) | Episode 26

    Send us a text Love the idea of allergy shots but don't have 3-5 years to commit to weekly appointments? In this essential episode, your bestie allergist moms are joined by esteemed colleague Dr. Christopher Brooks, Assistant Clinical Professor of Allergy Immunology at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. They tackle the pivotal question: **Is immunotherapy worth the commitment for your severe hay fever and allergic asthma?** Dr. Brooks dives into the modern landscape of allergy treatment and explains why ILIT (Intralymphatic Immunotherapy) is a true game-changer. Hear why *he* chose to be an expert in this field, the powerful success stories of patients being treated with ILIT at an academic center, and how having more options—shots, drops, or ILIT—empowers you to make the best, most convenient decision for your life. In This Episode, You'll Learn: -   What is Immunotherapy? A quick refresher on how it works to create tolerance. -   Why Dr. Brooks was convinced to bring ILIT to an academic center like Ohio State. -   The crucial difference between long-term conventional shots (SCIT) and the fast-track 3-injection ILIT protocol. -   The youngest age patients are seeing success with ILIT (and why it could be a protective benefit for kids). -   Powerful patient success stories, including one patient who couldn't tolerate traditional shots but thrived on ILIT. -   Why having **more options** (SCIT, SLIT, ILIT) is the key to personalized, precision medicine. EPISODE IN A GLANCE 01:12 What is Immunotherapy? 03:00 The Importance of Patient Options (Shots, Drops, ILIT) 06:00 Patient Success Story: Life-Changing Relief After ILIT 08:26 Patient Success Story: Tolerating ILIT After Severe Shot Reactions 08:57 Why ILIT is a "Perfect Fit" for Quick Relief & Busy Lives 10:04 Find an Expert: The Auni ILIT Learning Network WRITE A PODCAST REVIEW SEND US A SUGGESTION allergyactually@gmail.com ABOUT GUEST DR. CHRISTOPHER BROOKS Dr. Christopher Brooks is an Assistant Clinical Professor of Allergy Immunology in the Department of Otolaryngology at the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center. He is an expert in modern immunotherapy and an active member of the Auni ILIT Learning Network. ABOUT HOSTS KARA WADA, MD Dr. Kara Wada is a quadruple board-certified physician in allergy, immunology, and lifestyle medicine, and founder of the Immune Confident Institute. As a Sjogren’s patient and life coach, she combines modern medicine with lifestyle and mindset practices to help patients harness their body's ability to heal. Website → https://drkarawada.com/ LinkedIn → https://www.linkedin.com/in/karawadamd/ Instagram → https://www.instagram.com/immuneconfidentmd Facebook → https://www.facebook.com/KaraWadaMD Youtube → https://www.youtube.com/@drkarawada TikTok → http://tiktok.com/@immuneconfidentmd AMBER PATTERSON, MD Dr. Amber Patterson is a world-renowned allergy and immunology expert pioneering the future of immunotherapy. As the U.S. ambassador for ILIT™ (a 3-injection allergy shot protocol), she is redefining allergy care through her practice, Auni Allergy®, and the groundbreaking Auni ILIT Learning Network. Website → https://auniallergy.com/ Instagram → https://www.instagram.com/auniallergy/ Instagram → http://instagram.com/amber_patterson_md/ Facebook → https://www.facebook.com/auniallergy/ Youtube → https://www.youtube.com/@auniallergy MEAGAN SHEPHERD, MD Dr. Meagan Shepherd is a board-certified allergist and immunologist with nearly 15 years of experience specializing in advanced immunotherapy. She is known for her practi

    11 min
  3. 5 Gifts to NEVER Give Someone with Allergies, a Holiday Gift Guide | Episode 25

    DEC 8

    5 Gifts to NEVER Give Someone with Allergies, a Holiday Gift Guide | Episode 25

    Send us a text Holiday Gift Guide: Gifts That Feel Good (Allergy & Sensitivity Friendly) If you’ve ever tried to find the perfect holiday gift for someone with food allergies, asthma, eczema, or fragrance sensitivities, you know it can feel overwhelming. What is safe? What won't trigger a reaction? In this fun and practical episode of Allergy Actually, your bestie allergist moms – Dr. Kara Wada, Dr. Amber Patterson, and Dr. Meagan Shepherd – break down what truly works. They share personal stories and creative ideas to help you navigate gift-giving without guesswork or stress. From safe self-care items and cozy home products to meaningful experience gifts and non-food alternatives, this episode is your guide to choosing presents that feel safe, beautiful, and genuinely supportive. EPISODE IN A GLANCE 01:31 The Value of Experience Gifts (The $20 Shopping Spree & Museum Memberships) 03:55 Gifts to Avoid: Fragrance, Bath & Body Works & Eczema Triggers 07:12 The Best Teacher/Coworker Gift: Making Cash Thoughtful 08:16 The Holiday Gift-Giving "Avoid List" (Alcohol, Scented Items, Live Plants) 13:00 Costume Hacks for Eczema/Sensitive Skin (Layering!) WRITE A PODCAST REVIEW SEND US A SUGGESTION allergyactually@gmail.com ABOUT HOSTS KARA WADA, MD Dr. Kara Wada is a quadruple board-certified physician in allergy, immunology, and lifestyle medicine, and founder of the Immune Confident Institute. As a Sjogren’s patient and life coach, she combines modern medicine with lifestyle and mindset practices to help patients harness their body's ability to heal. Website LinkedIn Instagram Facebook Youtube TikTok AMBER PATTERSON, MD Dr. Amber Patterson is a world-renowned allergy and immunology expert pioneering the future of immunotherapy. As the U.S. ambassador for ILIT™ Protocol (a 3-injection allergy shot protocol), she is redefining allergy care through her practice, Auni Allergy®, and the groundbreaking Auni® ILIT™ Learning Network. Website Instagram Instagram Facebook Youtube MEAGAN SHEPHERD, MD Dr. Meagan Shepherd is a board-certified allergist and immunologist with nearly 15 years of experience specializing in advanced immunotherapy. She is known for her practical, evidence-based approach and her unique focus on "allergy-conscious living"—designing homes, habits, and lifestyles that improve her patients' quality of life. Instagram Facebook

    13 min
  4. Is a Real or Fake Christmas Tree Better for Allergies? (The Mold & Dust Truth) | Episode 24

    DEC 1

    Is a Real or Fake Christmas Tree Better for Allergies? (The Mold & Dust Truth) | Episode 24

    Send us a text Holiday Allergy Hacks: Real vs. Fake Christmas Trees & Handling Dusty Decor If you love decorating for Christmas but hate the sneezing, wheezing, and itchy eyes that sometimes follow, this episode of Allergy Actually is for you. In this cozy and practical episode, your bestie allergist moms – Dr. Kara Wada, Dr. Amber Patterson, and Dr. Meagan Shepherd – break down the biggest allergy triggers hiding in holiday decor. They tackle the age-old debate: Is it better to have a real Christmas tree or an artificial one? They cover everything from hidden mold spores and fragrant natural oils to dusty ornaments and irritating plastic VOCs. Learn simple, easy-to-implement hacks for keeping your home merry and breathable—like dusting outside and giving yourself permission to skip a year of decorating. This is your essential guide to enjoying the magic without the misery. EPISODE IN A GLANCE 00:37 Real vs. Artificial Trees: The Central Debate 01:03 The Real Culprit on Christmas Trees (It's Not Pine Pollen!) 02:52 Why Attics & Basements Cause a Reaction 04:18 The Best Way to Dust Decor (A Practical Solution) 05:33 Permission to Skip: Taking the Stress Out of Decorating 06:34 Flocking, Glitter & Clean Air Strategy WRITE A PODCAST REVIEW SEND US A SUGGESTION allergyactually@gmail.com ABOUT HOSTS KARA WADA, MD Dr. Kara Wada is a quadruple board-certified physician in allergy, immunology, and lifestyle medicine, and founder of the Immune Confident Institute. As a Sjogren’s patient and life coach, she combines modern medicine with lifestyle and mindset practices to help patients harness their body's ability to heal. Website LinkedIn Instagram Facebook Youtube TikTok AMBER PATTERSON, MD Dr. Amber Patterson is a world-renowned allergy and immunology expert pioneering the future of immunotherapy. As the U.S. ambassador for ILIT™ Protocol (a 3-injection allergy shot protocol), she is redefining allergy care through her practice, Auni Allergy®, and the groundbreaking Auni® ILIT™ Learning Network. Website Instagram Instagram Facebook Youtube MEAGAN SHEPHERD, MD Dr. Meagan Shepherd is a board-certified allergist and immunologist with nearly 15 years of experience specializing in advanced immunotherapy. She is known for her practical, evidence-based approach and her unique focus on "allergy-conscious living"—designing homes, habits, and lifestyles that improve her patients' quality of life. Instagram Facebook

    12 min
  5. Thanksgiving Holiday Allergy Hacks: How to Be a Good Guest & Stay Safe (Food, Pets, Perfume) | Episode 23

    NOV 24

    Thanksgiving Holiday Allergy Hacks: How to Be a Good Guest & Stay Safe (Food, Pets, Perfume) | Episode 23

    Send us a text Thanksgiving Allergy Hacks: How to Be a Great Guest (Without Feeling Like a Burden) Thanksgiving and holiday get-togethers are supposed to be fun, but when you have food allergies, asthma, or environmental sensitivities, being a guest can come with a lot of stress. Today, your bestie allergist moms are breaking down simple, real-life hacks on how to navigate the holidays safely and politely. In this practical episode of Allergy Actually, Dr. Kara Wada, Dr. Amber Patterson, and Dr. Meagan Shepherd share their top tips for being a thoughtful guest and managing potential pitfalls. They cover everything from communicating your needs ahead of time to navigating pet dander, powerful perfumes, and food potlucks without feeling awkward or being a burden. This is your essential guide to enjoying the moments that matter without sacrificing your health. EPISODE IN A GLANCE 00:53 The Importance of Taking Breaks & Self-Care During Gatherings 03:11 Communicating Food Allergy Needs to Hosts (Kara's Egg Allergy Story) 05:00 Navigating Pet Allergies: Communication, Pre-Treatment & Exit Plans 06:23 The Reality of Pet Dander: Why Vacuuming Isn't Enough 06:27 Pro-Tips for Pre-Treating Environmental/Pet Allergies 08:15 Final Thoughts on Perfume & Fragrances WRITE A PODCAST REVIEW SEND US A SUGGESTION allergyactually@gmail.com ABOUT HOSTS KARA WADA, MD Dr. Kara Wada is a quadruple board-certified physician in allergy, immunology, and lifestyle medicine, and founder of the Immune Confident Institute. As a Sjogren’s patient and life coach, she combines modern medicine with lifestyle and mindset practices to help patients harness their body's ability to heal. Website LinkedIn Instagram Facebook Youtube TikTok AMBER PATTERSON, MD Dr. Amber Patterson is a world-renowned allergy and immunology expert pioneering the future of immunotherapy. As the U.S. ambassador for ILIT™ Protocol (a 3-injection allergy shot protocol), she is redefining allergy care through her practice, Auni Allergy®, and the groundbreaking Auni® ILIT™ Learning Network. Website Instagram Instagram Facebook Youtube MEAGAN SHEPHERD, MD Dr. Meagan Shepherd is a board-certified allergist and immunologist with nearly 15 years of experience specializing in advanced immunotherapy. She is known for her practical, evidence-based approach and her unique focus on "allergy-conscious living"—designing homes, habits, and lifestyles that improve her patients' quality of life. Instagram Facebook

    11 min
  6. Overcome the Fear of Swallowing Pills: 3 Simple Tricks for Kids & Adults | Episode 22

    NOV 17

    Overcome the Fear of Swallowing Pills: 3 Simple Tricks for Kids & Adults | Episode 22

    Send us a text Do you or your child dread swallowing pills? You are not alone! Up to 40% of people struggle with it, but it's a skill you can learn. In this essential "How-To" episode of Allergy Actually, your bestie allergist moms – Dr. Kara Wada, Dr. Amber Patterson, and Dr. Meagan Shepherd – are holding a pill-swallowing masterclass. They share their personal struggles, pro-tips, and the simple, science-backed techniques that can make taking medication way easier. Learn the #1 trick that opens your throat (hint: it's the opposite of what you think!), how to practice safely with non-medication items like Tic Tacs, and why using a thick liquid like applesauce can be a game-changer for kids. They also discuss when difficulty swallowing might be a sign of a more serious medical condition like Eosinophilic Esophagitis. This is a must-watch for any parent or adult tired of crushing pills or dealing with gag reflexes. EPISODE IN A GLANCE 02:21 The "Applesauce Trick" for Kids Who Hate Pills 03:44 How to Practice: The "Orange Tic Tac" Method 04:59 The #1 Technique: Leaning FORWARD to Swallow 09:38 Pill Swallowing Alternatives: Cutting & Crushing Pills Safely 10:16 When It's More Than Fear: Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) WRITE A PODCAST REVIEW SEND US A SUGGESTION allergyactually@gmail.com ABOUT HOSTS KARA WADA, MD Dr. Kara Wada is a quadruple board-certified physician in allergy, immunology, and lifestyle medicine, and founder of the Immune Confident Institute. As a Sjogren’s patient and life coach, she combines modern medicine with lifestyle and mindset practices to help patients harness their body's ability to heal. Website LinkedIn Instagram Facebook Youtube TikTok AMBER PATTERSON, MD Dr. Amber Patterson is a world-renowned allergy and immunology expert pioneering the future of immunotherapy. As the U.S. ambassador for ILIT™ Protocol (a 3-injection allergy shot protocol), she is redefining allergy care through her practice, Auni Allergy®, and the groundbreaking Auni® ILIT™ Learning Network. Website Instagram Instagram Facebook Youtube MEAGAN SHEPHERD, MD Dr. Meagan Shepherd is a board-certified allergist and immunologist with nearly 15 years of experience specializing in advanced immunotherapy. She is known for her practical, evidence-based approach and her unique focus on "allergy-conscious living"—designing homes, habits, and lifestyles that improve her patients' quality of life. Instagram Facebook

    11 min
  7. How to Stop Vocal Cord Dysfunction (VCD) Attacks: 3 Breathing Exercises

    NOV 10

    How to Stop Vocal Cord Dysfunction (VCD) Attacks: 3 Breathing Exercises

    Send us a text If you've ever struggled with a sudden, scary episode of difficulty breathing that feels like your throat is closing up, you might be experiencing Vocal Cord Dysfunction (VCD). Often confused with asthma, VCD requires a completely different set of tools to manage. In this essential "How-To" episode of Allergy Actually, your bestie allergist moms – Dr. Kara Wada, Dr. Amber Patterson, and Dr. Meagan Shepherd – provide a powerful and practical guide to relaxed throat breathing techniques. This is a purely instructional episode designed to empower you with simple, effective exercises you can practice every day to help prevent and manage VCD episodes. They demonstrate three distinct breathing exercises: a forceful exhale technique for daily practice, an acute "rescue" breathing method for when symptoms strike, and a calming box breathing exercise to help regulate your nervous system after a scary event. This is a must-watch for anyone dealing with VCD, unexplained breathing trouble, or anxiety-related respiratory symptoms. EPISODE IN A GLANCE 00:49 Daily Practice: Forceful Exhale Breathing Technique 02:34 Acute Rescue: The "Cold Blow" Hand Technique 05:32 Calming Down: Guided Box Breathing for Your Nervous System WRITE A PODCAST REVIEW SEND US A SUGGESTION allergyactually@gmail.com ABOUT HOSTS KARA WADA, MD Dr. Kara Wada is a quadruple board-certified physician in allergy, immunology, and lifestyle medicine, and founder of the Immune Confident Institute. As a Sjogren’s patient and life coach, she combines modern medicine with lifestyle and mindset practices to help patients harness their body's ability to heal. Website LinkedIn Instagram Facebook Youtube TikTok AMBER PATTERSON, MD Dr. Amber Patterson is a world-renowned allergy and immunology expert pioneering the future of immunotherapy. As the U.S. ambassador for ILIT™ Protocol (a 3-injection allergy shot protocol), she is redefining allergy care through her practice, Auni Allergy®, and the groundbreaking Auni® ILIT™ Learning Network. Website Instagram Instagram Facebook Youtube MEAGAN SHEPHERD, MD Dr. Meagan Shepherd is a board-certified allergist and immunologist with nearly 15 years of experience specializing in advanced immunotherapy. She is known for her practical, evidence-based approach and her unique focus on "allergy-conscious living"—designing homes, habits, and lifestyles that improve her patients' quality of life. Instagram Facebook

    8 min
  8. How to Get a Dog Even if You Have Pet Allergies (Allergist's #1 Tip) | Episode 20

    NOV 3

    How to Get a Dog Even if You Have Pet Allergies (Allergist's #1 Tip) | Episode 20

    Send us a text The "Hypoallergenic" Dog Myth: An Allergist's Guide to Pet Allergies You’ve heard the term "hypoallergenic dog," but is there really such a thing? Can choosing a dog with hair instead of fur, or one that doesn't shed, actually prevent your allergies? In this myth-busting episode of Allergy Actually, your bestie allergist moms – Dr. Kara Wada, Dr. Amber Patterson, and Dr. Meagan Shepherd – are tackling one of the most common questions they get from patients: "Can I get a dog if I'm allergic?" They break down the science of pet dander, explaining why ALL dogs have the potential to cause allergies (spoiler: it's not just the fur!). Learn why you might react to one dog but not another, get an "insider's guide" to how allergy testing for dogs works, and discover the most effective, allergist-approved strategies for living happily with your furry friends—without just telling you to get rid of them! EPISODE IN A GLANCE 01:32 The "Hypoallergenic" Dog Myth Busted 02:12 It's Not the Fur! The Real Cause of Dog Allergies 03:26 An Insider's Guide to Dog Allergy Testing 06:39 The #1 Way to "Fix" Your Dog Allergy (Immunotherapy) 09:22 Practical Tips: Creating a "Pet-Free Zone" & Managing Dander 11:29 Why We'll NEVER Tell You to Get Rid of Your Pet WRITE A PODCAST REVIEW SEND US A SUGGESTION allergyactually@gmail.com ABOUT HOSTS KARA WADA, MD Dr. Kara Wada is a quadruple board-certified physician in allergy, immunology, and lifestyle medicine, and founder of the Immune Confident Institute. As a Sjogren’s patient and life coach, she combines modern medicine with lifestyle and mindset practices to help patients harness their body's ability to heal. Website LinkedIn Instagram Facebook Youtube TikTok AMBER PATTERSON, MD Dr. Amber Patterson is a world-renowned allergy and immunology expert pioneering the future of immunotherapy. As the U.S. ambassador for ILIT™ Protocol (a 3-injection allergy shot protocol), she is redefining allergy care through her practice, Auni Allergy®, and the groundbreaking Auni® ILIT™ Learning Network. Website Instagram Instagram Facebook Youtube MEAGAN SHEPHERD, MD Dr. Meagan Shepherd is a board-certified allergist and immunologist with nearly 15 years of experience specializing in advanced immunotherapy. She is known for her practical, evidence-based approach and her unique focus on "allergy-conscious living"—designing homes, habits, and lifestyles that improve her patients' quality of life. Instagram Facebook

    18 min

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Ratings & Reviews

5
out of 5
8 Ratings

About

Welcome to Allergy Actually — where real talk meets real science. We’re your bestie allergist moms—Dr. Kara Wada, Dr. Amber Patterson, and Dr. Meagan Shepherd—and we’re here to help you stop sneezing, scratching, and second-guessing your allergy care. With a combined 40+ years of clinical experience, we break down the science behind allergies into practical, real-life solutions. From pollen to peanuts, asthma to anxiety, we unpack it all with empathy, humor, and honest conversations. Whether you're a parent navigating a child’s food allergies or someone just trying to breathe easier, you'll find clarity, community, and calm here. Subscribe for weekly episodes that mix evidence-based medicine, lifestyle tips, and the kind of advice you’d expect from your smartest, kindest mom friend. Because living well with allergies shouldn’t feel so hard—and you don’t have to figure it out alone.