The Copenhagen Interpretation Podcast

Jenifer Toksvig

Accessibility and inclusivity in theatre, immersive and community-embedded theatre, quantum and theoretical theatre, musical theatre, and sometimes other crafts too. jenifertoksvig.substack.com

Episodes

  1. Ess & Jen chat again

    May 7

    Ess & Jen chat again

    Recorded 5th May 2026 Ess Grange and Jen Toksvig chat about when and how participatory community rituals became boundaried theatre. Ess used her fancy recording booth but Jen couldn’t figure out how to make her good mic work, plus we forgot to record both sides of this with Audacity, so the sound is still a bit s**t. Hey ho. JEN: So we started talking yesterday about whose fault it is… [both laugh] that theatre is inaccessible. Um… and… and you blamed Shakespeare, which made me laugh but… I mean, it is a lot to do with Shakespeare, but I… we talked about Romans and Greeks, and I don’t know enough about theatre history, so I went and looked up some stuff. ESS: Oh nice. JEN: And it’s all f*****g Thespis’s fault. ESS: Is it?! JEN: That’s what I discovered. ESS: Thespis. JEN: So Thespis was the first person, apparently, to step out of the chorus and have a chat with the leader of the chorus, which I think is just rude. I don’t know if he warned anyone he was going to do it. I like to think he didn’t warn anyone, and he just stepped out and started talking, and the rest of them in the chorus were like, “This is awkward.” [both laugh] “What are we supposed to do with this?!” ESS: But what… I mean… was he talking… was he doing the thing that you have mentioned that you want to do, of just asking some questions… of the characters… about what’s going on? JEN: No. No, he was doing different voices for the characters. ESS: Oh! JEN: Rude. ESS: Mono… manologuing. JEN: Yeah. Manologuing. ESS: Mid-chorus. JEN: That’s a really good way to put it. So… so what happened was… now I’m going to badly represent theatre history and somebody should correct me, but apparently there was a City Dionysia, which was a big official state-funded competition. And… um, run… run by a tyrant, obviously, because it’s all about tyrants. ESS: Okay. JEN: And… er, and there was before that… the Dionysian rites, which were communal and collective and localised and never the same twice… not ever set, just like… ESS: Improv. JEN: You know, more Bacchannalian, I would imagine. ESS: Yeah. JEN: And um… and then they had this competition for storytelling. And instead of just a chorus and the person leading the chorus, who never played the characters, Thespis - that f****r - stepped out and started doing voices of characters and talked to the leader of the chorus. And then Aeschylus, I’m going to say (because I can say that, and it’s a nice thing to say) Aeschylus added another person playing characters, Socrates or someone else [actually Sophocles!] added another person. And before you know it, we’ve got, you know, RADA costing a lot of money. [Ess laughs] So, er, that’s how that went. ESS: Wow. And do you know what the… like, were the audiences… like, in the… JEN: Shocked and appalled! [both laugh] ESS: In the… in the Dionysian / Bacchanalian rites, was that very much, like, people can make noise and move around and…? JEN: Yeah. I think there was no… ESS: Right. JEN: I think there was no distinction between audience and… ESS: Yeah. JEN: So here’s what made me think about this, right. It’s been May Day this weekend that’s just gone. And I obviously went to Clun Green Man Festival. ESS: Obviously. JEN: And, um… and it was lovely, and on the bridge they do a battle between the Green Man and the Ice Queen, and… everybody can stand and watch, or, you know, come and go as they please. Some people dressed up, some people didn’t, and that was fine. Um… there are Morris Dancing teams that do dances, and there was a hula hoop woman who was amazing with hula hoops. For some reason. Um… [laughs] I don’t know what that has to do with May, but… ESS: Cycle of life, I suppose? JEN: … it was very entertaining. ESS: Wheel of the Year? Get in the middle of it? JEN: Huh? ESS: Wheel of the Year? JEN: Yeah, maybe. ESS: Just swing it around your hips? JEN: Yeah. And there was a fire man who did impressive things with fire. Anyway. It was very lovely. And there was a good MC who stood on the bridge and made sure everybody knew what was going on. And… er, there were some warriors on either side, for the… for the Green Man and the Ice Queen, and they did battle, and a woman stood next to me said, “They never used to do this. It used to be a battle of words. And then they added this bit in.” And I was like, “Well, they probably added this bit in because, you know, people who do reenactment enjoy the battle thing”. Anyway. Um, it made me think that… this kind of festival… like, I could just get in touch with them, I’m sure, and say I want to be part of the thing next year, in the same way that I can get in touch with the local amateur dramatic society and say I want to be part of the group, and there’s no auditions, and you can just go and play a part if you want to. And it made me think: what happened? What happened that we… that we regard this differently. When did that happen? Why did that happen? And the answer, of course, is… ESS: Shakespeare. [laughs] JEN: The answer, of course, is Shakespeare, which you are now going to explain. Go for it. ESS: [laughing] What was your answer going to be? JEN: Well, mainly, you know… the absorption of religious practice into… into standard practice. So, we take away the community… participatory… stuff, because that’s not controlled, and we try and control it. We move from the multiple choral voice to the one voice, the single authorial voice… ESS: Yeah. JEN: … and so on. I want to preface this with: I’m a writer, and it’s going to sound like I’m against everything that theatre stands for. And… and that may be true [laughs] but also, it may not. I don’t know. Anyway, tell us about Shakespeare. ESS: This is my little theory, um… which is… so, um, prior to… I say ‘Shakespeare’, what I mean is that era of public theatre being kind of invented as a professional and commercial arena. So pre- the late 1500s, er… as you’ve just pointed out, all sorts of different performances went on all over the place, and there were travelling troupes of actors, but there were also people performing kind of informally in the inns and taverns, and sharing stories, and all sorts of stuff like that went on. And then there’s a point where the theatre - capital T’s - like, the actual first building called The Theatre pops up, and then all the other theatres follow suit. So this one, and The Globe, and all of that - in London, really specifically - and um, and there’s suddenly this bunch of people who are making a living from writing, and acting in, and putting on plays in these commercial venues where people are paying to come and see them. And at this point, like the social structure is very much like… to be professional, there has to be a guild. See, it’s literally your profession. So you join a guild, and that means you’re a professional. You do your apprenticeship, you become a professional… bricklayer, glove maker, etc etc, and you join the guild, and that gives you status and prestige, and a kind of, um, supporting structure to your profession. But acting is still disreputable and not a profession. So all of the performers in the troupes that were putting on Shakespeare’s plays and Marlowe’s plays, and all of, you know, Middleton and Dekker and all of those other folks that are writing, uh, they are all members of other guilds. So I think Shakespeare was a glove maker, maybe? His dad was definitely a glove maker, so I think he kind of followed suit in that. Um, and they all… they’re all members of different guilds, because they have to be professional to be respectable and have status in society. Um, and this is the point where they start having to frame theatre-making as a profession, and what that means is becoming exclusive. So for you to be a professional, other people have to be amateur. For you to be a professional, you have to make some criteria about who can or cannot be viewed as a professional actor or writer, so… which is the point where women start to get excluded. So… and here’s an interesting thing around that, is that I think many of us will have been told in school or on tours of The Globe, or other places that we get theatre history bestowed upon us, people will often say it was illegal for women to act, it was against the law for women to act, women were not allowed to act. Phrases like that. There’s never, ever, ever been a law discovered that banned women from acting. JEN: Huh. ESS: It wasn’t illegal for women to act, but they were… it was harder for them to be seen as professional. So there are female guild members from the medieval period onwards, but they get fewer and fewer as we move into this early modern period where men are starting to really professionalise. [noise from above in Ess’s studio] Sorry, that’s my studio friend that’s crashing around. That’s not that… or, or it’s the patriarchy collapsing. JEN: Yeah! ESS: Who knows? Um, so, yeah, basically, um, there were women performing, and there were women performing on the London public stages as well. So there’s a well documented case of a troupe of European actresses that come over and put on a play on a London stage. Mary Frith, uh… who is a gender queer person, but assigned female at birth so understood as a woman at the time, um, declared herself a woman on the public stage of The Fortune in 1611. So, um… yeah, but it’s a kind of moment of essentially professionalising a thing that has been previously done as like an amateur thing, and therefore excluding people, so… and that’s also the kind of, the thread of that is that you go on to exclude more and more people… JEN: Yeah. ESS: … from the experience. JEN: Yeah. The more and more… the more and more training you do... I must stop picking out RADA, but the more and more RADA you do, the less a

    33 min
  2. Ess & Jen chat

    Apr 24

    Ess & Jen chat

    Recorded 20th April 2026 Ess Grange and Jen Toksvig have decided to try having an informal podcast-y chat on a semi-regular but no-pressure basis. We’ll meet up when we can, with no planned topics, just whatever feels most alive in us at the time, and we’ll talk until we are done talking. This first one is recorded over Zoom using Otter, so it’s grainy and sounds like eavesdropping on our phone conversation. We’re posting it anyway. Maybe next time we’ll use the good mics we actually both have. JEN: Shall we… shall we talk about something? ESS: Sure. JEN: [chuckles] I’m not sure… so there’s lots of like, recordings about access and stuff. Like, people who have podcasts, and they talk to people who make accessible theatre, and they talk about things that are important and that I’m sure… I’m sure that people go and find that stuff and listen to it, if they want to know how to make their work more accessible. Right? That’s a thing that people do, right? ESS: Yeah, all the information is out there in the world. JEN: Do we think people go and find out, or no? ESS: I think some people maybe genuinely do. I think some people probably tick a little box for work, to show that they’ve done the thing they’re supposed to have done. JEN: Okay. ESS: I think probably… my sense is, for a bunch of people, they go, “Oh yeah, that’s the answer to that. And now I know the answer. Job done.” And then they don’t necessarily keep up with it as a conversation, rather than some answers. JEN: Here’s my thought currently: that this is about what matters to us as theatre makers. So I say to people a lot… I said this on a… gathering I was at the other night… so my friend Christopher Morrison, who is amazing, does digital access and all kinds of theatre making around that. And is a writer and is a cool human, and has this thing called Prompt, which is about narrative. It’s about challenging linear narrative, effectively, and ways that we can and should be more inclusive with storytelling, around using different forms of narrative. And it was a really interesting talk, as they all are. We’ve had a guy come and talk about kishotenketsu as a structure, and this one was a guy who came and talked about a book he’d written about how storytellers in contemporary media use… with dystopian and utopian stories, how they make excuses for, you know, “There’s this problem with the world, but then we’re just gonna ignore it, or we’re just gonna fix it, or we’re just gonna… we’re just gonna, you work within the system to address it. We’ll make legislation, and then it will go away!” It’s that kind of, that kind of storytelling. And I was talking, as I always do, about ‘Copenhagen’, about the process. And I was saying, as I always do, the story is the last thing, not the least thing, but the last - because the first thing is to think about the people who are coming into the space, and what kind of world that wants to feel like, that experiential world, not the fictional one, but just like, what kind of world you’re inviting people to step into, like if you host a party, and what kind of world that feels like. And it made me think again about how most of the creative people I know, certainly people in theatre, will talk about work they’re really excited to make. They’ll talk about the story, or they’ll talk about the thing they’re responding to in the world with storytelling. And I feel bad thinking that that’s wrong to put that first. I don’t, I don’t think it’s necessarily wrong to put that first, but… but once you’re once you’re focusing on that, that’s what you’re focusing on. You know? Once you’re thinking about “I want to tell this story for this reason”... I’m part of a brilliant collective of playwrights who are writing something… female-identifying playwrights who are writing something in response to the Epstein files, and it… and the energy, and the passion, and the support, and all of that stuff is magical, wonderful. Not that we should need to have that kind of thing, but the fact that we do need to have it is… it’s amazing when it, when it does manifest, and people come together to respond to that stuff, and the focus is on that stuff and making that stuff happen, and finding a space to make that stuff happen. And I get it because, on the one hand, you’re… if I’m talking about just bringing people into a room, I’m talking about just bringing people into a room, and it doesn’t matter what story we’re telling at that stage, I’m just talking about, how can I make people be comfortable in the space? And on the other hand, the responding to the Epstein files is a really important thing. It’s the thing we’re doing. So I get very torn between… like, on the one hand, I care about The Broad Cloth, and the story and the place, and the people, and the stuff - and on the other hand, I’m inviting people into a space, and that surely is my first responsibility. So I go back and forth about… people don’t look up stuff about access, and don’t listen to podcasts, and don’t go beyond just getting an answer, because they have a thing they passionately want to tell, and I’m not going to tell them they’re wrong to be passionate about that. Because that’s what being a creative artist is. Right? It’s about having a thing you want to comment on or observe. ESS: Somewhat, yes. I think for me, there’s like… an equal priority with that is the form in which it’s told. Like the story alone isn’t enough. It’s like… the process is also, and what is the most appropriate way… what processes can take, can lead us to the most appropriate way to tell that story. So there’s the form and the content, basically. And I get more excited about the form than I do about the content, most of the time. So for me, the form has to meet… they have to meet each other, the form and the content have to meet each other, and they will affect each other. And… yeah, I think that’s my starting point. And I know, like, a lot of the time… it sort of comes back to that Carrier Bag Theory of Fiction tension of like, everyone is very programmed to the kind of Hero’s Journey arc, and the sort of single author idea that goes along with that. And so it’s all about, like, ‘pitch the story’. Like I was talking to a friend last week who does some writing for TV, and I was asking her about how that works, because of a project that I’m involved in. And she was telling me about, like, pitch decks and the sort of process of putting an idea in front, like a TV idea, in front of people that might commission it. And it’s all about, like, it’s all about trying to, like, sell people the story, the sort of elevator pitch of the story and the characters, and that that’s… you have to, like, hook people in, and all of the sort of terms around it have a sort of like… there’s a sort of hunting, a fishing kind of metaphor going on, right? That you have to, sort of like, you have to hook people in, and that the thing that you’re hooking them in to is this idea of the story, and this idea of, like, the lone genius author who’s like, got this story that’s like, so compelling… that, like, yeah, people are sort of unable to not… you can’t walk away from the story. JEN: It’s interesting, the word hook, because I write lyrics, obviously, and the hook of a song is the main thrust of the song. ESS: Yeah. JEN: But also, when I do fairytale gathering, and I talk about that, I talk about… there are barbs inside us, and bits of Velcro. ESS: Yeah. JEN: So I have always said that… I think stories are just out there in the ether, and we are conduits through which they pass on their way around the world ESS: Yeah. JEN: And when they pass through us, only certain bits of them catch on the barbs and the hooks and the bits of Velcro that are inside us, from our lived experiences. Stuff that gets jagged, gets made jagged from living… and then those bits of those stories tear off inside us and stay. As evidenced by the time, I asked somebody, what’s your favourite fairytale? And they said, “The Three Bears”. And I said, “That’s brilliant. What’s your favourite moment in the fairytale?” And they said, “When Mummy Bear makes Daddy Bear and Baby Bear lovely dinner, and they all sit down at the table and have lovely dinner together.” And I said, “That’s a lovely moment in the story. What about Goldilocks?” And they said, “Who?” Because it didn’t matter. Didn’t matter. Goldilocks hadn’t torn off on anything inside them. Goldilocks didn’t matter. Didn’t matter that it was porridge - typically a breakfast meal - just mattered that it was a nice dinner. That’s Mummy Bear making a nice dinner for Daddy Bear and Baby Bear. That’s all that mattered. So it’s interesting to talk about the hook of a story, in that I think there are commercial hooks, where we recognise… it’s like, you know, Rachel and I are writing a novel at the moment. And everything I see where I follow on Instagram, they talk about, “What genre is it? What other novels can you compare it to?” Because that’s all hooks. But it’s very different to what tears off inside us. Like the hook, the commercial hook of Goldilocks and the Three Bears was not what tore off inside that person, because it’s not clean hooks that we have. We don’t have commercial hooks inside us. We have barbs and rough, jagged bits from living, you know. It’s different. ESS: But I think there’s also… I suppose, for me, the feeding is less… hooks and barbs, and more, like, sedimentary… like there’s a sort of rainfall of information that circulates and filters through, and it leaves… there’s some mineral deposits that come out as it passes through, but it also leaves something… but there’s like a mutual exchange, right?

    25 min

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Accessibility and inclusivity in theatre, immersive and community-embedded theatre, quantum and theoretical theatre, musical theatre, and sometimes other crafts too. jenifertoksvig.substack.com