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  1. 2 HR AGO

    第2815期:The business world today

    We're talking about how technology has really changed the face of business. 我们在谈论技术是如何改变商业面貌的。 To be more specific, We're really talking about the internet, aren't we?更具体一点，我们其实是在谈论互联网，不是吗？ Yeah. I mean, nowadays, Richard, every company, whether they provide a service or sell a product, they have a website.是啊。我的意思是，如今，Richard，不论一家公司是提供服务还是销售产品，他们都有自己的网站。 Or at the very least, a Facebook page.或者至少也会有一个 Facebook 页面。 Yeah. Now, you mentioned Facebook, Richard.是的。你刚才提到 Facebook，Richard。 The rise of social media has really changed business, hasn't it?社交媒体的兴起确实彻底改变了商业模式，不是吗？ I mean, it wasn't that long ago that you really needed to be able to, what, write a professional email.我的意思是，不久之前，一个人只需要会写一封专业的电子邮件就够了。 But today, business owners, what, they must be able to communicate on Twitter, they need to engage regularly on Facebook, have a LinkedIn account...但如今，企业主必须能够在 Twitter 上交流，定期在 Facebook 上互动，还要拥有一个 LinkedIn 账号…… And also, obviously, video conferencing is by Zoom.而且，显然，现在视频会议都是通过 Zoom 进行的。 Yeah. And recruitment has changed completely.是的。而招聘方式也发生了彻底的变化。 The whole explosion of social media has made it a part of our everyday lives, but both personally and professionally.社交媒体的全面爆发使它成为我们生活中不可分割的一部分，无论是个人生活还是职业领域。 And of course, the other technology is, of course, mobile technology.当然，另一项重要的技术就是移动技术。 Everything's done on the move and remotely.一切事情都可以在移动中、远程完成。 Fewer actual phone calls are being made nowadays.如今人们打真正电话的次数越来越少了。 It's all emails, texting, tweeting, and using messaging apps, isn't it?现在全都是发邮件、发短信、发推文，以及用各种通讯应用，对吧？ Yeah. And the problem with that is that we are always connected.是的。而问题在于，我们总是“在线”的。 So therefore, the line between work and home life, that's become blurred, hasn't it?因此，工作与家庭生活之间的界限变得模糊了，不是吗？ Yes. There's no such thing nowadays as out of the office.是的。如今已经不存在所谓的“下班”状态了。 Interesting, Richard, becausePortugalhas banned bosses from text messaging and emailing staff out of working hours.这很有趣，Richard，因为葡萄牙已经禁止老板在非工作时间发短信或发邮件给员工。 They have this new law, the right to rest.他们制定了一项新法律，叫作“休息权”。 Yes, it's all about improving work-life balance, which is very important.是的，这一切都是为了改善工作与生活的平衡，这非常重要。 And of course, Richard, the other thing is, you say there's no out of office, but actually there's no office nowadays.当然，Richard，另一点是，你说没有“下班”，但实际上，现在很多人连“办公室”都没有了。 Well, actually, that's good because starting a business used to mean a huge amount of investment required for an office.实际上这挺好，因为过去创业往往意味着要投入大量资金去租或建办公室。 You don't need that anymore.而现在你已经不再需要这样做了。 Yeah. Small businesses, they can be run entirely virtually. It's a huge saving.是啊，小型企业完全可以虚拟化运营，这节省了大量成本。 Cuts down on a lot of overheads.大大减少了各种固定开支。 Not just small businesses though, Richard. More and more employees, as we know, want to work remotely.但这不仅限于小企业，Richard。正如我们所知，越来越多的员工也希望能够远程工作。 And PricewaterhouseCooper, a huge organisation, they recognise this and they have said it will allow all US employees who can telework the ability to work virtually from anywhere on the continent, which is amazing.普华永道这样的大型机构也意识到了这一点，他们宣布允许所有可以远程办公的美国员工在北美大陆的任何地方工作，这真是了不起。 That's 40,000 employees who can, if they want to, work from home. Wow.这意味着有四万名员工如果愿意，都可以在家工作。哇。 So that's a huge change in the way businesses are run nowadays, isn't it?这真的是商业运作方式上的巨大变革，不是吗？ Yeah. We've talked mainly about engaging with customers, but obviously payment methods, getting paid online is much easier as well.是的。我们主要谈到了客户互动，但显然，在线支付方式也让收款变得更加容易。 Yes. Online banking, PayPal, etc, etc.没错，比如网上银行、PayPal 等等。 And consumers spend more than ever nowadays as well. It's so easy just to click on buy now, isn't it?如今消费者的支出也比以往任何时候都多。只要点一下“立即购买”就能完成购物，太容易了，对吧？ Yes. So at the end of the day, Jackie, starting a new business in this digital age has never been easier.是的。总的来说，Jackie，在这个数字时代创业从未如此简单。 So if you've got an idea, go for it.所以，如果你有一个好点子，就大胆去做吧。

    4 min

  2. 1 DAY AGO

    第2814期:AI to predict your health in the future

    Nasa's Perseverance Rover has spent the past four years exploring an area of Mars called the Jezero Crater. It's dry and dusty, but billions of years ago, it was thought to be an ancient lake with a river flowing into it.美国国家航空航天局的 “毅力” 号火星车在过去四年里探索了火星上被称为杰泽罗陨石坑的区域。这片区域干燥并布满灰尘，但科学家认为数十亿年前这里是一个古湖泊，有一条河流汇入其中。 The intriguing rocks were found on the riverbed. They have unusual ringed markings, nicknamed 'leopard spots' by the researchers, and black dots the team are calling 'poppy seeds'. These features are actually minerals, and the scientists think they could have been produced by chemical reactions associated with microbes.这些引人注目的岩石就是在这里的河床上被发现的。它们带有被研究人员戏称为 “豹纹” 的不同寻常的环状斑纹，以及被研究团队称为 “罂粟籽” 的小黑点。岩石上的这些特征其实是矿物质，而科学家们认为这些矿物质可能产生自与微生物相关的化学反应。 Life isn't the only possible explanation. The minerals could have been made by natural geological processes. The only way to find out for sure is to bring the rocks back to Earth for analysis. Missions to return samples have been proposed, but there's uncertainty because of the proposed cuts to Nasa's budget.生命并不是对这些矿物质的唯一解释。这些矿物质也可能产生于自然地质作用的过程。唯一能查明真相的方式就是把这些岩石带回地球进行分析。已经有人提议开展航天任务带回这些样本，但这尚存在不确定性，因为已有提议削减美国国家航空航天局的预算。 While there's still much to find out, these rocks are tantalising, and the findings are strong enough to meet Nasa's criteria for potential biosignatures, features that warrant further investigation to determine if they really are a sign of life.还有许多事情尚待发掘，但这些岩石十分诱人，而且目前的研究结果所具备的说服力也达到了美国国家航空航天局对潜在生物特征的判定标准。潜在生物特征指的是 “足以满足值得进一步调查的理由，以确认它们是否真的是生命的迹象”。

    1 min

  3. 2 DAYS AGO

    第2813期:AI to predict your health in the future

    The researchers describe this artificial intelligence model as like a weather forecast for your health. But instead of warning of a 70% chance of rain, it tells you the risk of more than a thousand diseases. The AI has learned to spot patterns hidden in the types and timings of different medical diagnoses, so now it can look at a patient and predict what is likely to come next.研究人员称，这个人工智能模型就好像一个对我们健康状况发出的 “天气预报”。只不过它并不是对 70% 的降水概率做出预警，而是告诉人们一千多种疾病的患病风险。这个人工智能模型已经学会了如何发现隐藏在不同医学诊断类型和时间中的模式，因此现在它可以通过观察一个病人来预测接下来很可能会发生什么。 The AI was trained using more than 400,000 people's anonymous medical records from the UK and tested on nearly two million people's records in Denmark.这个人工智能模型使用了来自英国 40 多万人的匿名医疗记录进行训练，然后在丹麦接近两百万人的医疗记录上进行了测试。 But what can we do with such predictions? People are already offered a cholesterol-lowering statin based on a calculation of their risk of a heart attack or stroke. Understanding how diseases unfold could lead to new ways of intervening early. The AI could also help inform screening programmes or help hospitals plan for future demand, like estimating how many heart attacks might happen in Norwich in 2030. The researchers say there is work to do, but that they are at the beginning of a new way of understanding health and disease.但我们能用这种预测做些什么呢？已经有人因被计算出具有患心脏病或中风的风险而被提供了降胆固醇的他汀类药物。了解疾病如何发展能为我们带来早期干预的新方法。这个人工智能模型也能为筛查项目提供信息，或帮助医院规划未来的就诊需求，比如估计 2030 年时诺里奇可能会出现多少例心脏病发作。研究人员表示，目前还有工作要做，但他们已经处在一个理解健康和疾病的新方式的开端。

    1 min

  4. 3 DAYS AGO

    第2812期:What are the chances of an asteroid hitting you?

    An asteroid ended the age of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago. Could something as catastrophic as that happen again?6600 万年前，一颗小行星结束了恐龙时代。 如此灾难性的事情还会发生吗？ Asteroids are something astronomers closely track. Recently, the asteroid named 2024 YR4 made headlines for its tiny, but real, chance of colliding with Earth in 2032. In February 2025, NASA increased the impact probability of this asteroid hitting us to 2.3%. Scientists have calculated that YR4 is between 40m and 90m in diameter. It would have the power of a nuclear bomb if it was to hit Earth, causing severe damage if the impact was in a populated area. However, Dr Robert Massey of the Royal Astronomical Society urges calm. He said he is not "losing sleep over" the asteroid, but stresses that funding planetary defence and spotting potential threats is essential.小行星是天文学家密切追踪的对象。 最近，一颗名为 2024 YR4 的小行星因其在 2032 年与地球相撞的微小但真实的机会而成为头条新闻。2025 年 2 月，美国宇航局将这颗小行星撞击我们的可能性提高到 2.3%。 科学家计算出YR4的直径在40m到90m之间。 如果它击中地球，其威力将相当于核弹，如果撞击在人口稠密地区，则会造成严重破坏。 然而，英国皇家天文学会的罗伯特·梅西博士敦促大家保持冷静。 他表示，他并没有因为这颗小行星“失眠”，但强调为行星防御提供资金和发现潜在威胁至关重要。 So what are asteroids? They are fragments of rock left over from the creation of the solar system 4.6 billion years ago. They frequently orbit close to Earth pushed by the gravity of other planets, though it was only in the late 1900s that scientists were able to systematically track near-Earth objects and learn this. They found that asteroids of more than 40m across, that's large enough to destroy a city, cross the Earth's path within lunar distance several times a year.那么什么是小行星？ 它们是 46 亿年前太阳系形成时留下的岩石碎片。 它们经常在其他行星的引力推动下在靠近地球的轨道上运行，尽管直到 1900 年代末科学家才能够系统地跟踪近地天体并了解这一点。 他们发现，直径超过 40m 的小行星（大到足以摧毁一座城市）每年都会在月球距离内多次穿过地球轨道。 The chance of an asteroid being large enough to penetrate our atmosphere intact and destroy a city is likely to happen once in every hundred years. In 1908, an asteroid exploded over Siberia, injuring people and buildings across more than 500 square kilometres. However, actual impacts aren't as common as near-misses. For example, the asteroid Apophis raised alarms after it was discovered in 2004 because it was estimated to be around the size of a cruise ship. Even scarier, in 1994, the comet named Shoemaker-Levy 9 crashed into Jupiter, and, if it had hit Earth, all life would have been wiped out, just like the dinosaurs were.小行星足够大，可以完整地穿透我们的大气层并摧毁一座城市，这种情况可能每百年就会发生一次。 1908 年，一颗小行星在西伯利亚上空爆炸，造成 500 多平方公里的人员和建筑物受伤。 然而，实际影响并不像未遂事件那样常见。 例如，小行星阿波菲斯在 2004 年被发现后就引发了警报，因为据估计它的大小与一艘游轮差不多。 更可怕的是，1994年，名为舒梅克-利维9号的彗星撞上了木星，如果它撞上了地球，所有生命都会被消灭，就像恐龙一样。 So, it's safe to enjoy admiring the night sky because the chances of you being hit by an asteroid are very, very small, even if they're not zero.所以，欣赏夜空是安全的，因为你被小行星撞击的可能性非常非常小，即使它们不为零。

    3 min

  5. 4 DAYS AGO

    第2811期:Is your dog reading your mind?

    Everyone knows that dogs are supposed to be our best friends. Could it be that they know what we are thinking? Whether it's getting excited at the prospect of a walk or knowing that tasty food is coming soon, are our dogs reading our minds? 每个人都知道狗应该是我们最好的朋友。 难道他们知道我们在想什么吗？ 无论是对散步的前景感到兴奋，还是知道美味的食物即将到来，我们的狗会读懂我们的心思吗？ Now, by mind-reading we're not talking about knowing our deepest thoughts in detail, but various psychologists have suggested that dogs might have a theory of mind. What this means is that they are aware that other creatures, like humans, are able to see and understand things in different ways. In various experiments it appears that dogs are able to identify who is paying them attention. They are more likely to ask for food from someone if there is a reason that the human would know where the dog treats are. If dogs have been forbidden food by someone, they are more likely to try and get it quietly. 现在，我们所说的读心术并不是要详细了解我们最深层的想法，但许多心理学家都认为狗可能有一种心理理论。 这意味着他们意识到其他生物，比如人类，能够以不同的方式看待和理解事物。 在各种实验中，狗似乎能够识别谁在关注它们。 如果人类有理由知道狗的食物在哪里，他们更有可能向某人索要食物。 如果有人禁止狗吃东西，它们更有可能尝试悄悄地得到它。 As well as these behavioural studies, there are other things that show how dogs are able to relate closely to humans. Brain imaging studies have shown not only that canine brains react to human voices, but that they also show an emotional response to those human sounds which demonstrate strong feelings, such as laughing or crying. Brain scan studies have also shown that human faces also provoke an emotional response in dogs. Other studies have shown that sweat from people feeling scared could make dogs feel more stressed than sweat from happy people. 除了这些行为研究之外，还有其他一些研究表明狗如何能够与人类建立密切的关系。 脑成像研究表明，犬类的大脑不仅会对人类的声音做出反应，而且还会对那些表现出强烈感情的人类声音表现出情绪反应，例如笑或哭。 脑部扫描研究还表明，人脸也会引起狗的情绪反应。 其他研究表明，感到害怕的人流的汗比快乐的人流的汗会让狗感到更大的压力。 There is some debate about whether dogs have evolved to respond to human emotions as they have become domesticated or whether this behaviour is a learned reaction to stimuli. Experiments like those described above have also been carried out on wolves that have been raised by humans, who may have learned to respond to their carer's behaviour, but do not have the genes of a domesticated species. Wolves did show some abilities to respond to human emotions, but were less able to pick up more subtle clues. 关于狗是否在被驯化后进化到能够对人类情绪做出反应，或者这种行为是否是对刺激的后天反应，存在一些争议。 类似上述的实验也在人类饲养的狼身上进行，这些狼可能已经学会了对照顾者的行为做出反应，但不具备驯化物种的基因。 狼确实表现出了一些对人类情绪做出反应的能力，但它们不太能够捕捉到更微妙的线索。 Whether it's learned or innate, dogs' ability to read human emotions and intentions are one reason that we have included them in our lives for centuries. It's also why they have been successful as assistance dogs, helping their owners to get through everyday life. 无论是后天习得的还是天生的，狗解读人类情感和意图的能力是几个世纪以来我们将它们融入我们生活的原因之一。 这也是它们作为协助犬取得成功的原因，帮助主人度过日常生活。

    2 min

  6. 5 DAYS AGO

    第2810期:How exactly do inhalers work?(4)

    The real beauty of inhalers is how they get these medications into your lungs. They work by suspending, or aerosolizing, medications into the air to be easily inhaled. Each type of inhaler does this in a slightly different way.吸入器真正的妙处在于，它能将药物高效地送入肺部。它的原理是将药物悬浮在空气中，或将其雾化成可吸入的微粒。而不同类型的吸入器实现这一过程的方式略有不同。 Dry powder inhalers require a person to breathe in to aerosolize a powder medication.干粉吸入器需要使用者主动吸气，使粉末状药物被雾化并吸入肺部。 Nebulizers, on the other hand, use either ultrasonic vibrations or compressed air to turn liquid medication into a mist.雾化器则利用超声波震动或压缩空气，将液态药物转化成细微的雾状颗粒。 The pressurized metered-dose inhaler works a lot like hairspray. This medicine is dissolved in a fluid called a propellant, and it's under high pressure. This causes the fluid and medication mixture to shoot out in a fast-moving mist.加压定量吸入器（MDI）的工作方式与喷发胶非常相似。药物被溶解在一种称为推进剂的液体中，并处于高压状态。当按下装置时，药液与药物的混合物会以高速喷出，形成可吸入的雾气。 But this mist can sometimes be hard to coordinate with breathing. So there’s one more device, called a soft mist inhaler, that administers doses at lower speeds, without the use of a propellant.不过，这种喷雾有时需要与呼吸动作配合，操作并不总是容易。因此，又出现了一种称为“软雾吸入器”的装置，它不使用推进剂，而是以较低速度释放药物，使吸入更加平稳自然。 Asthma and COPD each affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide each year. But thanks to inhalers, what once kept Proust confined to a cork-lined room, can now be treated in a few short puffs.哮喘和COPD每年都影响着全球数以亿计的人口。但多亏了吸入器，这种曾让普鲁斯特困于软木包裹房间、饱受折磨的疾病，如今只需几次轻轻吸入，就能得到有效控制。

    1 min

  7. 6 DAYS AGO

    第2809期:How exactly do inhalers work?(3)

    In chronic bronchitis, the airway’s lining is inflamed and produces more mucus to trap incoming smoke or dust particles. And the little hairs lining the airways that normally help push the mucus out are often damaged, so the mucus gets stuck. During a COPD attack, rescue inhalers open the airways, just as they do for asthma.在慢性支气管炎中，气道的内壁会发炎，并分泌出更多的黏液来捕捉进入的烟雾或灰尘颗粒。而那些原本排列在气道上的微小毛发（纤毛），通常负责将黏液向外排出，却常常受到损伤，导致黏液堆积无法排出。当COPD（慢阻肺）发作时，急救型吸入器可以像治疗哮喘一样，帮助打开气道。 Preventative inhalers are used daily to stop asthma and COPD symptoms before they even start. They often contain both a corticosteroid, which reduces inflammation, and a long-acting bronchodilator.预防型吸入器则是每天使用，用来在哮喘或COPD症状出现之前就加以控制。它们通常同时含有糖皮质激素（可减少炎症）和长效支气管扩张剂。 In fact, one class of bronchodilators for patients with COPD is related to the compounds in thorn apples. These drugs block signals from the nerves that tell the airway muscles to contract. Those same nerve signals are thought to be responsible for increasing mucus in the lungs, so these drugs may help clear the airways as well.事实上，用于治疗COPD患者的一类支气管扩张剂，其化学成分与曼陀罗中的化合物有关。这类药物通过阻断神经向气道肌肉发出的收缩信号来起作用。而这些神经信号也被认为会促进肺部黏液的增加，因此这种药物可能还能帮助清除气道。

    1 min

  8. 16 OCT

    第2808期:How exactly do inhalers work?(2)

    So how do they work? When you take a breath, air travels through your lungs using tubes called airways, or bronchi. The airways funnel to sacs, called alveoli, where your red blood cells absorb all the oxygen your body needs.那么，它们是如何起作用的呢？当你吸气时，空气通过称为气道或支气管的管道进入肺部。气道最终通向被称为肺泡的气囊，红血球就在这里吸收身体所需的全部氧气。 But if you have asthma, the muscles around your airways may tighten, the lining of your airways may get inflamed, and your lungs may make too much of the mucus they use to trap dust and germs. Essentially, this clogs the pipes and makes it difficult to exhale.但如果你患有哮喘，气道周围的肌肉可能会收缩，气道内壁可能发炎，而肺部可能会产生过多的黏液——这种黏液原本用于捕捉灰尘和病菌。结果就像管道被堵住一样，使呼气变得困难。 Rescue inhalers deliver a medication called a bronchodilator that quickly relaxes these muscles, making it easier to breathe. These bronchodilators are short acting, lasting around four hours.急救型吸入器会输送一种名为“支气管扩张剂”的药物，它能迅速放松这些肌肉，使呼吸变得顺畅。这类支气管扩张剂属于短效药物，作用时间大约为四小时。 Rescue inhalers can be used for COPD, too. COPD is a catch-all term to describe the most common breathing conditions, like emphysema and chronic bronchitis, which people often have at the same time.急救型吸入器同样可以用于治疗慢性阻塞性肺病（COPD）。COPD 是一个总称，用来描述最常见的呼吸系统疾病，如肺气肿和慢性支气管炎，这两种疾病往往会同时出现。 In emphysema, repeated exposure to smoke or irritating particles breaks the inner walls of the alveoli. Because there's less surface area for blood and oxygen to interact, less oxygen makes its way to your bloodstream, causing you to constantly feel out of breath.在肺气肿中，长期接触烟雾或刺激性颗粒会破坏肺泡的内壁。由于血液与氧气交换的表面积减少，进入血液的氧气也随之减少，因此患者会持续感到呼吸困难。

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