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International health experts have agreed on a new definition of what it means for a disease to spread “through the air.”
国际卫生专家就疾病“通过空气”传播的含义达成了新的定义。
The agreement came after the World Health Organization (WHO) cooperated with hundreds of international health experts to explain or clarify the meaning. The WHO said the technical document it issued was the first step towards finding better methods to prevent airborne disease spread.
该协议是在世界卫生组织（WHO）与数百名国际卫生专家合作解释或澄清其含义后达成的。 世界卫生组织表示，其发布的技术文件是寻找更好的方法来防止空气传播疾病传播的第一步。
The document says the term "through the air" can be used for infectious diseases in which the main spread involves a pathogen traveling through the air or being suspended in the air. The experts said this is similar to the official description of "waterborne" diseases.
该文件称，“通过空气”一词可用于主要传播涉及病原体通过空气传播或悬浮在空气中的传染病。 专家表示，这与官方对“水传播”疾病的描述类似。
The WHO’s new explanation is an effort to avoid public misunderstandings about how some diseases can be passed through the air or are “airborne.”
世界卫生组织的新解释是为了避免公众对某些疾病如何通过空气传播或“空气传播”产生误解。
Such misunderstandings happened during the COVID-19 pandemic. The WHO was criticized by many scientists during the early days of COVID-19 in 2020. They accused the U.N. health agency of failing to warn the public early on that the virus could spread through the air.
此类误解在 COVID-19 大流行期间发生过。 2020 年 COVID-19 爆发初期，世界卫生组织受到许多科学家的批评。他们指责联合国卫生机构未能及早警告公众该病毒可能通过空气传播。
The scientists said this led to too much public guidance centered on handwashing and similar measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19. They said this guidance ignored other measures, such as looking at the spread of viruses through ventilation systems.
科学家们表示，这导致了太多以洗手和类似措施为中心的公共指导，以防止 COVID-19 的传播。 他们表示，该指南忽略了其他措施，例如观察病毒通过通风系统的传播。
By July 2020, the agency said there was "evidence emerging" of airborne spread. Soumya Swaminathan was WHO chief scientist during the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Swaminathan began a process to agree on a new definition for airborne disease spread. She later said she thinks the agency should have been more forceful in that message "much earlier."
该机构表示，到 2020 年 7 月，“有证据表明”空气传播。 Soumya Swaminathan 在新冠肺炎 (COVID-19) 大流行初期担任世卫组织首席科学家。 斯瓦米纳坦开始就空气传播疾病传播的新定义达成一致。 她后来说，她认为该机构应该“更早”更强有力地传达这一信息。
Swaminathan’s successor, Jeremy Farrar, recently told Reuters news agency the new definition was about more than COVID-19. He added that at the beginning of the pandemic there was a lack of available evidence. He said experts including the WHO had acted in "good faith." At the time, he headed the Wellcome Trust charity and advised the British government on COVID-19.
斯瓦米纳坦的继任者杰里米·法勒 (Jeremy Farrar) 最近告诉路透社，新定义不仅仅涉及 COVID-19。 他补充说，在大流行开始时，缺乏可用的证据。 他说，包括世界卫生组织在内的专家都是本着“善意”行事的。 当时，他是 Wellcome Trust 慈善机构的负责人，并就 COVID-19 向英国政府提供建议。
Farrar said the new definition would permit discussions to begin about issues such as ventila

For the first time, the public will be able to go on guided tours of Buckingham Palace's East Wing. That includes the famous front facade with a balcony that's been the focus of so many big royal occasions, although visitors won't be able to step out onto the balcony and wave to the tourists below.
这将是公众首次能够在导游的带领下参观白金汉宫东翼。可供参观的区域包括宫殿正面著名的标志性阳台，这座阳台是许多重大王室活动的焦点，不过参观者不能像王室那样走上阳台，向下面的游客们挥手。
But in July and August, visitors will be able to see many historic rooms in that wing of the palace previously not open to the public as part of an effort to open up more of the royal estate.
王室希望能开放更多居所供民众参观，在今年7月和8月，游客们将能够参观白金汉宫东翼许多历史悠久的房间，这些房间此前从未向公众开放。
The palace's East Wing, built in the reign of Queen Victoria, was originally funded by selling the Brighton Pavilion. But modern visitors who want the guided tour, plus a visit to the palace's State Rooms, will have to pay £75.
白金汉宫东翼建于英国维多利亚女王统治时期，最初修建该区域靠出售布莱顿皇家行宫（又称 “英王阁”）所得的资金。而如今游客如果想参加这个由导游带领的东翼游览活动，包括参观国事厅，就必须支付75英镑的游览费。
词汇表
facade （大型建筑物的）正立面step out 走出royal estate 王室居所reign 统治时期，君主在位时期funded 由…提供资金State Rooms （白金汉宫）国事厅

We hear family members and teachers telling us to "sit up straight" and "stand tall", but do they say that because an erect posture is more aesthetically pleasing, or is it the key to a pain-free back? It's commonly believed that 'slump' sitting or 'slouch' standing damages our spines. But, is slouching really that bad?
我们听到家人和老师告诉我们“坐直”和“站直”，但他们是说因为直立的姿势更美观，还是背部不疼痛的关键？ 人们普遍认为“低头”坐姿或“无精打采”站立会损害我们的脊柱。 但是，驼背真的有那么糟糕吗？
Meghan Markowski, physiotherapist at Harvard-affiliated Brigham and Women's Hospital, says that a poor posture can lead to neck pain and back problems. She also links it to other problems like poor balance, headaches and breathing difficulties. Meghan says we should aim for an upright spine position and to avoid flexing and arching our backs. But, if you're a sloucher, there may be some good news coming from the last two decades of research…
哈佛大学附属布莱根妇女医院的物理治疗师梅根·马科夫斯基表示，不良姿势会导致颈部疼痛和背部问题。 她还将其与平衡不良、头痛和呼吸困难等其他问题联系起来。 梅根说，我们应该以直立的脊柱姿势为目标，避免弯曲和拱起背部。 但是，如果你是个懒散的人，过去二十年的研究可能会带来一些好消息……
In an article called "Sit Up Straight: Time to Re-evaluate", physiotherapist Diane Slater and colleagues review the current research and conclude that there is no strong evidence that slouching aggravates back pain, or even that a perfect posture exists. Instead, they argue that differences in our spinal curvatures are a fact of life, and that our backs are stronger than we think.
在一篇名为《坐直：重新评估的时候》的文章中，物理治疗师黛安·斯莱特及其同事回顾了当前的研究，得出的结论是，没有强有力的证据表明弯腰会加重背痛，甚至没有完美的姿势存在。 相反，他们认为我们脊柱弯曲的差异是生活中的事实，而且我们的背部比我们想象的更强壮。
So, we're not sure that slouching causes back pain, but have you ever felt like slouching puts you in a worse mood? A 2014 study by Johannes Michalak and colleagues found that depressed participants in a slumped seated position remembered more negative words than positive, but this improved once they sat upright. That means that the way we sit might make us feel more negative. Should we sit up straight and stand tall then?
所以，我们不确定弯腰驼背是否会导致背痛，但您是否曾经感觉弯腰驼背会让您的心情变得更糟？ Johannes Michalak 及其同事在 2014 年进行的一项研究发现，抑郁的参与者在弯腰坐姿时记住的消极词汇多于积极词汇，但一旦他们坐直，这种情况就会有所改善。 这意味着我们的坐姿可能会让我们感到更加消极。 那我们是不是应该坐直、站直呢？
Something both sides seem to agree on is that we should avoid staying in one static posture throughout the day – we should change positions and stretch. The human spine is designed to be on the move and a sedentary lifestyle can increase the risk of back pain. If you're unable to do this, slouching in front of your computer all day may cause you discomfort, but the evidence tells us it's not actually damaging your spine.
双方似乎都同意，我们应该避免整天保持一种静态姿势——我们应该改变姿势并伸展身体。 人类的脊柱是为了移动而设计的，久坐的生活方式会增加背痛的风险。 如果您无法做到这一点，那么整天懒洋洋地坐在电脑前可能会让您感到不适，但证据告诉我们，这实际上并不会损害您的脊柱。
词汇表
erect posture 昂首挺胸的姿势，腰

Whether it's clubs such as Bury going bust, Derby's current financial problems or the 'big six' wanting to form a breakaway super league, the government's view is football needs protecting, at times from itself.
无论是像贝里这样的足球俱乐部面临破产、德比郡目前的财务问题，还是英超 “六大豪门” 想要脱离联赛、单独成立一项超级联赛，面对这些足坛危机，英国政府的看法是：足球需要保护，有时甚至需要保护其免受自身的伤害。
It wants English football to have an independent regulator to keep spending under control, and it wants fans to have more of a say in how their club is run – from the location of a new stadium to changes in kit colour. And anyone wanting to own a football club should not only face financial background checks but scrutiny of their integrity.
英国政府希望英格兰足球联赛能由一个独立的监管机构来控制支出，并就俱乐部的运营方式，从新球场的地点到球衣颜色的变化等方面，赋予球迷更多的话语权。而任何想要拥有一家足球俱乐部的人，不仅应接受财务背景调查，还应接受审查，以确认其品行端正。
These proposals could take time to become law – if they do at all. And they're expected to face opposition from some in the game who fear change could affect the competitive balance or levels of investment.
这些提议就算有可能成为正式法规，也需要时间。预计新建议将面临一些足坛人士的反对，他们担心变化可能会影响竞争平衡和投资水平。
词汇表
going bust 破产，倒闭the 'big six' 英超 “六大豪门” 足球俱乐部regulator 监管机构fans 球迷scrutiny 详细审查integrity 品行端正、诚实opposition 反对意见competitive balance 竞争平衡

An ancient fossil found by a girl and her father on a beach in England belongs to a creature that might have been among the largest animals ever on Earth.
一个女孩和她的父亲在英格兰的海滩上发现了一块古老的化石，属于一种可能是地球上最大的动物之一的生物。
Researchers said in a recent study that the fossilized bone, called a surangular, was from a reptile called an ichthyosaur that lived in the sea. Based on its size, compared to the same bone in closely related ichthyosaurs, the researchers estimated that the creature was between 22 and 26 meters long. They named it Ichthyotitan severnensis.
研究人员在最近的一项研究中表示，这块被称为“苏拉格”的骨骼化石来自一种生活在海中的鱼龙爬行动物。 根据其大小，与密切相关的鱼龙的同一块骨头相比，研究人员估计该生物的长度在 22 至 26 米之间。 他们将其命名为 Ichthyotitan severnensis。
That would make it possibly the largest known marine reptile. Its size would be close to the largest whales alive today. The blue whale, considered the largest animal ever to have lived, can reach about 30 meters in length.
这将使它可能成为已知最大的海洋爬行动物。 它的大小接近当今现存最大的鲸鱼。 蓝鲸被认为是有史以来最大的动物，体长可达 30 米左右。
Marine reptiles lived in the world's oceans at the same time that dinosaurs lived on the land. Ichthyosaurs disappeared 90 million years ago. They came in several sizes. The creatures ate fish and other sea animals.
海洋爬行动物生活在世界各地的海洋中，同时恐龙生活在陆地上。 鱼龙在九千万年前就消失了。 它们有多种尺寸。 这些生物吃鱼和其他海洋动物。
Ichthyotitan, however, is known only from two jawbones. The jaw forms the lower part of the mouth.
然而，鱼泰坦仅通过两块颌骨而被了解。 下颌形成嘴的下部。
Ruby Reynolds and her father Justin Reynolds found one of the bones in 2020 at Blue Anchor in Somerset. The other bone is from a different Ichthyotitan individual found in 2016, along the Somerset coast at Lilstock.
鲁比·雷诺兹 (Ruby Reynolds) 和她的父亲贾斯汀·雷诺兹 (Justin Reynolds) 于 2020 年在萨默塞特郡的蓝锚发现了其中一根骨头。 另一块骨头来自于 2016 年在利尔斯托克萨默塞特海岸发现的另一个鱼泰坦个体。
Dean Lomax was the lead writer of the study published recently in PLOS ONE. Lomax said, "It is quite remarkable to think that gigantic, blue whale-sized ichthyosaurs were swimming in the oceans around the time that dinosaurs were walking on land in what is now the UK (Britain) during the Triassic Period.”
Dean Lomax 是最近在 PLOS ONE 上发表的这项研究的主要作者。 洛马克斯说：“在三叠纪时期，在现在的英国，恐龙在陆地上行走的时候，巨大的蓝鲸大小的鱼龙正在海洋中游泳，这是非常值得注意的。”
The Triassic Period describes a time over 200 million years ago.
三叠纪描述的是两亿多年前的一段时期。
Ruby Reynolds was 11 at the time she and her father discovered the fossil surangular bone on the beach. Ruby continued to search the area and found a second piece - much larger than the first - partly buried in the ground. They then contacted Lomax, an ichthyosaur expert, and more parts of the bone were unearthed.
鲁比·雷诺兹 (Ruby Reynolds) 和父亲在海滩上发现了角骨化石时，她才 11 岁。 鲁比继续搜寻该地区，发现了第二块——比第一块大得多——部分埋在地下。 随后他们联系了鱼龙专家洛马克斯，更多的骨头部分被挖掘出来。
Ruby’s part in the discovery has led to comparisons with Mary Anning. Anning was a 19th century British fossil hunter who, among other things, discovered ichthyosaur fossils when she was 12.
鲁比在这一发现中所扮演

As a person of color, I felt this painfully myself.”
 “作为一个有色人种，我自己也深有体会。”
Musandu said he is seeing a demand for his services, but his product is designed to supplement traditional photography not replace it. The goal is to help a buyer make better decisions and reduce product returns and waste.
Musandu 表示，他看到了对其服务的需求，但他的产品旨在补充传统摄影，而不是取代它。 目标是帮助买家做出更好的决策并减少产品退货和浪费。
In addition, he said, the company creates new jobs for computer programmers, who train the systems that create the models.
此外，他说，该公司还为计算机程序员创造了新的就业机会，他们训练创建模型的系统。
“If brands are serious about inclusion efforts, they will continue to hire these models of color,” Musandu said.
“如果品牌认真对待包容性努力，他们将继续雇用这些有色人种模特，”穆桑杜说。
Others in the fashion industry are fully using AI. Cameron Wilson is a former fashion photographer who started a company in Britain called The Diigitals. Wilson, who is white, designed a Black, female model named Shudu in 2017. Wilson was criticized for creating a Black model. But Shudu was used in jobs for companies like Louis Vuitton and BMW. It also helped the human model Alexsandrah. She has worked in fashion shows as a real-life version of the AI model.
时尚界的其他人正在充分利用人工智能。 卡梅伦·威尔逊 (Cameron Wilson) 是一位前时尚摄影师，他在英国创办了一家名为 The Diigitals 的公司。 威尔逊是白人，他在 2017 年设计了一位名为 Shudu 的黑人女模特。威尔逊因创造黑人模特而受到批评。 但 Shudu 曾在路易威登和宝马等公司工作过。 它还帮助了人体模型亚历山德拉。 她曾作为现实版的人工智能模特参加时装秀。
Alexsandrah said she is proud of her work that has come from The Diigitals. “The future generations can look back at and be like, ‘These are the pioneers,’” she said.
Alexsandrah 表示她对 The Diigitals 的作品感到自豪。 “子孙后代回顾过去时会说，‘他们是先驱者’，”她说。
Other models are not feeling so good about AI. Yve Edmond works as a “fit model.” She tries on clothes for companies who want to see how their designs fit a real person. She worries that the AI modeling companies are using images and videos of real people to train their systems. She calls that a violation because humans are not being paid for their part in the technology.
其他模型对人工智能的感觉不太好。 伊夫·埃德蒙 (Yve Edmond) 是一名“试衣模特”。 她为那些想看看自己的设计是否适合真人的公司试穿衣服。 她担心人工智能建模公司正在使用真人的图像和视频来训练他们的系统。 她称这是一种违规行为，因为人类在技术中的贡献并没有得到报酬。
Edmond said she was called for a photo session, but there were no new clothes. She was asked to move her body in certain ways and walk for a recording. The client said it was “research.” Edmond said she felt “swindled.”
埃德蒙说，她被要求拍照，但没有新衣服。 她被要求以某种方式移动身体并步行进行录音。 客户说这是“研究”。 埃德蒙说她感觉“被骗了”。
Unlike film actors and writers, who went on strike to protest the use of AI without a legal agreement, there are no similar labor groups for models.
与电影演员和作家在没有法律协议的情况下罢工抗议人工智能的使用不同，模特界没有类似的劳工组织。
Ziff, of Model Alliance, is pushing for labor laws for fashion workers. The state of New York is working on the Fashion Workers Act. The law would include laws related to models who are used in AI. A model would need to give written permission to a