5G Advanced and 6G: Roadmaps, Security, and AI-Native Networks

Comprehensive overview of the evolution from 5G-Advanced to 6G networks, focusing on the technological pillars, architectural shifts, and standardisation roadmaps from bodies like 3GPP and the ITU. A central theme is the deep integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) to create "AI-native" networks, enhancing everything from resource optimisation (Radio Access Network or RAN) to security and energy efficiency. Key technical enablers for 6G discussed include Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC), the use of Terahertz (THz) and millimeter-Wave (mmWave) spectrum for extreme data rates, and the critical role of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) for ubiquitous global coverage. The texts also detail how 5G-Advanced (3GPP Release 18 and beyond) is preparing for 6G by introducing significant enhancements in areas like Extended Reality (XR) support, uplink performance, and expanded device types such as RedCap (Reduced Capability).