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26/01/2023
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14/12/2023
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14/06/2024

14/05/2021

Water Potential

My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 2 Cell Structure and FunctionWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Pauline and I am your host for episode #63 called Unit 2 Cell Structure and Function: Water Potential. Today we will be discussing the basics of water potential in relation to cells. Segment 1: Introduction to Water Potential There is a common misconception in differentiating osmosis and water potential. Osmosis is the movement of water through the semipermeable membrane. Water potential is the potential energy of water per unit area compared to pure water, so in simpler terms it allows us to figure out where water is going to flow. Water will always flow from high to low water potential. There are two equations to calculate it. First, water potential is equal to the solute potential plus the pressure potential. The solute potential is a factor of osmosis, while the pressure potential is a factor of pressure on a cell wall. The second equation comes into play to calculate the solute potential. The equation is -iCRT, where i is the ionization constant, C is the molar concentration, R is the pressure constant, and T is temperature in kelvin degrees. The units are bars. Segment 2: More About Water Potential Most of the water potential problems you will be presented with will be straightforward algebra to plug into the solute potential equation to then determine the net flow of the water. For example, it is given that a cell’s pressure potential is 3 bars and the solute potential is -4.5 bars. The cell is placed in an open beaker of sugar water with a solute potential of -4 bars and you are asked to determine the net flow of the water. You would find the cell’s water potential by adding 3 and -4.5 bars to get -1.5 bars, which is greater than the water potential of the sugar water, so the water will flow out of the cell. A key takeaway from this example is that pressure potential in an open beaker will always be zero. Another example could give you the same information, but the cell was placed in an NaCl solution instead, which therefore changes the ionization constant to 2 because there are now 2 ions in the solution. Lastly, the most complex example would involve cubes of vegetables like potatoes or zucchini to be placed in sucrose solutions with different concentrations. The percent change in mass of each cube would be calculated after the experiment held at a constant temperature. It will ask you to calculate the water potential of the cubes. The best way to come around these problems is to graph the sucrose concentrations versus the percent change of mass. This will result in a linear relationship, where the x-intercept represents the cell in an isotonic state when equal amounts of water are leaving and entering. So you would then plug in the value of the concentration at the x-intercept into the iCRT equation and go from there. Segment 3: Connection to the CourseWater potential is a concept to have mastered because it explains the most basic observations. It explains why humans cannot drink salt water because since seawater has a lower water potential than our cells, drinking it will only cause water to flow out of our cells and into the seawater. This ultimately will kill our cells because they will shrivel up and shrink, which reduces your chances of survival. On the other hand, it also explains why red blood cells cannot be found in distilled water. The water would go into the more hypertonic red blood cell causing it to swell and then burst. Overall, water potential explains the results of isotonic,...

14/05/2021

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6min
21/12/2021

Marine Life on the Catalina Coast

My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 8 Ecology EPISODE TITLE: Marine Life on the Catalina CoastWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, our names are Sofia, Addie, Gillie, and Diana, and we are your hosts for the episode called Unit 8 Ecology- Marine Life on the Catalina Coast. Today we will be discussing Marine Life on the Beautiful Catalina Coast and how it relates to the AP Biology Curriculum. We want to thank our sources for the information presented in this podcast episode today which you can find the citations and links to these sources in the show notes. Segment 1: Overview of Catalina CoastHave you ever heard of the film Step Brothers? Perhaps… the Catalina Wine Mixer? While this is a great film in movie history, it does not correctly portray the true biodiversity of the Catalina Coast.Now that you’re speaking about it, I remember looking up the Catalina Coast a while back and getting really intrigued by all of the stuff I was finding. I went down a rabbit hole for like three hours. I didn’t even know there was that much to look at. I might have to plan a vacation there.I’m not going to lie I tend to stay away from the water because to quote Raven “I can’t swim” And not to mention all the animals…. The ocean is a mystery that I do not wanna exploreBut nonetheless, here we are today learning about the insane vastness of biodiversityThe Catalina Coast is located 23 miles off the coast of Southern California. If you’re taking a helicopter, you can get to the Catalina islands in 15 minutes. It is a part of the Channel Islands archipelago and is one of the four southern channel islands Segment 2: Evidence that supports Marine Life on the Catalina Coast Catalina Coast is the home of the Blue Cavern Onshore State Marine Conservation AreaIf I remember correctly, Katy Perry says, “nothing comes close to the (I’m sure) Blue Cavern Onshore State Marine Conservation Coast”, and that includes humans, as it is a conservationFor the record, Sofia is not remembering this line correctly, but the idea is there.More than 60 endemic species… meaning they are only found in the Catalina Coast regionConservationists are working to preserve these endemic species to maintain the genetic diversity of this regionEnsuring that each species can adapt to environmental factorsSince Sofia wanted to quote Katy Perry, I’ll quote a super underground artist that you guys definitely wouldn’t know…. They’re called the Four Preps…… They sang a song called 26 miles (Santa Catalina)So anyway, they talk about how it's only 26 miles from Cali baby and it's full of romance.span...

21/12/2021

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9min
25/05/2021

Cell Cycle

My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 4 Cell Communication and Cell CycleWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Chloe McGregor and I am your host for episode #93 called Unit 4 Cell Communication and Cell Cycle: The Cell Cycle. Today we will be discussing the basics of the cell cycle including how it works and what products are made. Segment 1: Introduction to the Cell CycleThe cell cycle is split up into 2 different parts, each with their own purpose. The first part of the cell cycle is called interphase. The cell spends a majority of its time in this phase. Interphase itself is made up of 3 different stages. These stages are the G1, S, and G2 phase. The first step in interphase is G1. During this step, the cell spends its time growing in size and gaining a sufficient amount of resources. With this abundance of resources, the cell is able to replicate its DNA and intracellular components during the S phase. The third step is G2 where the cell continues its growth and will stop its progression to the mitotic phase if there are any issues or damaged DNA. The second part of the cell cycle is the mitotic phase which has 2 parts. The first part is mitosis. Mitosis consists of four steps: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. More details about these steps will be discussed later in the episode, but generally they work together in order to separate the replicated DNA. The second part of the mitotic phase is cytokinesis where the cell actually splits into 2 new identical daughter cells. Overall, each step in the cell cycle is important to grow the cell and its resources in order to produce 2 identical daughter cells, each with the same copies of DNA. Another important part of the cell cycle is the G0 phase. Although this isn’t the generic path of cell replication , a cell may enter the G0 phase if there is a non sufficient amount of resources and nutrients available to proceed to healthy replication. Cells may also enter G0 if they are adult cells that are not necessarily looking to replicate. For example, a lot of cells in your brain and nervous system stop replicating once you reach adulthood, so an injury in these areas could be extremely difficult, or impossible, to heal. Segment 2: More About the Cell CycleTo go more in depth, let’s talk about the different steps in mitosis. Once again, these steps are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. The goal of mitosis is to separate the replicated DNA on opposite sides of the cell, with both sides having identical copies of the DNA. Prophase begins once G2 is finished and the cell has grown enough. In prophase, the DNA condenses, and the replicated chromosomes have a more visible shape to them. The replicated chromosomes are called sister chromatids and are linked together at a point called the centromere. The next step, metaphase, is when the replicated chromosomes line up in the center of the cell in a line. Anaphase is next, and this is where the spindle fibers on each side of the cell attach to the centromere region on each sister chromatid. Then, the fibers pull the sister chromatids apart, leaving opposite sides of the cell with identical genetic material. Telophase is the last stage of mitosis where each side of the cell begins to form a nuclear envelope around the new genetic material. The chromosomes also unravel back into chromatin. Once mitosis is complete, the cell membrane scrunches in the middle of the cell causing it to physically separate into two...

25/05/2021

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7min
14/05/2021

Passive Transport: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated Diffusion

My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 2 Cell Structure and FunctionWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Jacky and I am your host for episode #4 called Unit 2 Cell Structure and Function: Passive Transport. Today we will be discussing the different types of Passive Transport which are Simple Diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated Diffusion. Segment 1: Introduction to Passive Transport. For cells to survive, they must take in or expel certain particles and substances. What monitors their entry or exit is the plasma membrane in a process known as membrane transport.Two types of transport: active and passive.Active requires atp energy, cell is purposely doing itBut today focusing on passive transport, where no energy is required to move materials in or out, natural process known as diffusion3 main types: Simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusionIn all types, movement is based on a concentration gradient, substances move from areas of high conc. To low, whether this is in or out of cellSeeking equilibrium, a balance in concentration Segment 2: More About Passive Transport Start with simple diffusionThe movement of particles down the concentration gradient across the semipermeable lipid membrane. If there is a greater concentration of a particle on one side of the membrane, simple diffusion will occur and the particle will move to the area of lower concentration.These particles must be small and non-polar, as only these types of particles can make their way through the lipid membrane.For example CO2 and O2, CO2 is often produced and of high conc. Within cells so it will diffuse outwards. O2 is often present in higher conc. Out of cell, so it will typically diffuse inwards. A useful analogy would be to think about the smell of cooking wafting through the house. When you cook, the food molecules are highly concentrated in the air around the stove, so the smell is strongest around there. However, the food molecules will soon diffuse throughout the house into areas of lower concentration, which is why the smell of the food will eventually reach you in a different room.Osmosis: A type of simple diffusion except with water as the specific particle diffusingSpecifically, movement of water molecules down the concentration gradient across semipermeable lipid membraneWater in an area with higher conc. Of water vs solute Will diffuse into an area with lower conc of water. Vs soluteFor example...If placed in a hypertonic solution, where the concentration of solutes is higher than the cell, water will flow out of the cell and into the solution to balance out the lower conc. Of water outsideIf placed in a hypotonic solution, where conc. Of solutes are lower than the cell, water will flow into the cell to balance out the lower conc. Of water in itOsmosis’s ultimate goal however is to create an isotonic environment, where the concentration of solute and water is equal inside and outside of the cell. In this case, water will still be flowing in and out, and cells will be able to function normally.Facilitated diffusionSometimes simple diffusion will not work, as certain...

14/05/2021

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6min
12/05/2021

Lysosomes and Vacuoles

My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 2 Cell Structure and FunctionWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Shriya and I am your host for episode #53 called Unit 2 Cell Structure and Function: Lysosomes and Vacuoles. Today we will be discussing the importance of each in regards to the cells and our bodies, and how they fit into the overarching topic of Cell Structure and Function. Segment 1: Introduction to Lysosomes and VacuolesWe will begin by discussing what exactly lysosomes and vacuoles are and why they are so important for our cells to containBoth of these are essential organelles, and organelles are subcellular structures with specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body Lysosomes are membrane-bound sacs of enzymes which digest cellular macromolecules They are made by proteins from the ER and enclosed in vesicles by the Golgi apparatus and are formed by budding from the Golgi apparatus They break down excess cell parts, and can be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria so if the cell is damaged beyond repair, lysosomes can help it self-destruct through a process called apoptosis Lysosomes also play a role in phagocytosis which is when a cell engulfs a molecule to break it down which is known as “cell eating”White blood cells have more lysosomes than other cells because they destroy bacteria, dead cells, cancerous cells, and foreign matter through disgestion Vacuoles are fluid-filled enclosed structures separated from the cytoplasm by a single membrane which are found mostly in plant cells and fungi They have a less prominent role in some protists, animal cells, and bacteria and in animal cells they function to sequester waste products; in plant cells, they help maintain water balanceOverall, they function to provide nutrient storage, detoxification, and as waste exportation Vacuoles are also known as “specialized lysosomes” because both function to get rid of waste products, but when that product is water, the vacuole activates its function to balance water inside and outside a cell Segment 2: More About Structure/Function of Lysosomes and Vacuoles Above is a picture of the structure of lysosomes which are generally known to be very acidic meaning it has to be protected from the rest of the inside of the cellThe membrane around it stores the digestive enzymes that require the acidic, low-pH environment, also known as hydrolytic enzymes Hydrolytic enzymes break down large molecules into smaller ones such as large amino acids into smaller proteins and by doing so they provide necessary nutrients to the rest of the cell Storing the large molecules is detrimental to your health and can cause disease Another type of lysosome storage disease is where the small molecules that are produced from those large molecules can't get out of the lysosomeThey're stored there because the transporters for moving these small molecules out are missing geneticallyAbove, is a picture of the vacuole which is similar to vesicles, another organelle, because both are membrane-bound sacs, but vacuoles are significantly larger than vesicles and are formed when multiple vesicles fuse togetherFilled tight with water, the vacuole pushes the cytoplasm into a thin strip...

12/05/2021

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5min
01/07/2022

Chemistry of Sunglasses

Hopewell Valley Student Podcasting NetworkChemistry ConnectionsThe Chemistry of SunglassesEpisode #5 Welcome to Chemistry Connections, my name is Austin Martorana and Tyler Hersh and we are your hosts for episode #5 called The Chemistry of Sunglasses. Today we will be discussing about radiation and the reaction that causes a tint in the glasses. Segment 1: Introduction to SunglassesHave you ever put on sunglasses and been like, “How do these sunglasses block the sun.” Well, so did we.Well that's actually very interesting because I’ve wanted to know this for a long time and doing research on it shared a lot of information like why do these little pieces of glass absorb UV rays and make everything a little bit darker?Yea, i agree after this project I finally realized how the lenses block out light to help you see better. Some background information is that UV rays are a form of radiation wavelengths that is commonly found through sunlight. Not only do the sunglasses block out UV rays they have a specific reaction that takes place in the tints through excited electronsSome background to electrons are when they hold more energy than when in their original state. This will cause them to be excited. Segment 2: The Chemistry Behind SunglassesHey Tyler when you go to the beach do you wear sunglasses?Yea, Austin I do they help protect my eyes from the sun. Today we are going to dive into exactly how sunglasses work to protect our eyes from the sun. Sunglasses have a mirror coating on the outside edges that work as a defense against the UV rays from the sun. The coating is treated with UV-absorbing chemicals so it can block harmful UV and reflect the light away. The tint from the sunglasses comes from the reaction between cations of the silver compound in them and the electrons of the glass. The cluster of silver electrons become excited when hit by light which makes them move back and forth which then allows silver to absorb the light and scatter it. The energy from the sun acts as both wave particles and electromagnetic energy which are called Photons. We can describe the characteristics of photons by wavelengths and frequency. Wavelengths play a big part in describing radiation and knowing which radiation is which. Radiation comes in 6 forms which are gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, and radio waves. Even though there are so...

01/07/2022

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10min
06/04/2021

Proteins Structure and Function

My AP Biology ThoughtsUnit 1 Episode #44Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is CJ and I am your host for episode 44 called Unit 1 Ecology: Proteins structure and function. Today we will be discussing everything about proteins. Segment 1: Introduction to ProteinsYou may be asking, what is a protein? Well, a protein is a macromolecule that helps us with muscle growth and development. It is most commonly found in animals and we even produce our own proteins. Such macromolecules are created in the cells of an organism. When it comes to what they look like, the simple answer is, it depends. In simple biology, they mainly talk about them in their primary structure. Which is it’s simplest and most basic structure. It consists of amino acids in a singular line. These amino acids are made up of a centralized alpha carbon, with a amino group, carboxyl group, a singular hydrogen and a variant group stemming from it. Digging deeper into each group, we see that an amino group consists of one Nitrogen with three hydrogens. The carboxyl group has a carbon that is bonded to an oxygen and double bonded with another oxygen. The variant group is anything that defines that amino acid. Any variant of atoms can go here and that is what makes each amino acid unique and different. Now in addition to their primary structure, there is the secondary structure (which is a single helix) tertiary structure and the quaternary structure. All of them are just multiples of the previous structure and each structure plays a different role. Just like how, a quaternary structure is made up of multiple polypeptide chains that connect and form one macromolecule. Now they bond to each other in a specific way. Looking at the primary structure, each group is connected using a peptide bond. This is a covalent bond as a result of losing water. So that means it is a dehydration synthesis reaction. These bonds link the carboxyl group from one amino acid to the amino group of another. The result of this bond is the compound being polar and having a nitrogen and carbon backbone. These bonds could range from one to 1000 different amino acids. The huge giveaway to identifying a protein is the carboxyl group, so look for a carbon double bonded with an oxygen and single bonded with another. And second, identify the amino group, along with the alpha carbon, these are keys to look for when identifying a protein. Segment 2: Example of ProteinsProteins and amino acids are found in everything living. They range from different functions such as transportation, structural, defense, storage, enzymes and hormones. For example, in animals, we have living tissue that connects all of our bonds, this is called collagen. It is very strong and is composed of 3 polypeptide chains that are intertwined to form the strong protein that keeps us together. More examples include hemoglobin, keratin, pepsin, insulin and albumin. As you can see, these proteins are what keep us together, they are what we are made of. However, in us, there are extremely useful proteins called enzymes. Enzymes break down compounds into simpler molecules so our body can process them. Enzymes reduce the amount of energy needed for these compounds to break down. They fit into them like a lock and key, while connected, the enzyme dissolves the compound. The body uses the remains for easy energy. Segment 3: Digging Deeper into ProteinsLooking at this, we see that proteins are quintessential for life. Animal or not, every living organism has it, and every living...

06/04/2021

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5min
13/05/2021

Function of the Cell Wall

My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 2 Cell Structure and Function Welcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Helena and I am your host for episode #55 called Unit 2 Cell Structure and Function: Function of the Cell Wall. Today we will be discussing the cell wall and its importance to living organisms. Segment 1: Introduction to Function of the cell Wall The cell wall is a unique structure to plants, fungi, and some prokaryotic organisms. This structure surrounds the cell’s plasma membrane and provides structural support and protection to the organelles and the cell against mechanical and osmotic stress. The cell wall provides strength, shape, and rigidity to the cell, it is responsible for transporting substances between the interior and exterior of the cell, it acts as a barrier, it functions as a storage unit by storing carbohydrates for use in plant growth, and it allows for turgor pressure which is exerted by fluid in the cell that presses the cell membrane against the cell wall. Segment 2: More About Cell wall So now that you know what the cell wall does, we can take a closer look at what exactly it is made off. The plant cell wall is mainly made of cellulose which, fun fact, is the most abundant macromolecule on earth. Along with cellulose the cell wall is also composed of microfibrils, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, and soluble protein. These components are arranged in layers. The first layer is the primary cell wall, and this is positioned closest to the inside of the cell. It mainly consists of pectic polysaccharides and structural proteins, and It is permeable and thinner than the other layers. This layer provides the strength and flexibility needed for cell growth. The next layer is the middle lamella which is the outermost layer. It primarily consists of pectic and it acts as an interface between the other neighboring cells. It also glues them together. The last layer is the secondary cell wall. It is formed inside the primary cell wall and it can consist of cellulose and lignin. It can provide additional rigidity and waterproofing. This layer also gives the cell the square/rectangular shape. It is the thickest layer and is permeable, along with the whole cell wall. In fungi the cell wall is primarily made of chitin. Fungi also have hydrophobins which gives the cell strength, helps it adhere to surfaces, and helps control the movement of water into the cell. In prokaryotes the cell wall is primarily composed of peptidoglycans. It contains an inner peptidoglycan layer and an outer layer composed of lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharides. A unique property of the cell wall is that it is fully permeable to smaller molecules while the membrane is selectively permeable. Segment 3: Connection to the CourseThe cell wall is a vital component to plants, fungi, and some prokaryotic organisms. It provides unique properties that allow for these organisms to survive. For example, turgor pressure, as a I mentioned earlier, is the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall. This is what allows for organisms to hold water and maintain a solid structure. Turgor pressure decreasing means that the plant has lost water. Visually, the loss of turgor pressure can be seen by a wilted flower or leaf. If a plant cell did not have a cell wall, turgor pressure would not be able to happen because the cell membrane cannot support a hypotonic environment, therefore the cell would burst. Another important property of the cell wall is that it provides strength and structure to the cell....

13/05/2021

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5min
24/05/2021

Metabolic Pathways & Coupled Reactions in Living Organisms

My AP Biology Thoughts Unit 3 Cellular EnergeticsWelcome to My AP Biology Thoughts podcast, my name is Alex Jing and I am your host for episode 68 called Unit 3 Cellular Energetics: Metabolic Pathways & Coupled Reactions in Living Organisms . Today we will be discussing the purpose of metabolic pathways and coupled reactions in living organisms Segment 1: Introduction to Metabolic Pathways & Coupled Reactions in Living Organisms Metabolism encompasses all reactions that happen within cellsSeries of reactions are organized into metabolic pathwaysThese reactions are catalyzed by enzymes, and are eitherCatabolic, which breaks down molecules through hydrolysis, orAnabolic, which builds molecules using dehydration synthesisCoupled reactions are reactions that are paired together, where one reaction usually releases energy and the other reaction requires energyCatabolic reactions are coupled with anabolic reactions so that the energy released by the catabolic reaction is used for the anabolic reaction Segment 2: More About Metabolic Pathways & Coupled Reactions in Living Organisms An example of a metabolic pathway is the calvin cycle, which sends pyruvates into a series of reactions to product NADH and FADH, both of which are used to produce ATP. This is done by continuously reducing the pyruvate to provide electrons for NAD+ and FAD+ to reduce to NADH and FADHThis allows the body to continuously break down pyruvates in a cyclic fashion to produce NADH and FADH to produce ATP.An example of coupled reactions in the body is how cells use ATP. Many processes like active ion transport, muscle contraction, and chemical synthesis, are not spontaneous. The body uses ATP to provide the energy for these reactions to proceed by coupling the reactions with the decomposition ATP, using the energy released to fuel the reaction. Segment 3: Connection to the Course Metabolic pathways and coupled reactions are extremely important to biology. Metabolic pathways allow organisms to manipulate molecules that they consumed into molecules that the body can regularly useCoupled reactions allow the body to transfer the energy used in an exergonic reaction to power a reaction that uses the energy released. Thank you for listening to this episode of My AP Biology Thoughts. For more student-ran podcasts and digital content,

24/05/2021

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4min
19/01/2022

Deep Dive: Lorde’s Liability

Rhapsody Deep Dive: LORDE’S LIABILITYToday’s episode is a Deep Dive and will analyze the lyrics and instrumentation of Liability by Lorde. Segment 1: History of LordeFirst album released in 2013 (Pure Heroine)“Royals” became a smash hit and kick-started her career Songs focus on disillusionment and a jaded worldviewMelodrama released in 2017 Segment 2: Instrumentation Continues mood of angst often seen in her musicKey of D Flat Major creates a sombre mood Segment 3: Lyrics and Singing StyleVerses tell the story of heartbreak and depending on yourselfTimbre of Lorde’s low voice gives the ballad depth and creates intimacy Low range song (C3 - Ab4) Song is so popular due to its emotionally vulnerable themes that audiences can relate to Credits:https://open.spotify.com/track/2dLLR6qlu5UJ5gk0dKz0h3?si=2a726e9285344b85 (royals by lorde) https://open.spotify.com/track/6Kkt27YmFyIFrcX3QXFi2o?si=a261bff66350423b (liability by lorde) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_VDhIQYQyo (interview with Audacy News) Visit our Website www.hvspn.comSubscribe to our Podcast Apple Podcasts Google Podcasts YouTube Connect with us on Social Media Twitter @thehvspnTwitter @HVRhapsodyInstagram...

19/01/2022

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8min

The Hopewell Valley Student Podcasting Network is the podcasting component of the Hopewell Valley Student Publications Network. All podcasts are created, produced, and published by students at Hopewell Valley Central High School with the support of teachers.

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