StarDate

Billy Henry
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StarDate, the longest-running national radio science feature in the U.S., tells listeners what to look for in the night sky.

الحلقات

  1. قبل يوم واحد

    Allan Sandage

    Allan Sandage once said that when he became a graduate student at Caltech, in the late 1940s, he was a “hick who fell off the turnip truck.” He fell at the feet of Edwin Hubble, the most famous astronomer of the time. Hubble was ill, so Sandage gathered data for him at the world’s largest telescope. When Hubble died, a few years later, Sandage took over much of his work. And like Hubble, he expanded the size and age of the universe, and shaped much of the debate over its fate. Sandage was born 100 years ago today, in Iowa City. He got interested in astronomy while looking through the telescope of a boyhood friend. Over the decades, he contributed to many areas of astronomy. As an example, he pioneered studies of globular clusters – large clumps of ancient stars. That work led to a better understanding of the age of the universe. Many of the stars in globulars appeared to be older than the universe – an impossibility. Sandage used that and other lines of evidence to greatly increase the known age of the universe. One line of evidence was the rate at which the universe is expanding – a number known as the Hubble constant. Hubble himself had come up with a number that was much too big, implying a much younger age. Sandage calculated a rate that was close to modern numbers. Sandage wasn’t always right. But his work shaped the field of cosmology for decades – and still has an impact today. Script by Damond Benningfield

    **ASE.Web.Podcasts.Duration.Minute.two**

  2. قبل يومين

    Moon and Venus

    As the Moon orbits Earth, its gravitational pull creates the ocean tides. As the “bulge” in the water laps against the continents, it creates drag that slows our planet’s rotation. That increases the length of a day by about 2.4 milliseconds per century. That doesn’t sound like much, but over the eons it adds up. That rate can be affected by big changes in Earth itself, including powerful earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical storms, and more. And over the past few decades, it’s become clear that one of those factors is climate change. As Earth gets warmer, glaciers and polar ice sheets melt, raising sea level. The extra water increases the power of the tides, slowing Earth’s rotation. According to a recent study, that’s extending the day by 1.33 milliseconds per century – the highest rate of change over the past 3.6 million years. And the rate could get even bigger by the end of the century. In fact, climate change could add more to the day than the effects of the Moon itself. As Earth slows down, the Moon moves farther away. Right now, it’s receding at about an inch and a half per year. But climate change could speed things up – pushing the Moon away. The crescent Moon is low in the west at sunset. And it has a bright companion: Venus, the brilliant “evening star.” They drop from sight a couple of hours later. Tomorrow: measuring the age of the universe. Script by Damond Benningfield

    **ASE.Web.Podcasts.Duration.Minute.two**

  3. قبل ٣ أيام

    Moon and Companions

    The crescent Moon charges through a rapidly disappearing group of bright stars and planets early this evening. Most of the group will be gone from view by the end of the month. As twilight begins to fade, the planet Mercury is close below the Moon. Brighter Jupiter is the same distance to the left or upper left of the Moon. Pollux and Castor, the twins of Gemini, are to the upper right of the Moon. And the brightest member of the group is farther to the upper left of the Moon: Venus, the brilliant “evening star.” Except for Venus, all the members of the group are dropping toward the Sun as seen from Earth. For Pollux and Castor, it’s because all true stars rise and set four minutes earlier each day. So every star disappears in the evening twilight at the same time every year. For Jupiter and Mercury, the descent is due in part to the same thing – the daily shift of the starry background. But it’s also influenced by the relative motions of Earth and the planets themselves. Mercury is beginning a rapid dive toward the Sun, and will cross between Earth and Sun in a few weeks. Jupiter, on the other hand, is headed toward a passage behind the Sun as seen from Earth. But Venus is actually moving farther from the Sun. It won’t reach its peak separation for two months, so it’ll remain in good view in the western evening sky into October. We’ll have more about the Moon and Venus tomorrow. Script by Damond Benningfield

    **ASE.Web.Podcasts.Duration.Minute.two**

  4. قبل ٤ أيام

    Cocoon Nebula

    Like a cosmic butterfly, a cluster of young stars is just emerging from its cocoon – a cloud of gas and dust. The cocoon `spans about 45 light-years. But some of the beautiful butterfly is already in view. Parts of the gas cloud are lit up by the brightest of the infant stars taking shape there. That creates a glowing patch of red and blue. The whole complex is known as the Cocoon Nebula. It’s about 4,000 light-years away, in Cygnus. Hundreds of stars are being born inside it. The most impressive of those stars is about 14 times as massive as the Sun, and tens of thousands of times brighter. It’s especially bright in the ultraviolet – wavelengths that are invisible to the human eye. The U-V zaps atoms of hydrogen in the nebula, splitting them apart. When the atoms re-combine, they emit red light – the main color of the nebula. The hot star also illuminates dust grains in the nebula. It doesn’t set them aglow; instead, the light simply reflects off the grains. That colors the blue parts of the nebula. Less-massive stars – stars like the Sun or even smaller – are still coming together. They won’t shine as fully formed stars for millions of years. The Cocoon Nebula is low in the northeast at nightfall. It’s to the lower left of the bright star Deneb, which marks the tail of the swan. The nebula is too faint to see with the eye alone. Script by Damond Benningfield

    **ASE.Web.Podcasts.Duration.Minute.two**

  5. قبل ٥ أيام

    Evening Mercury

    The Sun’s closest planet is making a pretty good appearance in the early evening. As seen from Earth, it’s just about as far from the Sun as it ever gets. It looks like a bright star low in the west-northwest beginning shortly after sunset. Mercury is getting ready to cross between Earth and the Sun – a point known as inferior conjunction. In the meantime, it’ll drop closer and closer to the Sun as viewed from Earth. It’ll vanish in the twilight in a couple of weeks. Mercury’s orbit is carrying the planet closer to Earth. Tonight, it’s about 78 million miles away. At conjunction, it’ll close to just 53 million miles. On average, Mercury returns to conjunction every 116 days. But the gap varies by more than 10 days in either direction. That’s because Mercury’s orbit is more lopsided than that of any other planet. When Mercury is closer to the Sun it moves faster; when it’s farther it moves more slowly. So the gap between conjunctions varies depending on where Mercury is in its orbit when it passes Earth. For the next few nights, look for Mercury as evening twilight fades. Although the planet is bright, it’s so low that you need a clear horizon to spot it. It lines up to the lower right of the much brighter planets Venus and Jupiter. And the crescent Moon will join the lineup on Tuesday, helping point the way to the little planet. Script by Damond Benningfield

    **ASE.Web.Podcasts.Duration.Minute.two**

  6. قبل ٦ أيام

    Methuselah Star

    A relic from the early universe is racing through Libra. It’s moving across the constellation at 800,000 miles per hour. That’s far faster than most of the stars around us. So it’ll move out of Libra in the blink of a cosmic eye. The star is HD 140283. But it also has a nickname – the Methuselah Star. That’s because it’s probably about 13 billion to 14 billion years old. Since the universe itself is only 13.8 billion years old, that makes the star one of the oldest anywhere. Astronomers have pieced together several bits of evidence to arrive at that age. The key bit is the star’s composition. It has very low levels of elements that are heavier than hydrogen and helium, the simplest elements. Heavier elements were created in the hearts of stars, then spewed into space when the stars died. Some of these elements then were incorporated into later generations of stars. HD 140283 has less than half a percent as much iron as the Sun, with slightly higher levels of oxygen and a few other elements. Those abundances tell astronomers the star must have been born when the universe was brand new. As night falls, the star is to the lower left of Zubeneschamali, Libra’s leading light. It’s too faint to see with the eye alone, but it is visible through binoculars. Script by Damond Benningfield

    **ASE.Web.Podcasts.Duration.Minute.two**

  7. ١٢ يونيو

    ‘Shifting’ Stars

    Every star in the night sky is moving – orbiting the center of the galaxy. Some are moving toward us, while others are moving away. We can’t see that motion because the stars are so remote. But we can measure it with special instruments – one of the most important techniques in astronomy. The instruments break the light of a star or other object into its individual wavelengths or colors. Each chemical element imprints its own “barcode” in that array of wavelengths. A star’s motion toward or away from us causes the barcodes to shift position. If it’s moving away from us, the shift is toward longer, redder wavelengths: a redshift. And if it’s moving toward us, the shift is toward shorter, bluer wavelengths: a blueshift. The size of the shift reveals the speed. The technique also can reveal how fast a star is spinning; the side that’s rotating toward us is blueshifted, while the opposite side is redshifted. And it can reveal orbiting companions; their gravity pushes and pulls the star, slightly changing its motion. Two bright stars with well-measured shifts are in view as the sky darkens this evening. Regulus is in the west, well to the upper left of the brilliant planets Venus and Jupiter. Its light is redshifted; it’s moving away from us at about 9300 miles per hour. Antares, quite low in the southeast, is sliding toward us at about 8600 miles per hour – giving its light a definite blueshift. Script by Damond Benningfield

    **ASE.Web.Podcasts.Duration.Minute.two**

  8. ١١ يونيو

    Evening Array

    For skywatchers in the United States, a grouping in the western evening sky right now is a case of the haves and the have-mores. The group is visible across the entire country. But the view gets better as you move farther south. The group features the planets Venus, Jupiter, and Mercury, and the stars Pollux and Castor – the “twins” of Gemini. Venus is the brightest member, with the twins to its right, and Jupiter and Mercury to its lower right. All five members of the group are near the ecliptic – the Sun’s path across the sky. And the angle of the ecliptic varies by latitude. As seen from the equator, the ecliptic stands almost straight up from the horizon at sunset. The Sun drops straight down below the horizon, so the sky darkens quickly. At the same time, Venus and the others stand fairly high above the horizon. They’re still well up as twilight fades. As you go farther north, the ecliptic tilts toward the south. The farther north you are, the greater that angle. So when the Sun sets, it doesn’t drop straight down – it also slides across the horizon. As a result, the sky remains bright for much longer than it does at the equator. Venus and the others are lower in the sky at sunset, so they’re more likely to be blocked by trees or mountains. And they’re immersed in the twilight longer. That leaves less time to enjoy this beautiful group of planets and stars in the evening sky. Script by Damond Benningfield

    **ASE.Web.Podcasts.Duration.Minute.two**

  9. ١٠ يونيو

    Tight Family

    A quadruple star system in Cygnus takes the concept of a close-knit family to extremes. It consists of three big, heavy stars packed into a region smaller than the orbit of Mercury, the Sun’s closest planet. A fourth star is looking on from a wider separation – about the distance between the Sun and Jupiter, the fifth planet. The system was discovered by a planet-hunting space telescope. Over several years, it revealed two of the stars, then three, and now, four. Astronomers say the stars probably formed together, from the same cloud of gas and dust. That means the four stars are siblings. All three of the central stars are bigger, brighter, and hotter than the Sun. Two of them form a binary – they orbit each other once every three days. The more massive of those stars is already nearing the end of its life. It’s beginning to puff up. It should get so big that it will engulf its close companion. That will begin a complicated process in which all three stars should merge. Within about 300 million years, all that will be left of them is a single, heavy “corpse” known as a white dwarf. The fourth star will remain on its own. It’s about the same size and mass as the Sun. It’ll continue to shine for billions of years. Then it, too, will expire, forming another white dwarf. So this brilliant quartet will be reduced to a faint duo – two dead stars cooling and fading across the eons. Script by Damond Benningfield

    **ASE.Web.Podcasts.Duration.Minute.two**

  10. ٩ يونيو

    Moon and Saturn

    Saturn has more moons than any other planet in the solar system – 274 as of this spring. All of the bigger ones are interesting worlds in their own right. Some of them are balls of ice mixed with rock. And they offer some especially eye-catching features. Mimas has a huge impact crater that makes it look like a Star Wars death star. It’s a third as wide as Mimas itself, with walls three miles high and a floor 10 miles deep. It was created by an impact that almost ripped the moon apart. Shockwaves raced all the way around Mimas, creating a jumbled landscape on the opposite side. Iapetus has a couple of giant craters. But it stands out for two other reasons. One is its coloring. One hemisphere is covered with ice, so it’s as white as snow. The other is covered with dust that’s as dark as charcoal. The other thing that makes it stand out is its shape – it resembles a walnut. A mountain range circles its equator. It’s a dozen miles wide, and averages about nine miles high. A region of Dione is marked by cliffs that form bright slashes. The cliffs are up to a thousand feet high, and they stretch across hundreds of miles. They probably formed as Dione shrank, wrinkling its crust – sculpting an intriguing feature on one of Saturn’s moons. Saturn is near our moon at dawn tomorrow. It looks like a bright star to the lower right of the Moon. But you need a telescope to see any of the giant planet’s ice-ball moons. Script by Damond Benningfield

    **ASE.Web.Podcasts.Duration.Minute.two**
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StarDate, the longest-running national radio science feature in the U.S., tells listeners what to look for in the night sky.

المعلومات

  • صناع العمل
    Billy Henry
  • سنوات النشاط
    ٢٠١٧ - ٢٠٢٦
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