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  1. 3h ago

    第3085期:Melting glaciers threaten a sharp rise in water levels

    Researchers at this camp overlooking Greenland's Helheim Glacier have some bad news. 俯瞰格陵兰赫尔海姆冰川的营地研究人员带来了一些坏消息。 This glacier has retreated more than 10 kilometers or so in the last decade or so, from that position far off and to my left to where you see it today. 这条冰川在过去十多年间已退缩了10公里左右，从我左侧远处的位置退到了如今你们所见的地方。 It was here in 2018 that researchers captured this footage of large chunks of ice breaking away in a process called calving. 2018年，研究人员正是在这里拍摄到了大块冰体断裂脱落的画面，这一过程被称为裂冰作用。 Scientists like New York University's David Holland measured and observed climate change. This summer Holland saw record-shattering heat and ice melt. 纽约大学的戴维·霍兰德等科学家对气候变化进行了测量和观察。今年夏天霍兰德目睹了破纪录的高温和冰层融化现象。 Large glaciers are retreating. We can detect this with satellite, with effectively cameras in space. 大型冰川正在消退，我们可以通过卫星，也就是太空中的高效摄像头，观测到这一现象。 And we're seeing a very large signal of melt coming from this one particular glacier out in West Antarctica called Thwaites. 我们正观测到来自南极洲西部斯维斯冰川发出的非常强烈的融化信号。 NASA and the European Space Agency or ESA released the study in December 美国国家航空航天局（NASA）和欧洲航天局（ESA）于12月发布了这项研究， showing the Greenland icesheetrapidly melting, having lost nearly four trillion metric tons between 1992 and 2018. 研究显示格陵兰冰盖正在迅速融化，在1992年至2018年期间已损失了近4万亿公吨。 Holland says a similar fate appears underway in Antarctica. 霍兰德说南极洲也出现了类似的情况。 That glacier is holding back several other glaciers of the West Antarctic IceSheet. 那座冰川阻挡着南极西部冰盖的其他几座冰川。 So all told, it is conceivable and not that it will happen but it could happen, that up to 3 meters of global sea level could be unleashed unto us. 综上所述，可以想象——虽然并非必然发生但确实存在可能性——全球海平面上升幅度可能高达3米。 Cities like Alexandria, Egypt take countermeasures to slow crashing waves because of rising sea levels near ice shelves affect sea levels everywhere. 由于冰架附近海平面上升会影响全球海平面，埃及亚历山大等城市采取应对措施以减缓海浪冲击。 Warmer waters around retreating glaciers like the one in Antarctica expedite the process. 南极洲等地冰川消退，周围水域温度上升，进而加速了这一过程。 This glacier is perhaps unstable. It is certainly retreating now at a rapid rate. 这座冰川或许不稳定。它现在确实在快速消退。 It has raised its stuff to the point of now using physics, mathematics and observation. 它已将研究提升至运用物理学、数学和观测的层面。 It's actually credible, plausible that this thing could cause a major change in sea level. 实际上可信的是，这可能导致海平面发生重大变化。 A study published April in the journal Nature showed glaciers worldwide annually lose 369 billion metric tons of snow and ice. 《自然》杂志四月发表的一项研究显示，全球冰川每年流失3690亿吨冰雪。 The Greenland icesheetalone holds enough water to raise sea level by nearly seven and a half meters.  仅格陵兰冰盖所含的水量就足以使海平面上升近7.5米。

  2. 1d ago

    第3084期:How to treat tuberculosis, malaria, and AIDS?

    Sibongile Zulu is among the 7.7 million south Africans who are HIV positive. 西邦吉莱·祖鲁是770万感染艾滋病毒的南非人中的一员。 She takes a cocktail of antiretroviral drugs to suppress the virus. 她服用了一组抗逆转录病毒药物来抑制病毒。 When south Africa imposed a coronavirus lockdown in March, Zulu lost her job. 当南非在3月份实施新冠疫情封锁措施时，祖鲁失去了工作。 Weeks later her local clinic began to run short of some medication. 几周后，当地的诊所开始出现药物短缺。 I think for two months, I was using only one that I was supposed to use two. And if I don't use both of them, it's a big risk and I can get sick. 我想有两个月的时间，我只服用了一种药物，而我应该服用两种。如果我不同时服用两种药物，风险很大，我可能会生病。 Across the world doctors say the coronavirus pandemic and the subsequent lockdowns will likely hamper the fight against other killer diseases like tuberculosis or TB, malaria and HIV. 世界各地的医生表示，新冠疫情大流行以及随后实施的封锁措施可能会阻碍对抗结核病、疟疾和艾滋病等其他致命疾病的斗争。 Epidemiologist Dr Salim S. Abdool Karim advises the south African government on the coronavirus and has led research into other infectious diseases in Africa. 流行病学家萨利姆·阿卜杜尔·卡里姆博士就新冠疫情为南非政府提供建议，并领导了非洲其他传染病的研究。 People are scared to go to healthcare services. We have seen a decline in the number of tests for tuberculosis. 人们害怕去医疗服务机构。我们看到结核病检测数量有所下降。 We've seen a decline in the number of patients coming in to get their medications. 我们已经看到前来取药的患者数量有所下降。 So that's of deep concern because it could undo the years of work that it has taken us to get to this point. 这让人深感担忧，因为这可能会让我们多年来为达到目前这一阶段所付出的努力付诸东流。 TB cases and deaths have fallen year on year in south Africa and many other countries. 南非和许多其他国家的结核病病例和死亡人数同比下降。 But it remains one of the world's biggest killers with an estimated 1.5 million deaths last year. 但它仍是世界上最致命的疾病之一，去年估计有150万人因此丧生。 We know there's 50% decrease in TB testing in south Africa at the moment. 我们知道，目前南非的结核病检测量下降了50%。 So people are not able to go to the clinic or go to hospitals and so on. 人们无法前往诊所或医院等等。 And they're not being diagnosed with TB, and this means that they can then transmit TB further to other people. So it's just going to sort of snowball. 他们没有被诊断出患有结核病，这意味着他们随后可能会将结核病进一步传染给其他人。情况就会像滚雪球一样越来越糟。 Malaria deaths in Africa could double in 2020 warn researchers from Imperial College London, unless disrupted services such as mosquito net distribution and malaria treatments are maintained. 伦敦帝国理工学院的研究人员警告称，除非蚊帐分发和疟疾治疗等中断的服务得以维持，否则2020年非洲的疟疾死亡人数可能会翻倍。 Despite thedireforecasts, Karim says there is opportunity. 尽管预测情况严峻，但卡里姆表示仍存在机遇。 The opportunity to look at integration, integration between covid, HIV, TB and other conditions. 这个机遇在于审视整合，即新冠、艾滋病、结核病和其他疾病之间的整合。 So that when we are investing for our coronavirus vigilance, we are benefiting not just the covid epidemic, but the epidemics of HIV and TB as well. 当我们为应对新冠病毒保持警惕而投入资源时，受益的不仅是新冠疫情防控，还有艾滋病和结核病的防控。 The global community must look at the bigger picture, says McQuaid. 麦奎德说，国际社会必须着眼大局。 We start to lose gains that we've been making in recent years, hard-fought gains that we've made. 我们开始失去近年来取得的成果，那些我们经过艰苦努力才取得的成果。 And we could be pushed back five, ten, twenty years even. 我们的成果甚至会倒退五年、十年、二十年。 Huge resources have been dedicated to the fight against the coronavirus. 大量资源被用于抗击冠状病毒。 Doctors say it's vital that other deadly diseases are not neglected. 医生表示，至关重要的是不能忽视其他致命疾病。

  3. 2d ago

    第3083期:It was the first splashdown by US astronauts in 45 years

    A busy summer of space travel came to a soft splashing end this week for astronauts Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley. 对于宇航员鲍勃·本肯和道格·赫尔利来说，他们忙碌的夏季太空旅行在本周以柔和的溅落着陆画上了句号。 It was the first splashdown by US astronauts in 45 years. 这是美国宇航员45年来首次溅落着陆。 As we descended through the atmosphere, the thrusters were firing almost continuously. 当我们穿过大气层下降时，推进器几乎一直在点火。 And I think this the sound that makes, I did record some audio of it, but it doesn't sound like a machine, it sounds like an animal. 我认为这是它发出的声音，我确实录下了一些音频，但听起来不像机器发出的，倒像是动物发出的。 The reentry is a fairly dynamic event and you can see from you know just an overall view of the capsule that reentry is a pretty demanding environment, you know with the different scorches on the vehicle and the windows were not spared any of that. 再入大气层是一个相当动态的事件，从太空舱的整体情况来看，再入大气层是一个相当严苛的环境，飞行器上有不同的烧灼痕迹，舷窗也未能幸免。 The two rode a SpaceX Dragon capsule to the ISS and back, marking the first such journey aboard a privately built and owned craft in the space station's 20-year history. 两人乘坐太空探索技术公司（SpaceX）的“龙”飞船前往国际空间站并返回，这标志着在国际空间站20年的历史中，首次有人员搭乘私人建造和拥有的航天器完成此类太空之旅。 The mission's success means another SpaceX crew launch could happen as early as next month with possible tourist flights next year. 此次任务的成功意味着SpaceX公司可能最早在下个月再次进行载人发射，明年还有可能开展旅游飞行。 Also this week from Cape Canaveral in Florida, NASA launched Perseverance, its most elaborate life-seeking Mars rover. 同样在本周，美国国家航空航天局（NASA）从佛罗里达州的卡纳维拉尔角发射了“毅力号”，这是其最精密的寻找生命的火星车。 Research scientist Dr Bethany Ehlmann explains the mission. 研究科学家贝尚妮·埃尔曼博士解释了这项任务。 We will be able to as before with rovers drive up to rocks, investigate them, figure out which ones are the most interesting. 我们将能够像以前一样，用火星车开到岩石旁，对它们进行研究，找出哪些是最有趣的。 But this time we'll be able to then core a piece of that rock out into a sample about the size of a piece of chalk. 但这次我们将能够从那块岩石中取出一块大约粉笔大小的样本。 Stony Brook University professor Scott McLennan says, to best study the samples collected by Perseverance, the rocks must land back on earth. 石溪大学教授斯科特·麦克伦南表示，为了对“毅力号”收集的样本进行最佳研究，这些岩石必须被送回地球。 They're the gift that keeps on giving because the samples will remain. 它们是源源不断的馈赠，因为样品会一直留存。 Our ability to make measurements will evolve. They will get better and better over time. 我们的测量能力将不断发展。随着时间的推移，它们会变得越来越精确。 And we can always go back and revisit those samples that we've brought back to earth. 我们总是可以回去重新研究那些我们带回地球的样本。 Samples may hold clues as to whether life ever existed on the red planet. 样本或许蕴藏着线索，能揭示这颗红色星球上是否曾存在生命。 NASA and the European Space Agency will join forces to bring them back to earth around 2031. NASA和欧洲航天局将联手在2031年左右把它们带回地球。

  4. 3d ago

    第3082期:US seeks to hire more female police officers.

    The challenge is to treat everyone involved in that call neutrally and not have any predisposed thoughts or… 我们面临的挑战是中立地对待电话中的每一个人，并且不要有任何先入为主的想法或…… In her film Women In Blue, data official chronicles some of the challenges female police officers face as they help train fellow officers against excessive use of force in the male-dominated Minneapolis police department. 在她的电影《蓝衣女性》中，数据官员记录了女警官面临的一些挑战，她们在男性主导的明尼阿波利斯警察局帮助培训同事避免过度使用武力。 Officer Alice White is one of the trainers. We interact with people who are rapists, murderers. It's sometimes hard to show respect to someone like that. 爱丽丝·怀特警官是训练师之一。 我们和强奸犯、杀人犯打交道。有时候很难对这样的人表示尊重。 So in my mind I had to switch this to professionalism. As long as you're being professional, you're gonna look respectful. 在我看来，我得把这转变为专业态度。只要保持专业，你就会显得得体。 The film echoes findings won as early as the 1970s by the National Police Foundation that female police officers act less aggressively and believe in using less aggression than their male counterparts. 这部电影呼应了早在20世纪70年代美国国家警察基金会的研究结果：与男警官相比，女警官的攻击性较低，更少使用武力。 I just knew that I wanted to make a film exploring what women could bring in a very troubled time that our country has had with police violence. 我只知道我想拍一部电影，探讨在我们国家遭遇警察暴力的艰难时期，女性能够发挥怎样的作用。 Hi, do you know why I'm stopping you? You can calm down. I see you're shaking. Just relax, relax, it's all good. 你知道我为什么拦下你吗？你可以冷静下来。我看到你在发抖。放轻松，没事的。 You can see in that traffic stop that that man that was stopped by Alice had someone who was nurturing and had his well-being at the top and not some law enforcement. 你可以从那次交通拦截中看出，被爱丽丝拦下的那名男子，身边有一位关心他、将他安危置于首位的人，而非仅仅是执法者。 But the film also shows women remaining sidelined making up only 16 percent of the Minneapolis police department. 但电影也显示女性仍处于边缘地位，仅占明尼阿波利斯警察局的16%。 The chief has selected no women for his executive team. I have a great deal of respect for chief Rondo. 警官没有为他的团队挑选任何女性。我很尊敬隆多队长， But the thing that hurt me the most was the fact that in a profession dominated by male voices, they're losing any female perspective. 但最让我痛心的是，在一个由男性主导的行业里，他们正在失去任何女性视角。 In Seattle, police chief Carmen Best says her department's recruitment ads are designed to attract more women to the force. 在西雅图，警察局长卡门·贝斯特表示，其部门的招聘广告旨在吸引更多女性加入警队。 We want to show more women. We want to show women in diverse positions. 我们想要展示更多女性。我们想要展示身处不同职位的女性。 We want to make sure that it's not always car chases and gunfights and repelling off buildings. 我们想确保不总是有汽车追逐、枪战以及从建筑物上速降这些情节。 A lot of what we do has nothing to do with brawn, has a lot more to do with brain and skill sets and the ability to empathize and to work with people. 我们所做的很多事都与武力无关，而与脑力、技能组合、共情能力以及与人协作的能力密切相关。 It's not just that we need more women but we need a lot more women of color. 我们不仅需要更多女性，而且需要更多有色人种女性。 I think that's where our police departments could potentially transform. 我认为这就是我们警察部门可能进行转变的地方。 I got assigned to become a sergeant and then fourth president. 我被任命为中士，后来成为了第四任主席。 Her film shows only a few African-American female officers like Alice White rising through the ranks. 她的电影只展现了像爱丽丝·怀特这样少数几位非裔美国女警官逐步晋升的情况。 It's important for the black community to see women who look like me in this role. 对于黑人社区来说，看到像我这样的女性担任这一角色很重要。 Chief Best relates her own experience rising through the ranks. 贝斯特警长讲述了她自己逐步晋升的经历。 Some folks while super supportive, others were not, maybe you know, and there was always working through that. 有些人非常支持她，而有些人则不然，也许总需要去应对这些情况。 My resolve was, that's their problem, not mine. I'm here to do my job. I'm going to do it to the best of my ability. 我的解决办法是，那是他们的问题，不是我的问题。我来这里是为了完成我的工作。我会尽我所能把工作做好。 And I really believe that as you move up, you have to lift up and bring others along with you.  我真的相信，当你不断晋升时，你必须提携他人，带着他们一起前进。

  5. 4d ago

    第3081期:Why gun ownership is necessary

    You never know when at any second something might happen that you might need it. That's the point. 你永远不知道什么时候会发生一些事让你用到枪。这才是重点。 It's not that you think it's going to. It's that you recognize the possibility that it can. 不是说你认为它会发生，而是你必须意识到，有需要用到枪的可能性。 You recognize the possibility that there are evil people in the world who do evil things and you have to be able to protect yourself against that. 你要认识到世界上存在作恶之人这种可能性，而且你必须有能力保护自己免受其害。 I think I'm an average gun owner because, I mean, I'm an average guy. 我想我是个普通的持枪人，因为我就是个普通人。 I mean, there's nothing really special about me. From an early age, Dad would go out hunting, I went with him. 我并没有什么特别之处。从很小的时候，爸爸就会带我一起去打猎。 You know, I was always in the woods with him shooting and you know, at the range shooting, and, you know, that's just, it was a way of life. 我总是和他一起在树林里射击，有时候也在靶场练枪，这只是一种生活方式。 We're going to the Minerva Sportsman's Club, a local range that I'm a member of. 我们要去密涅瓦运动员俱乐部，这是一个我加入的本地射击场。 This is my AR-15 pistol, Hungarian AK-47, Marlin Model 60-22 rifle, Heritage Rough Rider, the U.S.-made rifle that's kind of a cross between an AK-47 and an AR-15, Spanish police pistol, SKS rifle, little Taurus TX-22, Ruger Mini-14. 这是我的AR-15手枪，匈牙利AK-47，马林60-22型步枪、Heritage左轮手枪、介于AK-47和AR-15之间的美国产步枪、西班牙警用手枪，SKS步枪、陶鲁斯TX-22手枪、鲁格Mini-14步枪。 I own more than a dozen firearms and less than I want. Well, for several different reasons. 我有十几把枪，但我还想要更多。原因有很多。 Like any other tool, specific firearms are for specific purposes. 就像其他工具一样，特定的枪支针对特定的目的。 I have rifles that are just simply, strictly for accuracy to try to put holes in a piece of paper far away. I have firearms for hunting. 我买步枪纯粹是为了追求精准度，让我能在远处击穿靶纸。我有用于狩猎的枪支。 The majority of my firearms though are for defensive purposes. Over a period of years, that's what most people do. 不过，我的大部分枪支都是用于自卫的。多年来，大多数人都是这么做的。 They get one here, then they get one there, then they get another one. Sometimes they tell their wife, sometimes they don't. 他们逛完这家武器商店又去另一家，然后又买了一把。有时他们会告诉妻子，有时候不会。 Sometimes they just, 'Oh no, I've had that one for a while. Yeah, don't you remember I bought that back then?' That's right. 有时他们只是说：“这把枪我买了有一段时间了。你不记我什么时候买的吗？”没错。 So, this is Jason Spoon. He's a friend of mine and a firearms instructor. 这是杰森·斯波恩。他是我的朋友，也是一名枪械教练。 His family runs the local gun shop here in town. What'd you bring with us today? I brought a duty pistol and a Henry Golden Boy. Nice. Classic. 他的家人在镇上经营着当地的枪支店。你今天带了什么来？我带了一把值勤手枪和一把亨利金童步枪。不错，很经典。 I think between all of us, we have some pretty good representations of what kind of stuff people own around here. 我想看看我们两人的枪， 你就能知道这附近的人都有什么枪了，他们有的我们都有。 Alright, let's go get some targets. It's wonderful if you're a duck. 来打两枪吧。如果你是只鸭子那就好了。 It's a horrible downpour but, you know, I don't really mind shooting at it once in a while because you can't always pick when you might have to shoot.  这雨下得可真大，但我并不介意偶尔在大雨中射击，因为在真正需要开枪的时候，你可没有那么多选择。

  6. 5d ago

    第3080期:What happens when octopuses take over

    It's never been easy for fishermen in England's southwest to make a living, but now they face a competitor: around 200,000 octopuses, probably coming from the Mediterranean. Climate change is blamed for this migration, and the animals are apparently gobbling up the crab, lobster and other marine life which many fishermen depend on. 对英格兰西南部的渔民来说，谋生从来都不容易，而如今他们面临新的 “竞争对手”——大约 20 万只可能来自地中海的章鱼。人们将这次章鱼迁徙归咎于气候变化。而这些动物似乎正在大量吞食螃蟹、龙虾以及其它渔民赖以谋生的海洋生物。 A report published on Monday found octopuses spotted further north and in Wales, and said fishermen are having to adapt, hunting for the octopuses themselves. One market town recently saw 100 tonnes of octopus sold in a single day. 一份周一发布的报告指出，在更北部的地区以及威尔士也发现了章鱼的身影。报告还提到，渔民正被迫调整策略，开始转而捕捞章鱼。最近，一个集镇甚至在一天之内售出了 100 吨章鱼。

  7. 6d ago

    第3079期:How high temperatures affect sleep

    Around the world, summers are getting hotter. Day and night temperatures are increasing. What impact could that be having on how we sleep? 在世界各地，夏季越来越热。 白天和晚上的气温都在升高。 这会对我们的睡眠产生什么影响？ Temperature and sleep are closely linked. Typically, our bodies cool themselves down before we sleep. One of the main ways that we do this is by widening blood vessels near the skin to allow heat to dissipate. In hot weather, this process becomes less effective as it is more difficult for heat to be transferred. One of the body's mechanisms to speed up this process is by allowing sweat to evaporate. However, in humid conditions it's harder for evaporation to take place. If the body is unable to cool down, then it's more difficult for people to fall asleep and more likely that sleep patterns can be disrupted. 温度和睡眠密切相关。 通常，我们的身体会在睡觉前自行降温。 我们做到这一点的主要方法之一是加宽皮肤附近的血管，以便热量散发。 在炎热的天气里，这个过程变得不太有效，因为热量更难以传递。 身体加速这一过程的机制之一是让汗水蒸发。 然而，在潮湿的条件下，蒸发更难发生。 如果身体无法降温，那么人们就更难入睡，而且睡眠模式更有可能被打乱。 This means that it's important for us to try to manage the temperature of the environment that we sleep in. While it can be costly, air conditioning is a useful tool to keep our sleeping environment cool. Managing ventilation is also important. During the hottest hours of the day keeping windows and curtains closed can stop hot air and heat from sunlight entering our homes. At night, once the temperature has dropped, opening windows can allow cool air to come in and reduce the temperature in our homes. Fans can help to speed up cooling, as long as air temperatures are low enough. They become less effective in hotter conditions. 这意味着我们必须设法管理睡眠环境的温度。虽然成本可能很高，但空调是保持睡眠环境凉爽的有用工具。 管理通风也很重要。 在一天中最热的时候，关闭窗户和窗帘可以阻止热空气和阳光产生的热量进入我们的家。 晚上，气温下降后，打开窗户可以让冷空气进来，降低家里的温度。  只要气温足够低，风扇就可以帮助加速冷却。 在较热的条件下，它们的效率会降低。 It's not just rooms that we can cool down. Using breathable bedding and sleepwear makes it easier for our bodies to regulate temperature. While it may seem counter-intuitive, it can be beneficial to have a warm bath or shower before sleep. Warm water can cause more blood to flow to our skin. Once you get out of the bath or shower, this means that you cool down more quickly. Another tip suggested by sleep experts Kevin Morgan and Lisa Artis is to cool your socks in the fridge and then put them on before going to sleep. They also say that it's important to try to keep to your usual sleep routine to avoid disruption to your sleep habits. 我们不仅仅可以给房间降温。 使用透气的床上用品和睡衣可以让我们的身体更容易调节温度。 虽然这似乎有悖常理，但睡前洗个热水澡或淋浴可能是有益的。 温水可以使更多的血液流向我们的皮肤。 一旦您离开浴缸或淋浴，这意味着您会更快冷却。 睡眠专家凯文·摩根和丽莎·阿蒂斯建议的另一个建议是将袜子放入冰箱中冷却，然后在睡觉前穿上。 他们还表示，尽量保持平常的睡眠习惯很重要，以避免扰乱您的睡眠习惯。

  8. 6d ago

    第3079a期:Help out with 3D printing

    So it's a 3D-printed cowl or helmet. It's like a mask basically but it's specifically designed and tailored to fit my face exactly. 这是一个3D打印的头罩或头盔。它基本上就像一个面罩，但它是专门设计并量身定做，以完全贴合我的脸型。 Because of that, it's kind of difficult to get on because it is a rigid, hard plastic. 因为它是一种坚硬的塑料制成的，所以很难戴上。 But the amount of time that it takes to make something like this is, and cost even is far superior than it would be to sculpting it, molding it, casting it. 但是制作一个这样的面具要花费的时间和成本，都比雕刻、塑形、铸造要高得多。 We are cosplayers. We are comic book nerds and fans of comic book culture and everything like that. So we are naturally inclined to craft things and creativity. 我们是角色扮演者。我们是漫画书虫和漫画文化的粉丝。我们自然就很喜欢手工制作和创意发挥。 That led me to a job at the Long Beach Public Library teaching 3D design and 3D printing, which led me to purchasing one, which I've used to make costumes and props and things like that for cosplay. 那让我在长滩公共图书馆找到了一份工作，教授3D设计和3D打印，然后我就买了一个3D打印机，用来制作角色扮演所需的服装、道具之类的东西。 We have a lot of friends in the medical field and stuff and just, "What can we do to help instead of just sitting at home watching Netflix?" although, if you are home, watching Netflix, great, do that. Stay there. 我们在医学领域有很多朋友，然后就在想，“除了宅在家里看网飞剧，我们能怎么帮助你们？”不过如果你确实在家看网飞剧，那也不错，就这么待着吧。 This is what we've done in one week on two machines. With the masks, they are done in three pieces. There is the front nose part. 这是我们在一周内用两台机器完成的工作。这些面罩由三个部分组成。 这是前鼻部分。 There's the inside. There's like a shield and in between that is the four layers of MERV-13 filters. 这边是里侧。里侧有一个像防护罩一样的东西，打开之后，中间是四层MERV-13过滤网。 With COVID-19, everyone's, you know, needs help on the respirators or the ventilator machines. 由于新冠肺炎，每个人都需要呼吸器或呼吸机的帮助。 This is a way that two people can use one machine now. 用这个东西，两个人就可以共用一台呼吸机。 So, it splits off, kind of like, you know, back in the day, you had for Walkman and you could let two people could listen to it at the same time. So, two people can use one machine now. 这中间是分叉的，有点像以前的随身听，可以让两个人同时听音乐。现在两个人可以共用一台设备了。 So, we're just basically going to the friends that we know, the people who are actually doing the jobs right now and just reaching out to them first because that's easier. 我们基本上就是要联系我们认识的朋友，那些目前正在从事相关工作的人，并且先和他们取得联系，因为这样更容易些。 There is a gray area and we talked about this before, where hospitals are not supposed to accept anything from a non-medical professional. 我们之前讨论过一个灰色地带，那就是医院不可以接受非医学专业人士的任何物品。 However, they have been reaching out to other people because they just need anything rather than nothing. 但是，医生正在向其他人求助，因为他们的物资已经不够了，什么都得拿来用。 And that's why we are kind of trying to go out of our way to make sure that these things are able to withstand the processes that they would go through for sanitization. 这就是为什么我们想方设法确保这些面罩能够经受住消毒的过程。 So, we've switched to these ones here, which are the high heat plastic. 我们把材料换成了这种高热量的塑料。 So, they'll melt at a much higher rate, higher temperature. They are a lot sturdier. 它们会在更高的温度下以更快的速度融化。它们要坚固得多。 They are going to last longer. They can withstand being sanitized over and over and over again. 它们将更加持久耐用。它们能够承受反复多次的消毒处理。 We have set up an Amazonwish list. So, whatever people buy on there, gets shipped directly and we are just using it. 我们已经创建了一个亚马逊心愿单。人们在上面买的任何东西都会直接发货，我们只需使用即可。 People get weird about like sending money or things like that. What's it actually going to? And yeah, and we just want to do this. 如果直接打钱的话一些人会觉得很奇怪。比如钱到底用来干什么了？我们只是想生产面罩、 We are not trying to make anything out of this or whatever. We're just trying to help.  我们不指望能获得什么好处，只是想帮忙。

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